Engravings in Coresi`s printed books

As printing became widely popular, wood engraving turned into a major graphic art, the most expressive mean of decorating books in the 16th century. The paper “Engravings in Coresi`s printed books” evidentiates the innovations brought in this domain in Coresi`s typography from Brasov. The first books printed by Romanians display engravings sporadically, but Coresi imposes the full-page engraving through a set of 12 illustrations of Christ`s life and passions in the “Pentecostar Triodion” (1558). Two decades later wood engravings are used again in the “Sbornik” from Sas-Sebes, their art benefiting of a new Renaissance trend. Another coresian gain is to use in “Homily II” (1580-1581), first time in Romanian printing, the title page of the type “book`s gate”, a purely western motif. Coresi masterly uses illustration to enhance the written message, on one hand, and to support the commercial success of the book, on the other hand, the ways opened by him in this field, too, being followed by the Romanian typographers of 17th and 18th centuries.
Keywords: 16th century Braşov, old printed books, Coresi, wood engraving, book illustration.

• Buluţă, Gheorghe; Simonescu, Dan, Pagini din istoria cărţii româneşti / Pages from the history of Romanian books. Bucureşti, Editura Ion Creangă, 1981.
• Demeny Lajos; Demeny, Lidia A, Carte, tipar şi societate la români în secolul al XVI-lea / Book, print, and society at the Romanians in the 17th century. Bucureşti, Kriterion, 1986.
• Gheţie, Ion; Mareş, Al., Diaconul Coresi şi izbânda scrisului în limba română / Deacon Coresi and the emergence of writing in Romanian language. Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1994.
• Oltean, Vasile, Istoria tiparului braşovean. Vol. II / The history of printing in Braşov. Vol. 2. Iaşi, Tipo Moldova, 2005.

Transylvanian printing in latin alphabet, 1525-1655

In the XVI^th and XVII^th centuries, Transylvania was a true binder in history, economics and Romanian culture, linking the ideas of the Humanism, the Reformation and the Enlightenment and all intra- and extra‑Carpathian area by many Transylvanian young people who studied in the most famous cultural centers of the Western Europe. Certainly, the book was the most powerful link of cultural exchanges between these geographical areas, the late Middle Ages and Early Modern era, thanks to the pioneering editorial work of printing centers such as Sibiu, Brasov, Cluj, Oradea, Alba Iulia. Transylvanian typographies, between 1525‑1655, had an intense activity. The 783 books printed in Transylvania, in Latin, Hungarian, German, Greek and even Hebrew, are the evidence of a cultural and spiritual life deep under a continuous development, gradually comprising all the social categories, eager for knowledge and progress.

Keywords: printing, Transylvania, retrospective bibliography, panoramic presentation, heritage

Surse edite:

• Nägler, Doina, Catalogul Transilvanicelor [The Catalog of Transilvanica Books], vol. I (sec. XVI-XVII), Sibiu, 1974.
• Petrik, Géza, Magyar Könyvészet 1712-1920, I-VII, Budapest, Arcanum Adatabázis Kft. CD-ROM (www.arcanum.hu);
• Régi Magyarországi Nyomtatványok , vol. I, 1473–1600, Budapest, 1971; vol II, 1601–1635, Budapest, 1983; vol. III, 1636–1655, Budapest, 2000.
• Szabó, Károly, Régi Magyar Könyvtár. Az 1531–1711, Budapest, Kiadja a M. Tud. Akadémia, 1879-1885.
• Veress, Andrei, Bibliografia română-ungară [Romanian-Hungarian Bibliography], vol. I, Bucureşti, Editura Cartea Românească, 1931.

Bibliografie secundară:

• Csalla, Rita, Cărţile vechi maghiare din secolul al XVI-lea în colecţiile bibliotecii Batthyaneum din Alba Iulia [Old Hungarian Books from the 16^th  Century in Collections of the Batthyaneum Library from Alba Iulia], în Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti Arheologie‑Istorie‑Muzeologie, 1998, nr. 4, p. 161-169.
• Eadem, Tipăriturile albaiuliene din secolele XVI-XVII, în colecţia Bibliotecii Batthyaneum [Sixteenth and seventeenth printed books from Alba Iulia in the collections of Batthyaneum Library], în Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti Arheologie-Istorie-Muzeologie, Alba Iulia, 2000, nr.6, p. 107-112.
• Jakó, Zsigmond, Philobiblon transilvan, Bucureşti, Editura Kriterion, 1977.
• Mârza, Iacob, Transylvanica la Bibliotheca Batthyaneum (I): cărţi de la Alba Iulia [“Transylvanica” at the Batthyaneum Library: (I): Books from Alba Iulia], în Transilvania, Sibiu, 2010, nr. 11-12, p. 10-13.
• Papacostea-Danielopolu, Cornelia, Demeny, Lidia, Carte şi tipar în societatea românească şi sud-est europeană (secolele XVII-XIX) [Book and printing in the Romanian society and South-Eastern Europe (XVII-XIX)], Editura Eminescu, Bucureşti, 1985.
• Simon, Zsolt, Primele tipărituri din Transilvania [The First Printed Works in Transylvania (Sibiu, 1525)], în Anuarul Institutului de Istorie „G. Bariţiu”, XLVI, Cluj-Napoca, 2007, p. 89-106.
• Szegedi, Edit, Cultura maghiară şi săsească în secolul al XVI-lea [Hungarian and Saxon Culture in the Sixteenth Century], în Pop, Ioan-Aurel, Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, Andras, (coord.), Istoria Transilvaniei, Vol. II (de la 1541 până la 1711), Cluj-Napoca, Institutul Cultural Român. Centrul de Studii Transilvane, 2005.

Promoters of the printed book in the sixteenth century in Wallachia:
Radu the Great, Vlad the Younger, Neagoe Basarab

In the context of the European Cyrillic print, the printing activity in Wallachia occupies an important place, reflecting the degree of cultural development reached by Romanian principalities and, at the same time, constituting itself as an integral part of a European phenomenon. It is known that between the Romanian culture and the culture of the South-Slavic peoples there was a strong connection. The first printed books from Târgovişte (1508-1512), executed by the monk Macarie, spread in the Slavic world, being used as a model for the books printed in this space. All three books printed by Macarie at Târgovişte were made at the church and voivode command and with their support, in a moment when it was necessary to uphold the South Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe with liturgical books.
Keywords: Radu the Great, Vlad the Younger, Neagoe Basarab, Liturgy Book, Oktoih, Four Gospels, Târgovişte, Macarie.

• Bianu, Ioan; Hodoş, Nerva. Bibliografia românească veche (Old Romanian Bibliography). Tom. I: 1508-1716. Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 1903, IX, 572 p.
• Cartojan, Nicolae, Istoria literaturii române vechi (History of old Romanian literature). Vol I. Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1980, 590 p.
• Giurescu, Constantin C.; Giurescu, Dinu C, Istoria românilor (Romanian History). Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 1975, 1040 p.
• Grecu, Alexandru, Contribuţii la începuturile tipografiei slave în Ţara Românească.(Contributions to the beginnings of Wallachiaţ slave printing house). În: Studii şi cercetări de bibliologie, anul I, 1995, p. 235.
• Iorga, Nicolae, Inscripţii din bisericile României (Inscriptions from Romanian Churces). Vol. I. Bucureşti, Socec, 1905, 312 p.; Istoria Bisericii Româneşti şi a vieţii religioase a românilor (Romanian church history and religious life of Romanians). Vol. I. Bucureşti, Editura Gramar, 1995, 433 p.; Istoria literaturii româneşti (History of Romanian literature). Ed. a 2-a. Bucureşti, Editura Pavel Suru, 1925, 3 vol.
• Marinoiu, Costea, Liturghierul: prima carte tipărită în spaţiul românesc (Liturgy Book–the first printed book in Romanin space). Râmnicu Vâlcea, Almarom, 72 p.
• Molin, Virgil, Tipăriturile ieromonahului Macarie pentru Ţara Românească (Macarie hieromonk’ printings for Wallachia. În: Biserica Ortodoxă Română, anul LXXVI, nr. 10-11/1958, p. 1011.
• Odobescu, Alexandru, Opere (Works) Bucureşti, Editura Academiei, 1967, 3 vol.
• Panaitescu, P.P, Contribuţii la istoria culturii româneşti.(Contributions to the history of Romanian culture). Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1971, 639 p.; Liturghierul lui Macarie şi începutul tipografiei în Ţările Române (Macarie’ Liturgy Book and the beginning of the printing activity in Wallachia). În: Biserica Ortodoxă Română, anul LVII, nr.9-10/1939, p. 282-318.
• Păcurariu, Mircea, Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe Române (History of the Romanian Orthodox Church). Bucureşti, Editura Institutului Biblic, 1994, 2 vol.
• Puşcariu, Sextil, Istoria literaturii române (History of Romanian literature). Bucureşti, Editura Eminescu, 1987, 269 p.
• Sacerdoţeanu, Aurelian, Originea şi condiţiile social economice ale dezvoltării vechiului oraş Râmnicu Vâlcea. (The origin and social-economic conditions development of the old town Ramnicu Valcea.) În: Buridava, 1972, p. 51.
• Simedrea, Tit, Tetraevanghelul vistiernicului Matiaş, manuscript din anul 1535. (Treasurer Matias’ Four Gospels, manuscript from 1535). Bucureşti, Tipografia cărţilor bisericeşti, 1934, 28 p. Simonescu, Dan; Petrescu, Victor, Târgoviştea – vechi centru tipografic românesc. (Targoviste–old Romanian Printing Center). Târgovişte, Muzeul judeţean Dâmboviţa, 1972, 136 p.

François Hotman’s work in Transylvanian libraries

François Hotman (1524-1590), a distinguished personality of the French Renaissance, has had multiple interests in the fields of law, history, literature or religious propaganda for the Reform. He wrote in the field of law and he contributed to the development of the study and teaching methods of Roman law. His preoccupations in this domain have proven to be full of daring. His master work will always be the history tractate Franco-Gallia, which has been a huge success at that time. He was also considered to be one of the most important renascentist political writers. He was appreciated and studied for his measureless erudition and his commentaries regarding the operas of the antiquity have been considered to be remarkably valuable (especially the ones about Cicero’s discourses). The presence of the 15 exemplaries of his papers in the most important Transylvanian libraries proves the fact that Hotman’s writings have been read, quoted, and collected by our intellectuals. Bringing them forward has been an honor for us.

Keywords: François Hotman, Renaissance, law, Reform, Transylvania, library.

• Catalogus Librorum Sedecimo Saeculo Impressorum Bibliothecae Teleki-Bolyai Nvum Forum Siculorum, Catalog/ Catalogul cărţilor tipărite în secolul al 16-lea din Biblioteca Teleki-Bolyai, Tg.Mureş/ Catalogue of printed books in the XVI^th century existing in the Teleki-Bolyai Library, Tg.Mureş, red.: Sebestyén Spielmann, Mihály, Ambrus Hedrig, Balász Lajas, Ovidia Mesaros (Tom I: A-M; Tom II: N-Z), Târgu Mureş, Biblioteca Judeţeană Mureş, Editura Lyra, 2001.
• Catalogus librorum saeculo impressorum, qui in Bibliotheca Nationali Hungariae Széchényiana asservantur. Editiones non Hungarice et extra Hungariam impressae/ Az Országos Széchényi Könyvtár 16. századi nyomtatványainek Katalógusa. Nem magyar nyelvü külföldi kyadványok/ Catalogue of printed books in the XVI^th century existing in the Széchényi National Library, I-III. Întocmit de Soltész  Erzsébet, Valenczei Katalin, W. Salgó Agnes, Budapest, 1990.
• Davis, Natalie Zemon, Le monde de l’imprimerie humaniste: Lyon, în: Histoire de l’édition française. I. Le livre conquérant. Du Moyen Age au milieu du XVII-e siècle/ The world of the humanist printery: Lyon, in: History of the French edition. I. The conqueror book. From the Middle Age to the middle of the XVII^th century, sous la direction de Roger Chartier et Henri-Jean Martin, Paris, Fayard/ Promodis, 1989.
• Febvre, Lucien, Martin, Henri-Jean, L’apparition du livre/ The appearance of books, Paris, Editions Albin Michel, 1971.
• Grand Larousse encyclopédique en dix volumes/ Great encyclopaedical Larousse in ten volumes, Paris, Librairie Larousse, 1962, vol. V.
• Neumann, Victor, Tentaţia lui homo europaeus. Geneza spiritului modern în Europa Centrală şi de Sud-Est/ The temptation of homo europaeus. The genesis of the modern spirit in the Central and South-Eastern Europe, Bucureşti, 1991.
• Saulnier, V.-L., Literatura franceză/ French litterature, vol. I, traducere de Sorin Mărculescu, Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 1973.
• Schreiber, Fred, The Estiennes. Catalogue, New York, E.K. Schreiber, 1982.
• Zsigmond, Jako, Philobiblon transilvan. Studii/ Transylvanian Philobiblon. Studies, cu o introducere de Virgil Cândea, Bucureşti, Editura Kriterion, 1977.

„Transylvanica” at the Batthyaneum Library (II): books from Braşov

The research of the „Transylvanica” printings from the Batthyaneum Library in Alba Iulia, started „olim tempore” in the ninth decade of the last century, has been resumed from an updated methodological perspective. In the beginning one has investigated the set of „libri alba-carolinensis” (Cf. Transilvania, XXXIX, 11-12, 2010, p. 10-13), while now one has continued with the presentation of 12 old printings from Braşov, out of which 5 have been printed prior to 1711. The chronological limits of the old printings from Braşov have as landmarks the colligates Augustinus Aurelius, Opera and Catalogus, with the specification „Impressum in Inclyta Transylvaniae Corona”, in 1539 (XII-148, coll, 1-2), and respectively C. Dietericus, Epitome catechetica, Corona, Typis Michaelis Hermanii, Anno 1674 (XII-153). The same documentary fund still preserves another 7 books from Braşov, printed between 1725-1825.
Keywords: Transylvania, humanism, Augustinus, Honterus, Saxons, Reform, Wagner, Hermann

• Ardevan, Radu, Mozaicurile Sarmisegetusei şi cărturarii români la 1825, în Marisia, XI-XII, 1981-1982, p. 99-104.
• Bianu, Ion, Hodoş, Nerva, Simionescu, Dan, Bibliografia Romanească Veche (1508-1830), I-IV, Bucureşti, Edit. Acad., 1903-1944.
• Carrière, Jean-Claude, Eco, Umberto, Nu speraţi că veţi scăpa de cărţi. Convorbiri moderate de Jean-Philippe de Tonnac. Traducere din franceză de Emanoil Marcu, Bucureşti, „Humaniats”, 2010.
•  Corfus, Ilie, Însemnări de demult, Iaşi, „Junimea”, 1975.
•  Chadwick, Henry, Augustin. Traducere din engleză de Ioan-Lucian Muntean, Bucureşti, „Humanitas”, 1998.
• Eco, Umberto, Memoria vegetală şi alte scrieri de bibliofilie. Traducere din limba italiană Anamaria Gebăilă, Bucureşti, „RAO”, 2008.
• Furet, François, Histoire du livre dans la société mo­derne: recherches, méthodes, problématique, în Revue roumaine d’histoire, IX, 3, 1970.
• Mârza, Iacob, Transylvanica la Biblioteca Batthynaeum (I): cărţi de la Alba Iulia, în Transilvania, XXXIX (CXV), 11-12, 2010.
• Nägler, Doina, Catalogul „transilvanicelor”, I (sec. XVI-XVII), II (sec. XVIII), Sibiu, 1974-1982.
• Nussbächer, Gernot, Johannes Honterus. Viaţa şi opera sa în imagini – Ediţie îmbunătăţită şi adăugită -. Traducere de Mircea Cornescu. Prefaţă de Mihai Isbăşescu, Bucureşti, „Kriterion”, 1977.
• Petrik, Geza, Bibliographia Hungariae 1712-1860, I-III, Budapestini, Augustini Dobrowsky, 1888-1891.
• Seche, Mircea, Schiţă de istorie a lexicografiei române, I, Bucureşti, 1966.
• Szabó, Károly, Régi magyar könytár, I-II, Budapest, A mag. tud. akad. könyvkiadó, 1879-1885.
• Ştef, Bernard, Sfîntul Augustin. Omul. Opera. Doctrina, Cluj-Napoca, „Gloria”, 1994.

Romanian Printed Works within the Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries. A Cultural and an Educational Nationalization in Romanian

This study aims at apprizing the public of the cultural actions within the three Romanian provinces during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, mostly of those concerning the translation and the printing of religious books in Romanian. The present research discloses that in the sixteenth century translating and printing religious texts in Romanian were due to the Transylvanian reformist environments. Their initiatives were emphasized by the lack of Romanian religious texts and by the imperious need of a cultural and educational work in a native language. Consequently, in the seventeenth century the ecclesiastical hierarchs from the three Romanian counties would alienate from the reformist fund of introducing the national languages among religious books. Then, they would begin cultural activities concerning the translation and the printing of holy texts in Romanian.

Keywords: Tipography, Reform, Cultural and educational nationalization, Religious texts, Old Romanian Book.

• Bianu, Ioan, Hodoş, Nerva, Bibliografia Românească Veche / The Old Romanian Bibliography, tom. I,  Bucharest, 1903.
• Coresi, Tâlcul evangheliilor şi Molitvenicul / Coresi, The Meaning of the Gospels and the Book of Prayers. A critical edition by Vladimir Drâmba. An introductory study by Ion Gheţie, Bucharest, 1998.
• Demény, Lojos, Demény, A. Lidia, Carte, tipar şi societate la români în secolul al XVI-lea / Book, printing and society for the Romanians of the XVIth century, Bucarest, 1986.
• Simonescu, Dan, Bibliografia Românească Veche / The Old Romanian Bibliography, tom. IV,  Bucharest, 1944.
• Mârza, Eva, Din istoria  tiparului românesc. Tipografia de la Alba Iulia 1577-1702 / From the history of Romanian printing. The Alba Iulia press 1577-1702, Sibiu, 1998.
• Palia de la Orăştie / The Old Testament from Orăştie (1581-1582). The Genesis and the Exodus. Text-Facsimiles-Index. Edition elaborated by Viorica Pamfil, Bucharest, 1986.
• Pavel, Eugen, Carte şi tipar la Bălgrad (1567-1702) / Book and printing in Alba Iulia (1567-1702), Cluj-Napoca, 2001.
• Coordonator Ion Gheţie, Texte româneşti din secolul al XVI-lea. I. Catehismul lui Coresi. II. Pravila lui Coresi. III. Fragmentul Todorescu. IV. Glosele Bogdan, / Sixteenth-Century Romanian Texts. I. Coresis’ Catechism. II. Coresis’ Old Testament. III. Todorescu Fragment. IV. Bogdan Glosses. V. Prefaces and Epilogues. Critical Editions by Emanuela Buză, Gheorghe Chivu, Magdalena Georgescu, Ion Gheţie, Alexandra Roman Moraru, Florentina Zgraon., Bucharest, 1982.
• Tetraevanghelul tipărit de Coresi, Braşov 1560-1561, comparat cu Evangheliarul lui Radu de la Măniceşti, 1574 / The Four Gospels Printed by Coresi, Braşov, 1560-1561, compared to Radu’s Gospel from Măniceşti, 1574. An edition elaborated by Florica Dimitrescu, Bucharest, 1963.

Additions and adjustments to Old Romanian Bibliography

In the politics of teaching Habsburgs to read and write in the 18th century, an important role was played by the publishing houses from Blaj, Viena, Buda and Sibiu, because they were responsible for supplying school books according to the Enlightenment legislation from the eighth and nineth decades. In the last decade mentioned previously, Petru Bart obtained the exclusive right to print for the Orthodox Romanians from Ardeal, and his son, Ioan Bart, continued and extended his work. Their production of books, spread over a few decades and researched in order to prepare the PhD thesis, contains titles that the registers of old Romanian books drawn up by Ion Bianu, Nerva Hodoş and Dan Simonescu (1910 – 1944), Daniela Poenaru (1973) and Dan Râpă-Buicliu (2000) did not mention. It is about works intended for school – norms for teachers from 1790, 1792, a reading book, 1816, or an ABC/Spelling Book (Abecedar) from 1820, books intended for the religious service – a small Psaltire, ante 1791, a Prayer Book (Molitvenic), before 1809 or Minei, before perhaps 1818. The list is completed by Calendars (Calendare) from 1800, 1804-1811 or fiction, 1803. Even if none of the above mentioned volumes cannot recommend itself through at least one copy saved, we consider they deserve our attention and the credit of bibliological research until proven otherwise. They can bring extra value to the judgements regarding the printing politics of the Bart laboratory from Sibiu.
Keywords: old romanian books, Bart´s printing workshop, Dimitrie Eustatievici, XVIIIth – XIXth Centuries, religious and school books, Moise Fulea, old romanian calendars, Aaron´s Leonat and Dorofata, Minei of Sibiu, Boghici´s concurrence from Braşov.

• Aaron, Vasilie, Vorbire în verşuri de glume întră Leonat beţivul om din Longobarda şi întră Dorofata muiarea sa. (Comic dialogue in verse between Leonat the drinking man from Longobarda and Dorofata, his wife). Ed. a II-a, Sibiu, Tipografia Ioan Bart, 1815, 2 f. + 36 p.
• Albu, Nicolae, Istoria şcolilor româneşti din Transilvania între 1800-1867. (History of Romanian schools in Transylvania between 1800-1867). Bucureşti, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1971, 216 p.
• Avram, Mircea, Primul calendar românesc apărut la Sibiu (1793). (The first Romanian calendar printed in Sibiu (1793)). În: Tîrgovişte, cetate a culturii româneşti. Lucrările sesiunii ştiinţifice din 21-23 dec. 1972. Partea I. Studii şi cercetări de bibliofilie. Bucureşti, 1974 (extras), pp. 79- 80.
• Banciu, Axente, Suflete uitate (Boghicii). (Forgotten souls – The Boghicis). În: Țara Bârsei, II, 1930, nr. 4, pp. 293-309.
• Barcianu, D. P., Vasilie Aron (1770 – 1822). O scriere încă necunoscută a lui. (Vasilie Aron (1770-1822). A written work still unknown). În: XV Programa a Institutului pedagogico-teologic al archidiecesei ortodocse române transilvane în Sibiiu pe anul scolariu 1898/9. Sibiiu, Tiparul tipografiei archidiecesane, 1899, pp. 3-45.
• Basarab, Mircea, Cartea veche românească în Biblioteca Arhiepiscopiei ortodoxe române a Vadului, Feleacului şi Clujului. (Old Romanian Books in the Romanian Orthodox Archiepiscopate Library of Vadului, Feleacului şi Clujului). În Mitropolia Ardealului, XXIII, 1978, nr. 1-3, pp. 27-38.
• Bianu, Ion; Hodoş, Nerva; Simonescu, Dan, Bibliografia Românească Veche 1508 – 1830. (Old Romanian Bibliography 1508 – 1830). Bucureşti, Ed. Academiei Române, tom II, 1910, 572 p., tom III, 1912-1936, 564 p., tom IV,1944, 398 p.
• Dunăreanu, Elena, Calendarele româneşti sibiene (1793 – 1970). (Romanian calendars printed in Sibiu (1793 –1970)). Sibiu, 1970, 320 p.
• Duţu, Alexandru, Coordonate ale culturii româneşti în secolul al XVIII-lea (1700 – 1821). Studii şi texte. (Coordinates of Romanian culture in XVIII century (1700 – 1821). Studies and texts). Bucureşti, Ed. Pentru Literatură, 1968, 328 p.
• Eustatievici, Dimitrie, Dezvoaltele şi tălcuitele Evanghelii […]. (The extended and commented Gospels). Sibiu, Tipografia Petru Bart, 1790, 7 f. + 178 p.
• Ghibu, Onisifor, Din istoria literaturii didactice româneşti. (Teaching in history of Romanian didactic literature). (ed. O. Păun, V. Popeangă),Bucureşti, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1975, 197 p.
• Grija pentru sănătate. Primele tipărituri de interes medical în limba română (1581 – 1830). (Health care. The first printings of medical interest in Romanian). (ed. G. Brătescu), Bucureşti, Ed. Medicală, 1988, 436 p.
• Iorga, Nicolae, Contribuţii la istoria literaturii române în veacul al XVIII-lea şi al XIX-lea. I. Scriitorii bisericeşti (şedinţa dela 6 Martie 1906). (Contributions to history of Romanian literature in the XVIIIth – XIXth centuries. Church writers). În: Analele Academiei Române, Memoriile Secţiunii Literare, seria II, tom XXVIII, 1905-1906, pp. 185-235.
• Idem, Scrisori şi inscripţii ardelene şi maramureşene. I. Scrisori din archiva grecilor Sibiiului, din archiva Protopopiei neunite a Făgăraşului şi din alte locuri. (Letters and inscriptions from Transylvania and Maramures. I. Letters in Greeks archive from Sibiu, in orthodox Bishop archiv from Fagaras and another places). Bucureşti, Atelierele grafice Socec et Comp. Soc. Anonimă, 1906, 262 p.
• Mihăilescu, Dan, Din activitatea editorială în epoca Iluminismului în sudul Transilvaniei. (Editorial activity in the Age of Reason in south of Transylvania). În: Cumidava, II, 1968, pp. 147-151.
• Nägler, Doina, Die Tätigkeit der Buchdrucker familie Barth (1690-1840). (The activity of Barths typography). În: Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, Band 16, 1973, nr. 2, pp. 48-52.
• Pervain, Iosif, Dimitrie Eustatievici. În: Studia Universitatis Victor Babeş et Bolyai, tomus III, nr. 6, series IV, fasciculus 1, Philologia, 1958, pp. 27-47.
• Poenaru, Daniela, Contribuţii la Bibliografia românească veche. (Contributions to the Old Romanian Bibliography). Tîrgovişte, 1973, 187 p.
• Popa, Liliana, Oameni şi cărţi în Sibiul de altădată. Tipografi şi tiparniţe, bibliofili şi biblioteci, librari şi librării în mărturii documentare. (People and books in old city of Sibiu. Printers and printing workshops, bibliophiles and libraries, booksellers and bookshops in archive testimonials). Sibiu, Ed. Schiller, 2010, 375 p.
• Popp, Vasilie, Disertaţie despre tipografiile româneşti în Transilvania şi învecinatele ţări de la începutul lor până la vremile noastre.(Dissertation about the Romanian typographies in Transylvania and neighboring countries since beginning till our days). (ed. Eva Mârza, Iacob Mârza), Cluj Napoca, Ed. Dacia, 1995, 256 p.
• Răduică, Georgeta; Răduică, Nicolin, Calendare şi almanahuri româneşti. 1731 – 1918. Dicţionar bibliografic. (Romanian calendars and almanacs. 1731 – 1918. Bibliographycal dictionary). Bucureşti, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1981, 356 p.
• Râpă-Buicliu, Dan, Bibliografia românească veche. Additamenta (1536-1830).(The Old Romanian Bibliography. Additamenta (1536 – 1830)). Galaţi, Ed. Alma, 2000, 386 p.
• România, Arhiva Mitropoliei Ardealului, Arhiepiscopia Ortodoxă Română Sibiu, Registrul 1810. (Romania. The Archive of Transylvanian Archiepiscopate, The Romanian Orthodox Archiepiscopate in Sibiu, Register of year 1810).
• Vuia, Iuliu, Bota – Tuducescu – Andreescu. În: Vatra şcolară, 1909, pp. 259-260.

Bessarabian pathways of church books from Buzău

Church books from Buzău have had a much more numerous circulation in Eastern Moldova if compared to the present, a claim based on investigations carried out recently. The paths of books from Buzău were numerous and in many cases unknown. The books from Buzău considered in our study, have circulated in Central and Southern Bessarabia. It is necessary to indicate that at present time the printed church books from Buzău are found only in libraries of monasteries from central part of Western Moldova. The number of monasteries from South is very small, for this reason the recorded books are found in libraries of parish churches or in museums. At the present stage of research, the books from Buzău are not found in the northern part of Bessarabia and mostly it can be explained by the character of paths that were followed by bibliophilic values in eastern part of Romanian space. The books from Buzău crossed Prut River via Iasi and Husi routes, however, other ways of book circulation can not be denied, for instance, some centres situated along the lower part of Prut River. Lavra from Neamt, the monastery Noul Neamt upon Dniester, represents a less important pathway for books from Buzău.

Keywords: church books, circulation, Buzău, Basarabia, printing-house, monasteries, Romanian spirituality, church, Huşi, bibliophilic values.

• Agachi, Alexei, Istoria Mănăstirii Hâncu (1677-2010)/ History of Monastery Hâncu (16777-2010), Pontos, Chişinău, 2010
• Balaur, Dimitrie I., Biserici din Moldova de Răsărit. I.Cărţi româneşti de slujbă bisericească care au trecut Prutul (veac. XVIII-XIX). Judeţul Lăpuşna/ Churches from Eastern Moldova. I. Romanian Books of Church Service that crossed Prut ( XVIII-XIX). Lapushna district. Tipografia cărţilor bisericeşti, Bucureşti, 1934.
• Cereteu, Igor, Cartea românească veche şi modernă în fonduri din Chişinău. Catalog/ Old and modern Romanian book in Chisinau funds. Catalog. Cuvânt înainte Prof. univ., Dr. Iacob Mârza, Tipo Moldova, Iaşi, 2011.
• Ciobanu, Ştefan, Mănăstirea Țigăneşti/ Tiganeshti Monastery. Chişinău, Tipografia Eparhială, 1931.
• Constantinescu-Iaşi, P., Circulaţia vechilor cărţi bisericeşti româneşti în Basarabia sub ruşi, Extras din Revista societăţii istorico-arheologice bisericeşti din Chişinău/ Circulation of old Romanian vestry books in Bessarabiaunder Russian governing, vol. XIX, Chişinău, Tipogrfaia Eparhială „Cartea Românească”, 1929.
• Mihail, Paul, Mărturii de spiritualitate românească în Basarabia/ Evidences of romanian Spirituality from Bessarabia, Chişinău, „Ştiinţa”, 1993.

Current debates: is it necessary to republish Petru Maior’s „Didahii“?

The article proposes an analysis of the homiletic work, Didahii, a representative but insufficiently studied book for the Central European and Transylvanian Catholic Enlightenment. The study underlines the peculiarities of Maior’s conception in relation to the Transylvanian homiletic literature. On the one side, there is an analysis of the approached topics and the influences of the previous manuscript or cultic literature from Transylvania (17th – 18th centuries). On the other side, there is an investigation on the impact of the ideas of Catholic Reformation and Central European enlightenment on Petru Maior. The work is unique for the Romanian enlightenment in Transylvania. It puts into value the experience of the Viennese rationalist pedagogy of the time, based on the previous existence of a rich and extremely efficient formative Transylvanian homiletic literature.
Keywords: Church, Central-European enlightenment, Catholic Reformation, Josephinism, homiletic, Transylvanian School, sermon.

• Albulescu, Ion, Histoire de la pensée et de la pratique pédagogiques roumains / History of Romanian pedagogical thought and practice, Cluj Napoca, Institute Culturel Roumain. Centre d’Études Transylvaines, 2006.
• Bârcă, Meda Diana, Carte şi societate în Transilvania sec. al XVIII-lea. Manuscrise de cărţi populare româneşti / Book and society in 18th century Transylvania. Manuscripts of old Romanian popular books, Cluj Napoca, Editura Argonaut, 2002.
• Bolovan, Ioan & Sorina, From Tradition to Modernization. Church and the Transylvanian Romanian Family in the Modern Era în Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, vol. 7, no. 20, Cluj-Napoca, 2008.
• Chindriş, Ioan, Iacob, Niculina, Samuil Micu în mărturii antologice / Samuil Micu in anthological proofs, Târgu Lăpuş, Editura Galaxia Gutenberg, 2010.
• Circa, Ioan Adrian, Predica act de cult în Transilvania la sfârşitul secolului al XVIII-lea şi începutul secolului al XIXlea / The sermon as an act of cult in Transylvania at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, Doctoral paper delivered in 2007, coord. by I.P.S. Prof. Dr. Laurenţiu (Liviu) Streza, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu, 250 p. TRANSILVANIA 5-6 / 2012
• Dumitran, Ana, Cazanii la oameni morţi, Bălgrad 1689. Încercare de reconstituire / Homilies to dead people, Balgrad 1689. An attempt of reconstruction, in Apulum, XL, 2003.
• Dumitran, Ana, Constante ale discursului în omiletica funebră a românilor transilvăneni din veacul al XVII-lea / Constants of the discourse in the funereal homiletics of Transylvanian Romanians from the 17th century, in Reprezentări ale morţii în Transilvania secolelor XVI-XX / Representations of death in Transylvania from the 16th to the 20th century, coord. by Mihaela Grancea, Cluj Napoca, Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2005.
• Dumitran, Ana, Poarta ceriului / The gate of heaven, introd. study by Jan Nicolae, Alba Iulia, Editura Altip, 2007.
• Ghişe, Dumitru, Teodor, Pompiliu, Fragmentarium iluminist / Illuminist fragmentarium, Cluj Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1972.
• Hersche, Peter, Der Spätjansenismus in Österreich / Late Jansenism in Austria, Wien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1977.
• Lemny, Ştefan, Sensibilitate şi istorie în secolul XVIII românesc / Sensibility and history in the Romanian 18th century, Bucureşti, Editura Meridiane, 1990.
• Maior, Petru, Propovedanii la îngropăciunea oamenilor morţi / Exhortations to the burial of dead people, Buda, În Crăiasca Tipografie a Universităţii Ungureşti, 1809.
• Maior, Petru, Didahii adecă Învăţături pentru creşterea fiilor la îngropăciunea oamenilor morţi / Didaches or Teachings for children breeding at the burial of dead people, Buda, În Crăiasca Tipografie a Universităţii Ungureşti, 1809.
• Maior, Petru, Prediche sau Învăţături la toate Duminecile şi Serbătorile anului / Sermons or Teachings for all Sundays and for the year’s feasts, Buda, În Crăiasca Tipografie a Universităţii Ungureşti, 1810-1811.
• Maior, Petru, Procanon ce cuprinde în sine cele ce sînt de lipsă spre înţălesul cel deplin şi adevărat al canoanelor şi a toată tocmeala bisericească, spre folosul mai cu samă a românilor / Procanon comprising the missing parts for the full and truthful understanding of all churchly preparations, for the usage mainly of Romanians, ed. by Constantin Erbiceanu, Bucureşti, Tipografia „Cărţilor Bisericeşti”, 1894.
• Maior, Petru, Propovedanii la îngropăciunea oamenilor morţi / Exhortations to the burial of dead people. Vol. III, Ed. by Dr. Elie Dăianu, Cluj, Tipografia Carmen Petru P. Bariţiu, 1906.
• Maior, Petru, Predici sau Învăţături la toate Duminecile şi Serbătorile anului / Sermons or Teachings for all Sundays and for the year’s feasts, Vol. I-II. Ed. by Dr. Elie Dăianu, Cluj, Tipografia Carmen Petru P. Bariţiu, 1906.
• Maior, Petru, Procanon ce cuprinde în sine ceale de lipsă spre înţălesul cel deplin şi desăvârşit al canoanelor şi a toată tocmeala bisericească, spre folosul mai cu samă a românilor / Procanon comprising the missing parts for the full and truthful understanding of all churchly preparations, for the usage mainly of Romanians, ed. by Grigorie T. Marcu, Sibiu, Tipografia Arhidiecezană, 1948.
• Maior, Petru, Istoria pentru începutul românilor în Dachia / History for the beginnings of Romanians in Dacia, ed. by Florea Fugariu, vol I-II, Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 1970-1971.
• Maior, Petru, Istoria pentru începutul românilor în Dachia / History for the beginnings of Romanians in Dacia. Afterword by Gavril Istrate, [Iaşi], Editura Junimea, 1990.
• Maior, Petru, Istoria Bisericii Românilor / History of the Church of Romanians, vol. I, Ed. by Ioan Chindriş, Bucureşti, Editura Viitorul Românesc, 1995.
• Maior, Petru, Protopopadichia, Ed. by Laura Stanciu,Foreword by Pompiliu Teodor, Alba Iulia, 1998.
• Maior, Petru, Didahii / Didaches, Ed. by Laura Stanciu, Adrian Circa, Cluj Napoca, Editura Mega, 2011.
• Mârza, Iacob, L’idée de l’éducation chez les représentants de l’Ecole transylvaine / The idea of education at the representatives of the Transylvanian School, in Revue des études sud-est européennes, XXVII/4, 1989.
• Micu, Samuil, Propovedanii sau învăţături la îngropăciunea oamenilor morţi / Exhortations to the burial of dead people, Blaj, 1784.
• Munteanu, Romul. Les ideés pédagogiques de l’École transylvaine / The pedagogical ideas of the Transylvanian School, in La culture Roumaine á l’époque des Lumiéres, vol. II, Bucarest, 1985.
• Nicoară, Toader, Transilvania la începuturile timpurilor moderne (1680-1800). Societate rurală şi mentalităţi colective / Transylvania at the beginnings of modern times (1680-1800). Rural society and collective mentalities, Cluj Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 1997.
• Nicoară, Toader, Sentimentul de insecuritate în societatea românească la începuturile timpurilor moderne (1600-1830) / The feeling of insecurity in Romanian society at the beginnings of modern times (1600-1830), Vol II, Cluj Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2005.
• Schneider, Christine, Der weltiche Klerus im Sistem des Josephinismus – zwischen staatlicher Funcktion und seelsorgerischer Aufgabe. Dargestelt am BeispielWiens, Wien, 1992.
• Stanciu, Laura, Biografia unei atitudini: Petru Maior (1760-1821) / The biography of an attitude: Petru Maior (1760-1821), Cluj Napoca, Editura Risoprint, 2003.
• Szegedi, Edit, Moartea, disciplina ecleziastică şi socială în mediile protestante din Transilvania (sec. XVI-XVIII) / Death, the ecclesiastic and social discipline in the Protestant milieu in Transylvania, in Reprezentări ale morţii în Transilvania secolelor XVI-XX / Representations of death in Transylvania from the 16th to the 20th century (2005), coord. by Mihaela Grancea, Cluj Napoca, Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2005.
• Teodor, Pompiliu, Enlightenment and Post – Enlightenment in the Romanian Area, in Historické Štúdie, 9, Bratislava, 1998.
• Zoba, Ioan din Vinţ, Sicriul de aur, Restitutio / The golden coffin. Restitutio, Ed. by Anton Goţia, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1984.

The ”uniform observation” and modernization of censorship in Transylvania between 1772-1773

The censorship policy of the second half of the theresian era (1760’s and 70’s) was an important border region between the religious and the educational policy. Transylvania had a special religious situation in the Habsburg Empire, which was also visible in the censorship policy. The transylvanian censorship was more conservative at the beginning of the 1770’s than in Vienna. That was caused by several personal conditions. The jesuits kept the censorship longer in their hands in Transylvania than in the capitol city of the Habsburg empire. The tendency to form a state church from the roman catholic church in the Habsburg Empire had also its influences on the censorship policy. All religious works of the catholic press had to be taken under the revision of the state. Because of the slower bureaucratic system of Transylvania could these tencency appear with the supression of the jesuits in 1773. The religious conference of march 15^th 1773 made its suggestions to form the transylvanian censorship policy under the Vienna patern. The reforms of the transylvanian censorship instruction aimed the effectiveness, the accelaration and the improvement. The changed paragraphs simplifyed the management of the censorship cases, the exchange of information between the imperial centre and the province became better. The imperial state introduced a stricter regulation on the provincial offices. The weak populational and cultural status of the roman catholicism in Transylvania was taken into deep consideration. For example was the superstition more typical of the roman catholic population than of the protestants. Its ban was ordained therefor only secretly by the roman catholic bishop. The reforminstruction also regulated the newest media of the era, which were not even known in Transylvania. This centralisation policy caused despite of all its inconsequences a significant improvement in Transylvania.

Keywords: censorship, religious policy, 1770’s, reform, centralisation, modernisation, supression of the jesuits

• Erdély története három kötetben (in mehreren Ausgaben) –.z.B. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1986
• Hermann, Egyed: A katolikus egyház története Magyarországon 1914-ig. München, 1973.
• Kapronczay – Kapronczay, Katalin: Cenzúrai reformok a felvilágosodás szellemében. In: Orvostörténeti Közlemények 43. Jg. (1997-1998).
• Kosáry Domokos: Művelődés a XVIII. századi Magyarországon. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1996.

Five Romanian Versions for the Holy Scripture in Greek-Catholic Blaj. Filiation and Originality

A unique phenomenon within the history of Romanian culture arose at Blaj, a supporting centre of the enlightenment during the second half of the 18th century. It was a matter of five Romanian versions of The Bible carried out between 1760 and 1914. They were different from each another and four of them have lasted until nowadays in manuscripts. So far, the biblical text which marked the beginning of the already-mentioned cultural phenomenon remained the only translation of The Bible (according to The Vulgate) in the Romanian culture. It was a translation irrespective of the old biblical text printed at Bucharest in 1688. Chronologically, the second one was represented by a new translation of The Septuagint which explicitly revaluated the forerunners’ experience, one established by The Bible from 1688. Afterwards, a new translation followed, one whose author drew his inspiration from a Hebrew original. That time, it was a selective writing. The fourth Bible composed in Blaj was original, but from a different point of view. Its author’s wish was that of reconsidering The Bible from Bucharest (1688) in a new direction, that of re-Latinizing the language through the recovery of old Latin words from Romanian language. Those words had somehow been forgotten on account of certain reasons. At last, a new element of originality appears in the fifth Bible from Blaj. As far as this Bible is concerned, its author composed a true hermeneutical version, owing to the notes and commentaries he had annexed to the old biblical text which was translated after The Septuagint, at Blaj, in 1795.
Keywords: The Bible, Petru Pavel Aron, Samuil Micu, Teodor Pop, Timotei Cipariu, Victor Smigelschi.

• Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a Vechiului şi Noului Testament / The Bible, Videlicet the Divine Scripture of the Old and New Testament (Tipărită întâia oară la 1688 în timpul lui Şerban Vodă Cantacuzino, domnul Ţării Româneşti, retipărită după 300 de ani în facsimil şi transcriere cu aprobarea Sfântului Sinod şi binecuvântarea Prea Fericitului Părinte Teoctist, patriarhul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române), Editura Institutului Biblic şi de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române.
• Bibilia de la Bucureşti (1688) / The Bible from Bucharest (1688), în seria Monumenta linguae Dacoromanorum, Pars I, Genesis, Iaşi, 1988 (autorii volumului: Alexandru Andriescu, Vasile Arvinte, Ioan Caproşu, Elsa Lüder, Paul Miron, Mircea Roşian, Marietta Ujică).
• Biblia de la Blaj (1795) / The Bible from Blaj (1795), ediţie jubiliară, Roma, 2000.
• Biblia lui Teodor Pop / Teodor Pop‘s Bible (fragmentar), manuscris Biblioteca Academiei Române din Cluj-Napoca, Fondul Blaj, cotele mss. rom. 57, 59.
• Biblia lui Victor Smigelschi / Victor Smigelschi’s Bible, manuscris în 6 tomuri la Biblioteca Academiei Române din Cluj-Napoca, Fondul Blaj, cota: ms. rom. 284.
• Biblia, adică Dumnezeeasca Scriptură a Legii Vechi şi a celei Nouă / The Bible, Videlicet the Divine Scripture of the Old and New Religion, tipărită în zilele Majestăţii Sale Carol I, regele României, în al 49 an de slăvită domnie. Ediţia Sfântului Sinod, Bucureşti, Tipografia cărţilor Bisericeşti, 1914; în continuare, B1914.
• Biblia Vulgata. Blaj 1760–1761 / The Vulgate Bible. Blaj 1760-1761, Vol. I–V, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2005.
• Chindriş, Ioan, Cultură şi societate în contextul Şcolii Ardelene / Culture and Society within the Context of Transylvanian School, Editura Cartimpex, Cluj-Napoca, 2001.
• Chindriş, Ioan; Iacob, Niculina, Petru Pavel Aron / Petru Pavel Aron, Editura Astra, Blaj, 2007.
• Chindriş, Ioan, Transilvanica / Transylvania, Editura Cartimpex,Cluj-Napoca, 2003.
• Iacob, Niculina; Limbajul biblic românesc (1640–1800) / Romanian Biblical Language (1640-1800), vol. I-II, Editura Universităţii Suceava, 2001.
• Psaltirea sau Cartea Psalmilor / The Psalter or The Psalm Book de pre limba evreiască tradusă româneşte de fostul prea onorat domn Theodor Pop, prepositul capitulului greco-catolic din Blaj şi profesor S. Scripturi, Blaj, 1835, cu tipariul Seminariului.

A book printed in Romanian by Martin Hochmeister in 1781 in Sibiu, nowadays held at the Batthyaneum Library.
A brief historical, sociological, and linguistic analysis

The Leopoldine Diploma from 1691 stipulated that Transilvania passed under the authority of the Habsburgs, which have as immediate goal the consolidation of the borders as well as that of Catholicism. Some of the Orthodox Romanians have accepted, while preserving their rite, the affiliation to the Church of Rome, in exchange of some political advantages (among which the bishop’s ennoblement) and some cultural ones (the acces to education in great European universities). In this context, the mentalities of the new Romanian elites have changed, and they started to show interest for written Romanian language. The book printed in Sibiu in 1781 is an example of the evolution of writing in Romanian language, being in fact an encomium brought by the believers to Maria Theresia after her death.
Keywords: Transylvania, Maria Theresa, Romanian printing, linguistic, sociological, and historical analysis.

• Bloc, Marc, Regii taumaturgi / The thaumaturge kings, foreword by Jacques Le Goff .
• Câmpeanu, Remus, Elitele româneşti din Transilvania veacului al XVIIIlea / Romanian elites in 18th century Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeana, 2000.
• Cântece câmpeneşti cu glasuri rumuneşti făcute de un holtei câmpean pentru voia fetilor, nevestilor şi celora cui i se potrivesc şi cu alţii se izbeşte / Villatic songs with Romanian voices made by a villatic bachelor for the likes of lasses, wives and those who match them. Tipărit în anul Domnului O mnie saptye sutye sasezeci si vopt. / Printed in Anno Domini One thousand seven hundred sixty eight, Cluj, 1768.
• Dudas, Florian, Vechi cărţi călătoare / Old wayfarer books, Bucureşti, 1987.
• Ghişa, Ciprian, Elaborarea discursului identitar / The elaboration of the identitary discourse, Cluj-Napoca, PUC, 2006.
• Stanciu, Laura, Între Răsărit şi Apus. Secvenţe din istoria Bisericii românilor ardeleni / Between East and West. Fragments from the history of the Church of the Transylvanian Romanians, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Argonaut, 2008.
• Iorga, Nicolae, Histoire des Roumains de Transylvanie et de Hongrie / History of the Romanians from Transylvania and Hungary, Bucureşti, 1940.
• Teodor, Pompiliu, Sub semnul Luminilor. Samuil Micu / Under the sign of the Lights. Samuil Micu, Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2000.
• Nicoară, Toader, Transilvania la începuturile timpurilor moderne (1680-1800). Societate rurală şi mentalităţi colective / Transylvania at the beginnings of modern times (1680-1800). Rural society and collective mentalities, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 2001.

The Graphic Material of the Molitvenicof Blaj from 1784. The Variety of its Sources of Inspiration

The graphic material of the Molitvenic printed in Blaj in 1784 is varied as regards both the style (Byzantine, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque) and the sources of inspiration (German, Romanian, Ukrainian) which makes up a further proof that the cultural, political and ecclesiastical town of Blaj situated in the centre of Transylvania, had relations with important centres from Europe.

Keywords: Typography of Blaj, woodcut, Berlin, Bucharest, Iasi, Lviv.

• Bianu, Ioan, Hodoş, Nerva, Simonescu, Dan, The Old Romanian Bibliography (1508-1830), Tom. II-III, Bucureşti, Editura Socec& Co., Soc. Anonimă, 1910, 1936.
• Chindriş, Ioan, Culture and Society in the Context of the Transylvanian School, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Cartimpex, 2001.
• Oprescu, Gh.,The Romanian Graphic Arts in the 19^th Century, vol. I, Bucureşti, Fundaţia Regală pentru Literatură şi Artă, 1942.
• Tatai-Baltă, Cornel, The Wood Engravers from Blaj (1750-1830), Blaj, Editura Eventus, 1995.
• Thieme, Ulrich, Becker, Felix, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Visual Artists from the Ancient Time up to the Present, vol. 35-36, Leipzig, Verlag von E. A. Seemann, 1999.

A copy of rare old printing: ”Psalter” of Blaj from 1786, from Turdaş (Hunedoara County)

The study draws attention on a copy of the Psalter, Blaj, 1786, nowadays owned by the Greek-Catholic priest Nicolae Didi from Turdaş (Hunedoara County). Previously, it belonged to the former parish priest of the region Viorel Munteanu and chemist Eugen Munteanu. In the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries the owners of the book were: Savu Solomon and Poporan Solomon, from Bobâlna and the Greek-Catholic teacher from Turdaş, Petru Todor (b. 1817). Copies of this old edition from Blaj are bibliophile rarities, their intrinsic value being increased by the notes from their pages.
Keywords: bibliophily; old editions of book; old printing house from Blaj; history of culture; old Romanian bibliography; handwritten notes

• Titus Furdui, Tipărituri româneşti vechi în colecţiile Bibliotecii Academiei filiala Cluj / Old Romanian printings in the collections of the Library of the Academy, the Cluj branch, in Centenarul primei biblioteci publice din judeţul Galaţi, Galaţi, Biblioteca V. A. Urechia, 1974.
• Francisc Papp, Psaltirea lui Dimitrie Pandovici. Contribuţie la BRV / The book of Psalms of Dimitrie Pandovici. Contribution at ORB, in AMN, V, 1968, p. 539-549.
• Daniela Poenaru, Contribuţii la Bibliografia românească veche / Contributions to Old Romanian Bibliography, Târgovişte, 1979.
• Dan Râpă Buicliu, Bibliografia românească veche. Additamenta I (1536-1830) / Old Romanian bibliography. Additamenta I (1536-1830), Galaţi, 2000.
• Schematismus venerabilis cleri gaeci ritus catholicorum Dioeceseos Fogarasiensis in Transsilvania pro Anno a Christo nato MDCCCXXXV, ab Unione cum Ecclesia Romana CXXXVIII, Blasii, Typis seminarii Dioecesani, [1835]
• Siematismulu veneratului cleru alu Diecesei Romanesci grecocatolice a Lugosiului pre anul domnului 1877 de la infiintiarea Scaunului episcopescu Anulu 24 / The schematism of the revered clergy of the Greek Catholic Romanian Diocese of Lugoj in Anno Domini 1877 from the creation of the Bishop’s chair year 24, Lugosiu, [1877].
• Siematismulu veneratului cleru alu Diecesei Romanesci grecocatolice a Lugosiului pre anul domnului 1891 de la infiintiarea Scaunului episcopescu Anulu XXXVIII / The schematism of the revered clergy of the Greek Catholic Romanian Diocese of Lugoj in Anno Domini 1877 from the creation of the Bishop’s chair year 38, Lugosiu, [1891].
• Cornel Tatai Baltă, Gravorii în lemn de la Blaj / The wood carvers from Blaj, Blaj, 1995.

Vasile Aaron (1780-1821) – editions and editorial strategies

The Romanian poet and lawyer Vasile Aaron (1780-1821) lived in Sibiu between 1804 and 1821. It was here that he was able to publish almost all of his writings, overcoming the financial hardships deepened by the aggravation of economic circumstances in the Habsburg Empire. Vasile Aaron developed a whole editorial strategy, making use of all funding possibilities available in those years – from finding people ready to finance his work to associating with book pedlars, the most knowledgeable about the book market and about the readers’ taste, to editing his writings on his own expense.

Aaron, the only author of literary works in Romanian language in Sibiu during those years, has the merit of having introduced the editorial practice of enriching the works with woodcuts and of editing “luxury” copies intended for prominent personalities of the day.

Keywords: Vasile Aaron, Patimile Domnului, Leonat şi Dorofata, Piram şi Tisbe, Verşuri veselitoare, Dimitrie Boghici, Simion Pantea, Michael Zeiler, Gabor Covaci, Paul Păltănea, Ştefan Hosu

• Bucur, Dorica, Cartea românească tipărită la Braşov în prima jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, factor în dezvoltarea unităţii culturale şi naţionale în vol. Valori bibliofile din patrimoniul naţional, Bucureşti, 1983, p. 341-347
• Mihăilescu, Dan, Din activitatea editorială în epoca iluminismului în sudul Transilvaniei, în Cumidava, II / 1968, p. 147-151
• Pascu, Constantin, Cartea românească veche în Biblioteca Brukenthal, Sibiu, 1976.
• Păltănea, Paul Contribuţii la bibliografia românescă veche. Două tipărituri sibiene, în Muzeul de istorie al Transilvaniei, XXIV-XXV, 1987-1988.
• Popa, Ioan-Nicolae Mărturii despre scriitori şi cărţi în documente din Fondul personal Vasile Aaron, în Transilvania, nr. 11-12, Sibiu, 2010, pp. 145-149
• Popa, Liliana, Contribuţii la Bibliografia românească veche, în Biblioteca şi cercetarea, XII, Zilele bibliotecii academice clujene. Sesiunea ştiinţifică din 12-13 noiembrie 1987. Academia R.S. România, Filiala Cluj-Napoca, 1988, pp. 307-310
• Popa, Liliana, oameni şi cărţi în Sibiul de altădată, Editura Schiller, Sibiu-Bonn, 2010
• Dan Simonescu, O lature necunoscută din activitatea lui Vasile Aaron, Extras din revista Arhiva românească, tom V, Bucureşti, 1940, pp.1-9.
• Veress, Andrei, Bibliografia româno- ungară, volumul II. Românii în literatura ungară şi ungurii în literatura română (1781-1838), Bucureşti, Editura Cartea Românească, 1931.

The Engravings of the Gospel of Buda from 1812

The Gospel of 1812 is one of the most beautiful books edited in Buda, particularly due to the illustrations representing the evangelists, which, in fact, are among the largest engravings existing in the religious books printed for the Romanians in the big city on the Danube (only St. John of Damascus in the Octoih of 1811 is bigger: 26×20 cm). The frontispieces and vignettes in the Gospel of 1812 appear, some of them frequently, in other Romanian books from Buda, while the evangelists were published only here. They are also likely to be found in other books printed in Buda, for other peoples, or in Vienna, where as a matter of fact they were achieved. Of occidental manner, they do not look like their similar representations in the Romanian area. The four puncheon prints are signed by the famous Viennese engraver Ventel Engelmann and dated in 1794 and 1795. Artistically and technically well-done, these illustrations are the only engravings in metal of the evangelists in the old Romanian books.

Keywords: University Typography of Buda, old Romanian book, engraving, evanghelists, Gospel

• Bianu, Ioan, Hodoş, Nerva, Simonescu, Dan, The Old Romanian Bibliography, (1508-1830), Tom. I-IV, Bucureşti, Editura Socec& CO., Soc. Anonimă, 1903-1944.
• Oprescu, Gh., The Romanian Graphic Arts in the 19th Century, vol. I, Bucureşti, Fundaţia Regală Pentru Literatură şi Artă, 1942.
• Tatay, Anca Elisabeta, Tradition and Innovation in the Tehnique and art of Illustrating the Romanian Books Printed in Buda, 1780-1830, Alba Iulia, Editura Altip, 2010.
• Thieme, Ulrich, Becker, Felix, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Visual Artists from the Ancient Time up to the Present, vol. I-XXXVII, Leipzig, 1907-1950.
• Uspensky, Leonid, Lossky, Vladimir, Guiding in the World of Icon, Bucureşti, Editura Sofia, 2003

Sources of the good emperor’s myth. „Joseph the IInd and his Court”, a historical novel by Luise Mühlbach

The historiography about the Emperor Joseph II is extremely rich. Historical papers about him and his époque are found in the German, French and American cultural areas. In addition to these scientific sources, there were other legends which, in the Transylvanian area finally led to formation of the myth of the good emperor. This paper aims at debating the historical novel “Joseph II and his Court”, published between 1856 and 1857 by German writer Luise Mühlbach. This novel was well received in European and American cultural environments and it probably created the favourable grounds for the great synthesis of the German and American historiography that had as subject the reign of Emperor Joseph II. The present article aims to present this novel as a possible source which refreshed the myth of the good emperor among Romanians in Transylvania by the end of the nineteenth century.

Keywords: Joseph II, Luise Mühlbach, historical novel, Joseph II and his Court, historical source, Maria Teresa

• Din, Petre. Mitul lui Iosif al II-lea în sensibilitatea colectivă a românilor ardeleni/ Joseph the IInd’s myth in the collective sensibility of Transylvanian Romanian, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Napoca Star, 2003.
• Macartney, Carlile Aylmer. The Habsburg Empire 1790-1918, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969.
• Tapiè,Victor L. The Rise and Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy, New York, 1971.
• Kann, Robert. A. The multinational empire: nationalism and national reform in the Habsburg monarchy, 1848-1918, vol. I., Michigan, 1964.
• Beales, Derek. Joseph II: In the shadow of Maria Theresa,1741-1780, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Padover, Saul K. The Revolutionay Emperor: Joseph II of Austria, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1976.
• Roider, Karl A.  Maria Theresa, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1973.
• Szabo, Franz A. J. Kaunitz and enlightened absolutism, 1753-1780, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
• Cayzer, Herlinde. Feminist Awakening: Ida von Hahn-Hahn’s ‘Gräfin Faustine’ and Luise Mühlbach’s ‘Aphra Behn’, , Brisbane, Univ. Diss. Queensland , 2007, p.160-162.
• Hart, James D.  The Popular Book, Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1963.
• Pochmann, Henry A. German Culture in America, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press 1957.
• Mühlbach, Luise. Joseph II and His Court, Mobile, S.G. Goetzel & Co., 1864.

Research a Proscomisarion (Pomealnicul the Great) in the nineteenth century of the parish Vâlcea

Research is a contribution to Proscomisarion Pomealnicul called the Great, now in the National Archives Service Vâlcea County inventory number 13. It is composed as a book manuscript, in Cyrillic script and decorated with Byzantine miniature frontispiece different in different years of the nineteenth century, made to order Annunciation parish church founders in Râmnicu Vâlcea oldest manuscript (probably years 1764, 1809 or 1816), the followers of Dionysus Ecclesiarch, leading calligraphers and miniaturists School of Bistriţa monastery Oltean, including monk Parties (May 20, 1832). Each tab contains a diptych in turn, to be commemorated in church services. Realizing a centralized manuscript memoranda, we conclude that for God’s house were donated by Christians from various walks of life needed clothes and jewels divine service with a relatively high cost price. At a more detailed, corroborating data from other sources resulting veracity of historical manuscripts.

Keywords: book, calligraphy, contribution, manuscript, tissue

• Alexianu, Alexandru, Mode şi veşminte din trecut, volumul II, Bucureşti, Editura Meridiane, 1987.
• Andronie, Dumitru; Bădiţoiu, Bogdan; Neguleasa, Dan; Pintilie, Dan; Răţoi, Tudor; Zarzără, Ion, Instituţia Arhivelor în judeţele Argeş, Dolj, Gorj, Mehedinţi, Olt şi Vâlcea, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Editura Almarom, 2006.
• Avram, Marina, Pomelnice de parohie din Râmnicu Vâlcea (1822-1871) păstrate la mănăstirea Bistriţa, Alba Iulia, în Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti, 16, 2010.
• Bălan, Constantin, Inscripţii medievale şi din epoca modernă a României. Secolul XIV-1848, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2005.
• Coteanu, Ion; Seche, Luiza; Seche, Mircea, Dicţionarul Explicativ al limbii române, Bucureşti, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 1998.
• Densuşianu, Nicolae, Dacia Preistorică, Bucureşti, Editura Arhetip, 2002.
• Evseev, Ivan, Dicţionar de simboluri şi arhetipuri culturale, Timişoara, Editura Amarcord, 1994.
• Hill, Jonathan, Ghid al istoriei creştinismului, Oradea, Editura Casa Cărţii, 2008.
• Matei, Horia, Cartea, un călător milenar, Bucureşti, Editura Tineretului, 1964.
• Micle, Veniamin, Medalioane Bistriţene, Eparhia Râmnicului, Sfânta mănăstire Bistriţa, 1999.
• Idem, Cuviosul Chiriac Râmniceanu monahul isihast, Eparhia Râmnicului, Sfânta Mănăstire Bistriţa, 2003.
• Idem, Documente vâlcene în cercetarea lui Aurelian Sacerdoţeanu, Eparhia Râmnicului, Sfânta Mănăstire Bistriţa, 2004.
• Nicolescu, Corina, Istoria costumului de curte în Ţările Române; secolele XIV- XVIII, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1970.
• Odobescu, Alexandru, Revista Română pentru Sciinţe, Litere şi Arte, vol. I, Bucureşti, Administraţia revistei pasagiul român, 1861.
• Sacerdoţeanu, Aurelian, Predosloviile cărţilor româneşti(1508-1647), Bucureşti, Editura „Librăria Universitară“ I. Cărăbuş.1938.

Grammar text books for Romanian Transylvanian elementary education from the second half of the XIXth century

This study focused on presentation of the first grammar text books for Romanian elementary education from Transylvania.

Analysis applied to the 3 grammar text books appeared in Sibiu, between 1848 and 1868 evidenced the fact that this type of manual presents a special interest both from the perspective of history of didactic literature and perspective of the scientific level that the Romanian language reached at that moment.

Keywords: text book, education, grammar, Romanian language, primary teacher, school.

• Barcianu, Sava Popovici, Gramatica românească pentru şcoalele populare, Sibiu, 1853.
• Bellisimus, G.C., Manualu de limba română, după principiele Dr. Becker şi metodulu lui Vurstu de a’nvetia limba maternă, lucratu pentru şcolele nostre poporali, Sibiu, 1859.
• Bibliografia românească modernă, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, vol. I, vol. II, vol. III, 1984, 1986, 1989.
• Hodoş, Enea, Cercetări, Sibiu, 1944.
• Mihălţianu, N. I., Gramatica romană pentru clasa II poporală şi normală, ediţiunea a doua îndreptată, Sibiu, 1868.
• Popeangă, Vasile, Şcoala românească din părţile Aradului la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, 1821-1867, Arad, 1979.
• Popescu, Ion, Învăţământul în şcolile populare (IV), în Organul pedagogic, I, 1863, p. 191-210.
• Rădulescu Heliade, Ion, Gramatică românească, ediţie şi studiu de Valeria Guţu Romalo, Bucureşti,, 1980.
• Roman, Visarion, Conversaţiune cu şcolarii asupra gramaticii. Articolul, în Amicul Şcoalei, I, 1860, nr. 2, p. 64-66.
• Idem, Manual de limba română, în Amicul Şcoalei, I, 1860, nr. 2, p. 96.
• Tulbure, Gheorghe, Mitropolitul Şaguna, Sibiu, 1938

Nicolae Densuşianu’s Studies concerning Bibliology

This article is meant to call to mind certain aspects of Nicolae Densuşianu’s activity, to emphasize some matters which are already known from various edited sources and to point out some unpublished notes existent in the archive fund which the historian left behind: Densuşianu’s relations with the Romanian Academy Library and with the Library of the Great Headquarters of Army, his published works related to the domain of Bibliology, starting with Catalogul Marelui Stat Major (Catalogue of the Great Headquarters Library) and ending with the historiographic accounts sent to the review Jaresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft from Berlin, actually extensive articles written under the form of bibliographic essays, some aspects which have not been published yet, namely his personal notebooks found at the Romanian Academy Library.

Keywords: Nicolae Densuşianu, Romanian Academy Library, Library of the Great Headquarters of Army, Bibliology, Bibliography.

• România, Biblioteca Academiei Române, Fond Arhiva Nicolae Densuşianu / Nicolae Densuşianu Archive.
• România, Biblioteca Academiei Române, Fond Arhiva Nicolae Densuşianu – S / Nicolae Densuşianu Archive – S [Letters] .
• Densuşianu, Nicolae. Revoluţiunea lui Horea în Transilvania şi Ungaria 1784-1785. Scrisă pe baza documentelor oficiale / Horea’s Revolution in Transylvania and Hungary. Written on official documents, Bucureşti, Tip. “Românul”, Carol Göbl, 1884, VI + 523 p.
• Iancu, Daniel I. Nicolae Densuşianu’s Historical Discourse as Reflected in the Berliner Magazine „Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft”, în Transylvanian Review, Supplement no 2, 2011, p. 373 – 383.
• Lapedatu, Alexandru. Activitatea istorică a lui Nicolae Densuşianu (1846 – 1911) / Nicolae Densuşianu’s Historical Activity (1846 – 1911), în Alexandru Lapedatu (1876 – 1950). Scrieri istorice / Alexandru Lapedatu (1876 – 1950). Historical Writings, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2008, Ediţie de Camil Mureşan şi Nicolae Edroiu, p. 80 – 108.
• Scrisori către Ioan Bianu / Letters to Ioan Bianu, Ediţie de Marieta Croicu şi Petre Croicu, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1974, 651 + [1] p.

Agriculture manuals from the XIXth century: Ioan Tomici, „Cultura albinelor” (şi) Cultura bombiţelor“, Buda, 1823

During the last decades of the XVIIIth century, the school environment of Transylvania developped under the directives of the emperor’s enlightened absolutism from Wien. A special attention was granted to the didactic literature in naţional languages. Many handbooks were published in Romanian : primers, catechisms, Arithmetîcs handbooks, agriculture handbooks. These last ones were treating both the usual occupations (tillage, breeding) and some special ones like beekeeping or breeding silk worms. We present here two of these agriculture handbooks: Ioan Tomici, Cultura albinelor (şi) Cultura bombiţelor, Buda, 1823.
Keywords: handbooks, agriculture, bee culture, silkworm culture, 19th century.

• Albu, Nicolae, Istoria învăţământului românesc din Transilvania până la 1800 / The history of Romanian education in Transylvania until 1800, Blaj, Tipografia Lumina, 1944; Idem, Istoria şcolilor româneşti din Transilvania între 1800-1867 / The history of Romanian schools in Transylvania between 1800-1867, Bucureşti, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1971.
• Bariţiu, George, Părţi alese din istoria Transilvaniei / Selected fragments from the history of Trabsylvania, vol. 1-2, Sibiu, 1889-1890;
• Bianu, I.; Hodoş, N.; Simionescu, D., Bibliografia românească veche (BRV) / Old Romanian bibliography (ORB), Bucureşti, Ediţiunea Academiei Române,1912-1936. ***, Din istoria Transilvaniei / From the history of Transylvania, vol. 1-2, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei R.P.R., 1963.
• Financzy, Erno, A magyar kozoktatas tortenete Mâria Terezia koraban, Budapest, 1899;
• Ghibu, Onisifor, Cercetări privitoare la situaţia învăţământului nostru primar şi la educaţia populară / Research regarding the situation of our elemetary education and public education, Sibiu, Tipografia arhidiecezană, 1911 ; Chestiunea manualelor şi a şcoalelor noastre secundare / The issue of handbooks and of our secondary schools, Sibiu, Tipografia Arhidiecezană, 1913. ***, Istoria României / The history of Romania, vol.IV, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei R.P.R., 1964;
• Mârza, Iacob, Şcoală şi naţiune / School and nation, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1987;
• Protopopescu, Lucia, Contribuţii la istoria învăţământului din Transilvania 1774-1805 / Contributions to the history of education in Transiylvania 1774-1805, Bucureşti, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică,1966.
• Pascu, Constantin, Cartea Românească Veche în Biblioteca Brukenthal / Old Romanian Books in the Brukenthal Library, Sibiu, Muzeul Brukenthal, 1976.

The manuscript catalogue from the library of Ştefan Meteş

The manuscript catalogue of the library that belongs to Ştefan Meteş reveals his high degree of culture, his intellectual horizon, his concerns and interest for various cultural domains, starting with history, continuing with philology, theology, geography, bibliology, pedagogy, psychology. The best represented cultural domains are history, theology and philology. The presence of foreign books stands as proof to the fact that the historian and rector Ştefan Meteş knew Hungarian, German, French, some foreign books being quoted in his works. Even though the number of books prior to 1850 is small, the library is still priceless because of the many titles from various cultural fields and especially because every book or newspaper is read. Ştefan Meteş’s private library bears witness to the universe, the cultural level, concerns and training of the Transylvanian scholar, being important because it contains many of the sources quoted by the historian in the footnotes of his works, which points to the accuracy and interest for the best possible argumentation, explanation of personal information and works.

Keywords: catalogue, manuscript, library, Ştefan Meteş, book;

• România, Arhivele Naţionale Direcţia Judeţeană Cluj (ANDJ Cluj), Fond Ştefan Meteş, nr. inventar 1435, dosar nr. 121, 597 file / Romania, National Archives, Cluj County (ANDJ Cluj), Ştefan Meteş fund, inventory number 1435, file number 121, 597 leafs;
• Matei, Alexandru, Ştefan Meteş la 85 de ani / Ştefan Meteş at 85 years old, în Revista Arhivelor / in Archives Review, anul XLIX, vol. XXXIV, [Bucureşti], 1972, p. 50-59.
• ***, Studii şi documente arhivistice: Ştefan Meteş la 85 de ani, Serie nouă îngrijită de Al. Matei, Cluj-Napoca, 1977 / ***, Studies and archival documents: Ştefan Meteş at 85 years old, new series edited by Al. Matei, Cluj-Napoca, 1977.

Aaron Florian and his Contribution to the Development of Romanian Didactical Literature

Aaron Florian is one of the important personalities of Romanian culture who became known before the 1848 Romanian Revolution. He imposed himself mainly in the field of education and he published many didactical works which were greatly used in Wallachian schools in the mid 19th century. The first part of this paper tries to outline an overall glimpse of Florian`s didactical works which single out through the variety of disciplines and the directions followed. The second part contains some considerations regarding the degree of circulation which his books had both inside and outside schools` environment. Thus, Aaron Florian became one of the most outstanding Transylvanian scholars who moved to Wallachia and worked there and whose works had a great impact on that period and became known during it, greatly contributing to the materialization of the ideologies which supported the mid 19th Romanian national movement.

Keywords: Aaron Florian, Wallachia, 19th century, Romanian school, gymnasium, didactical books, printings, book circulation.

• Catihismul omului creştin, moral şi soţial. Pentru Trebuinţa Tinerilor din şcolile începătoare. De F. Aaron, Profesor de Istoria generală în Colegiul naţional din Bucureşti, Bucureşti, Tipografia lui I. Eliad, 1834.
• Elementuri de gheografie pentru trebuinţa tinerilor începători, de F. Aaron, Bucureşti, tip. Pitarului C. Pencovici, 1834.
• Elementuri de Istoria Sfântă a legii vechi şi a celii nouă, trasă din Biblie şi Evanghelie; sau Prescurtare de Testamentul cel vechiu şi cel nuou, pentru trebuinţa tinerilor începători. De F. Aaron, Profesor de istoria generală în Colegiul naţional St. Sava, Bucureşti, 1835.
• Idee repede de Istoria Prinţipatului Ţării Rumâneşti, de F. Aaron, profesor de Istoria generală în Colegiul naţional St. Sava din Bucureşti, tom I-III, Bucureşti, Tipografia lui I. Eliad, 1835, 1837, 1838.
• Manual de istoria Prinţipatului Românei de la cele dintâi vremi istorice şi până la zilele de-acum, De F. Aaron, Profesor de Istoria generală în Colegiul Naţional Sf. Sava, Bucureşti, Tip. Colegiului Sf. Sava, 1839.
• Vocabular franţezo-românesc după cea din urmă ediţie a dicţionarului de Academie Franţozească, cu adăugare de multe ziceri, culese din multe dicţionare, de P. Poenaru, Director al şcoalelor naţionale, F. Aaron şi G. Hill, profesori la Colegiul Sf. Sava, vol. I-II, Bucureşti, Tipografia Colegiului Naţional Sf. Sava, 1840, 1842.
• Patria, patriotul, patriotismul, de F. Aron, Profesor de istoria generală în Colegiul naţional, St. Sava, Bucureşti, Tip. curţii lui Fr. Valbaum, 1843; text republicat în Alin-Mihai Gherman, Literatura română din Transilvania între preiluminism şi preromantism, Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, Cluj-Napoca, 2004, p. 128-156.
• Elemente de istoria lumi[i]. Pentru trebuinţa tinerimei începătoare din aşezămintele de învăţătură publice şi private, de F. Aron, Profesor de Istoria generală a lumi[i] în Colegiul Naţional St. Sava, Bucureşti, Tipografia Colegiului St. Sava, 1845.
• Mihaiu II Bravulu, biografia şi caracteristica lui, trase din Istoria Ţării Româneşti a D. Aaron Florian. Revizuite şi îndreptate. Tipărite cu cheltuiala D. D. Rus şi Petriu librari, Bucureşti, Tip. Colegiului Naţionalu, 1858.
• Nicolae Iorga, Cursul de istoria românilor al lui Florian Aaron, în Revista istorică, XIII, 1927, nr. 7-9, p. 256 – 272.
• Idee repede asupra stării actuali a instrucţiunii publice şi asupra reformării liceeloru şi gimnasiiloru pe adevărata loru basă, de Florian Aaron, Bucureşti, Tip. Ion Weiss, 1870.
• Istoricii români, Bucureşti, Editura Librăriei Socec & Co, 1909, p. 3.

General and Special Works

• Anghelescu, Mircea, Ion Heliade Rădulescu. O bibliografie a omului şi a operei / Ion Heliade Rădulescu. A Bibliography of his Personality and of his Work, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1986, p. 119.
• Cristian, Vasile, Contribuţia istoriografiei paşoptiste la pregătirea ideologică a revoluţiei române de la 1848 / The Contribution of 1848 Historiography to the Ideological Preparation of the 1848 Romanian Revolution, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei, 1985.
• Filliti, I., C., Principatele Române de la 1828 la 1843. Ocupaţia rusească şi Regulamentul Organic / Romanian Principalities from 1828 to 1843. The Russian Occupation and the Organic Regulations, Bucureşti, Fundaţiunea ,,Regele Ferdinand I”, 1934.
• Potra, George, Petrache Poenaru, ctitor al învăţământului în ţara noastră / Petrache Poenaru, an Initiator of Education in Our Country, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1963.
• Ştrempel, Gabriel, (coord.), Bibliografia românească modernă. 1831-1918 / A Modern Romanian Bibliography. 1831-1918, vol. I, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică,1984.

Trnava printings in Transylvanian libraries of the 19th century

Transylvania, a space close to Slovakia both historically and geographically, has benn a part of European culture ever since the Middle Ages, even from the point of view of the circulation of books and ideologies between the two aforementioned neighbouring countries. Our research has proven that in the libraries with documentary and historical funds there is a large number of books, both manuscript and printed, of Slovak origin. Our contribution aims at presenting the “tyrnaviense” printings from the famous “Academic” press of the Trnava Jesuits from the 17th-18th century, once held in the libraries from Blaj.
Keywords: Transylvania, Slovakia, Trnava, Blaj, catalogue, library, press. book.

• Catehismul lui Iosif de Camillis, Trnava, 1726. Prefaţa de Iacob Mârza; transcrierea textului, studiu introductiv, îngrijirea ediţiei Eva Mârza, studiu teologic Anton Rus, bibliografie selectivă, index, Eva Mârza, Anton Rus. Sibiu, Editura Imago, 2002.
• Fondul Migazzi Surse documentare. I Catalogul cărţilor cardinalului Christophor Migazzi. II. Indexul tipăriturilor migazziene. Edíţie si prefată de Ileana Dârja, Alba Iulia, 1998.
• Katechisis dlja nauki Ungroruskim ljudem zložénnij, Ot prevelebniajšii gospodina Io. Iosifa DeKamillisa […], v. Ternavea tipom Akadem. Odmene Andreia Goermana, Roku Božiu, 1698.
• Katekismuš sau învăţătură kreştinească în folosul neamului rusesc din Ţara Ungurească […] iară acum în folosul neamului rumănesc în limba rumănească întoarsă şi tipărită, în Sămbăta Mare, Tipografia Akademicească, Anul de la Hs. 1726.
• Klimeková, A. şi alţii, Bibliografia územne slovacikálnych tlačí 18. storočia [Bibliografia tipăriturilor de pe teritoriul Slovaciei din sec. XVIII]. Martin, SNK, 2008.
• Mârza, Eva, “Slovacica” într-un catalog sibian din 1774. În: Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica, 1996, nr. 1, p. 73-78.
• Mârza, Eva, Slovenské tlače v Alba Iulii [Tipăriturile slovace de la Alba Iulia]. În: Kniha’87, 1988, p. 101-105.
• Mârza, Eva, Tipărituri slovace în Biblioteca Batthyaneum din Alba Iulia, (secolele XVI-XVII). În: Apulum, XIX, 1981, p. 195-206.
• Mârza, Eva, Vechi tipărituri din Slovacia, Cehia şi Moravia în Biblioteca Muzeului Unirii din Alba Iulia (sec. XVII-XVIII). În: Apulum, XIV, 1976, p. 185-208.
• Mârza, Iacob, Kultúrne styky sedmohradských Rumunov so Slovenskom v druhej polovici 18. a na začiatku 19. storočia [Relaţii culturale ale românilor transilvăneni cu Slovacia în cea de a doua jumătate a sec. XVIII şi la începutul sec. XIX]. În Historický časopis, 31, 1983, nr. 6, p. 912-926.
• Mârza, Iacob, École et nation. Les écoles de Blaj à l’époque de la renaissance nationale, Cluj-Napoca, Institut Culturel Roumain, 2005.
• Mârza, Iacob, Mihail Tertina (1750-1808), un iluminist slovac la Oradea. În: Biblioteca şi cercetarea, XVIII, 1989, p. 79-91.
• Petrik, Géza, Bibliographia Hungariae 1712–1860, Budapest, Országos Széchényi Könyvtár, Arcanum Adatabázis KFT (DVD).
• Radváni, Hadrian, Kníhtlačiareň Trnavskej university 1646-1777 [Tipografia Universităţii de la Trnava 1646-1777]. În: Fons Tyrnaviensis III, Trnava, 2008.
• Žibritová, Gabriela, Oratio Dominica Polyglottos – o importantă tipăritură pentru istoria culturii cărţii în Slovacia. În: Cercetarea şi perspectivele digitizării, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Argonaut, 2009, p. 163-169.

„The Luceafărul Magazine”, promoter of the theatrical art in Transylvania

The present study aims to emphasize how The Luceafărul Magazine promoted the theatre among its readers through the publication of some plays and articles about The National Theatre in Bucharest and about the performances of the dilettante actors. Theatre was one of the most effective means to promote Romanian language and spirituality. The articles about theatre have educated the audience by offering the readers chronicles of the latest theatre performances in Bucharest or Paris. Analyzing articles about theatre and theatrical life, published in the pages of The Luceafărul Magazine between 1902 and 1945 we observe a preoccupation with this branch of art, considered the most efficient way of mass education. Articles which promote theater are by no means coincidental; they have a well determined purpose: to educate and to develop artistic competence of the readers, providing models for the dilettante actors.

Keywords: The Luceafărul Magazine, theatre, Transilvania, promote, artistic life.

• Bârsan, Zaharia, Cinzeci şi trei de reprezentaţii teatrale (Fifty-three theater performances) în Luceafărul, V 1906, nr. 21-24, p.441-442.
• Bănuţ, Alexandru P., Teatrul românesc în Ardealul de odinioară (Romania theater in Transylvania), în Luceafărul ,II (serie nouă ), 1942, nr. 5, p. 187-190.
• Băilă, Ion, Teatrele de dramă şi comedie (Theater of drama and comedy) în Transilvania, 53, 1922, p. 604-607.
• Bogdan-Duică, Gheorghe, Cronica teatrală (Chronicle theater), în Luceafărul, IX, 1910, nr. 22, p. 542.
• Stanca, Sebastian, Ceva despre dramă (Something about drama), în Luceafărul, I, 1902, nr. 3, p. 35.
• Tăslăuanu, Adelina, Z. Bârsan în Sibiu (Z. Bârsan in Sibiu), în Luceafărul, V, 1906, nr.19-20, p. 419.
• Tăslăuanu, Octavian C, Societatea pentru fond de teatru român (Society for romanian theater) în Luceafărul, VII, 1908, nr. 18, p. 443.
• Tăslăuanu, Octavian C, Dl. Notar încriminat (Mr. Notary incriminated), în Luceafărul, XIII, 1914, nr. 11, p. 335-336.
• Tăslăuanu, Octavian C, Cronica teatrală (Chronicle theater), în Luceafărul, IX, 1910, nr. 10, p. 258-259.
• Tăslăuanu, Octavian C., Ce a urmărit Luceafărul,(What followed the Luceafărul magazine) în Luceafărul, II (serie nouă ), 1942, nr. 6, p. 251-253.
• Tăslăuanu, Octavian C, Chestiunea teatrală (The theatrical question), în Luceafărul, V, 1906, nr. 11-12, p. 258.
• Tăslăuanu, Octavian.C., Din Sibiu (From Sibiu) în Luceafărul , IX ,1910, nr.2, p. 54.
• Teatru românesc (Romania theater), în Luceafărul, V, 1906, nr. 8, p. 183.
• Teatrul românesc în Ardeal (Romania theater in Transylvania), în Luceafărul, X, 1919, nr. 21, p. 493.

Rare books from the Library of ”1 Decembrie 1918” Alba Iulia

In the University library’s collection there is a large number of prints from the second half of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, belonging to many printing centers both in the country and abroad. We found among them, great works in terms of subject and graphic illustrations, but the space devoted to this communication does not allow us to describe them. Thus, ending the journey made through our library’s collections we found that our oldest book is from the 17th century – Cazania lui Varlaam (The Sermon of Varlaam), Iaşi, 1643 –actually the only copy of that period; from the 18th century we 6 prints identified: Triodion, Râmnic, 1731; Octoih (Hymn Book), Bucharest, 1746; Psaltire (Psalm Book), Blaj, 1764; Cazanii (Chiriacodromion) (Sermons), Bucharest, 1768; Liturghii (Masses), Blaj, 1775; Biblia (The Bible), Blaj, 1795 and two prints unidentified, but probably from the same period of time, namely a Psaltire (Psalm Book) and a Ceaslov (Breviary) printed at Blaj. Other rare publications that have not been mentioned are printed in the 19th and the 20th centuries and they can be a subject of future works.
Keywords: printing centers, oldest book, rare publications, graphic illustrations.

• Andreescu, Ana, Cartea românească în veacul al XVIIIlea. Repertoriul ilustraţiilor (Romanian Book in the 18th century. Illustrations Repertoire), Bucharest, Vremea XXI Publishing House, 2004.
• Bianu, Ioan, Hodoş, Nerva, Bibliografia Românească Veche 1508 – 1830 (Old Romanian Bibliography 1508 – 1830), Tom II 1716 – 1808, Bucharest, The Romanian Academy Printing House, 1910.
• Florescu, Aurelia, Gravura Râmniceană 1705 – 1827 (Ramnic Engraving 1705 – 1827), Craiova, Aius Publishing House, 1998.
• Mârza, Eva, Dreghiciu, Doina, Cartea românească veche în judeţul Alba sec. XVI – XVII. Catalog (The Old Romanian Book in Alba County 16t–17th centuries. Catalogue), Alba Iulia, Publishing House of Alba Iulia Romanian Orthodox Episcopate, 1989.
• Mârza, Eva, Explorări Bibliologice, Sibiu, Techno Media Publishing House, 2008.
• Mârza, Eva, Popa-Gorjanu, Cosmin, Istoria scrisului, a cărţii manuscrise şi tipărite (History of Writing, Manuscripts and Printed Books), Alba Iulia, 2004.
• Simonescu, Dan, Buluţă, Gheorghe, Pagini din istoia cărţii româneşti (Pages of Romanian Book History), Bucharest, Ion Creangă Publishing House, 1981.
• Tatay Baltă, Cornel, Din arta şi cultura Blajului (From the Art and Culture of Blaj), Alba Iulia, Altip Publishing House, 2000; Gravorii în lemn de la Blaj (1750 – 1830) (Blaj Wooden Carvers 1750 – 1830), Blaj, Eventus Publishing House, 1995; Interferenţe cultural – artistice (Cultural – Artistic Interference), Blaj, Astra Publishing House, „Timotei Cipariu” Section, 2003; Ipostaze cultural-artistice (Cultural Artistic Aspects), Alba Iulia, Altip Publishing House, 2007; Scrieri despre artă (Writings about Art), Alba Iulia, Altip Publishing House, 2005; Secvenţe din arta plastică blăjeană (sec. XVIII – XIX) (Sequences of Blaj Fine Arts (18th – 19th centuries)), Blaj, 1993.
• Tatay, Anca Elisabeta, Xilogravura de la Sibiu (Sfârşitul secolului al XVIII- lea – începutul secolului al XIX- lea)  Woodcut from Sibiu (End of 18th century – beginning of
  19th century), Alba Iulia, Altip Publishing House, 2007.
• Tomescu, Mircea, Istoria cărţii româneşti de la începuturi până la 1918 (History of Romanian Book from the beginning till 1918), Bucharest, Scientific Publishing House, 1968.

Aspects of the history of the “1 Decembrie 1918” University`s Library of Alba Iulia after 20 years of activity

As libraries have always played an important role in teaching, learning and the research processes we find it important to write a short history of the library of our institution, 20 years after the University was created. The article presents the way our collections took shape and expanded to include now more than 100000 volumes.
Keywords: Library, “1 December 1918” University of Alba Iulia.

• Bufnea, Cosmin, Biblioteca Arhiepiscopiei Ortodoxe de Alba Iulia între tradiţie şi modernizare/ The Library of the Orthodox Archiepiscopate of Alba Iulia between tradition and modernization în Îndrumător pastoral Reîntregirea vol.XXI, Alba Iulia, Reîntregirea, 2005;
• Mârza, Iacob, Aspecte din istoria învăţământului la Alba Iulia (secolele XVI-XVIII)/, Aspects of the education history in Alba Iulia (XVI-XVIII centuries) în Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, nr. 4-5, Alba Iulia, 2000-2001, p. 73-77;
• Moga, Vasile, Drîmbărean, Matei, In memoriam Constantin Daicoviciu (1898-1973) Nicolae Lascu (1908-1988), Alba Iulia, Altip, 2008, 29 p.;
• ***, Universitatea „1 Decembrie 1918” Alba Iulia 1991- 2011/“1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia 1991-2011, Alba Iulia, Editura Aeternitas, 2011, 207 p.

Electronic publishing in a digital age

Library collections and services had been adapted to the needs of the community, electronic resources becoming an integral part of any library. The emergence of digital libraries was a natural consequence of the documents’ digitization process. After a brief history of the digital services in libraries, the advantages of electronic publishing are presented, advantages for authors, readers and libraries, they facilitating acces and presentation of the scientific information.

Keywords: libraries, electronic publishing, digitization, new information and communication technologies, electronic resources

• Cristof, Cindy, Electronic Reserves, în: Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Vol.2: DesLib, Second Edition, Edited by Miriam A. Drake, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2003, p. 1023-1033.
• Cucoş, Constantin, Informatizarea în educaţie: aspecte ale virtualizării formării (Computerization in education: aspects of training virtualization), Iaşi, Polirom, 2006, 216 p.
• Deegan, Marilyn; Tanner, Simon, Digital futures: strategies for the information age, London, Library Association Publishing, 2002, 276 p.
• Kennedy, James R.; Vardaman, Lisa; McCabe, Gerard B., Our New Public, a Changing Clientele. Bewildering Issues or New Challenges for Managing Library?, London, Libraries Unlimited, 2008, 306 p.
• Pedersen Summey, Terri, Techno Reference: Impact of Electronic Reference Resources on Traditional Reference Services, în: The Reference Librarian, articol disponibil la adresa web http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/quicksearch~db=all?quickterm=+from+traditional+to+electronic&searchtype=, accesat la 11 mai 2011.
• Tîrziman, Elena, Biblioteconomie şi Ştiinţa Informării: studii şi articole (Library and Information Science: Studies and articles), Bucureşti, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2008, 284 p.