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7 / 2016

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Revista: 7 / 2016
Anul Publicarii:2016
Print ISSN: 0255 0539
Revista Transilvania

Științe socio-umane

Arte vizuale

Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

Sociologie

Științe politice & juridice

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Antropologie. Studii filozofice

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Studii literare

Daniela Preda, „Ora de aur” – despre dependență, tristețe și vindecare

Autor: Daniela PREDA
Email: dana.preda@ulbsibiu.ro

„The Good House”: On Addiction, Sadness, and Healing

The  present article discusses some particular issues raised by Ann Leary’s novel The Good House, which deals with alcoholism in a quite sympathetic and profoundly informed manner. The novel aptly observes both the intimate personal life of the alcoholic and the effects it has on the social tissue he/she is involved in – either the nuclear family or the enlarged social and professional group. The main discussion coagulates around the concept of „controlled drinking”, rather controversial under the therapeutical respect, but nevertheless approachable at the individual level.

Keywords: literary sociology, literature and addiction, Ann Leary, The Good House, alcoholism, addiction, coaddiction.

Ann Leary, The Good House, St. Martin’s Press, 2013.

Ann Leary, Ora de aur / The Good House, traducere din engleză și note de Irina Bojin, Humanitas fiction, București, 2015.

Dr. Robert Hemfelt et al., Ieșirea din labirint. Manual aplicativ pentru Labirintul codependenţei / Out of the Labyrinth. Applied Handbook for the Labyrinth of Codependence, Ed. Logos, Cluj-Napoca, 2004.

Dr. Robert Hemfelt, Dr. Frank Minirth, Dr. Paul Meier, Labirintul codependenţei. Drumul spre relaţii interumane sănătoase / The Labyrinth of Codependence. The Way to Healthy Human Interrelations, Ed. Peregrinul/ Logos, Cluj-Napoca, 2008.

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Micul prinț / The Little Prince,
cap. XII, Rao Books, București, 2006.

Ralf Schneider, Holger și Ingrid Lux, Alcoolul și medicamentele – droguri ? / Alcohol and Medications – Drugs? Editura Hora, Sibiu, 1999.

Sunhild Galter, Porträt einer Lehrerin in Judith Schalanskys “Der Hals der Giraffe”

Autor: Sunhild GALTER
Email: suni@galter.ro

Portrait of a Teacher in Judith Schalanskys “Der Hals der Giraffe”

The location of the action in Judith Schalansky’s novel Der Hals der Giraffe is the northeastern region Vorpommern, from where the young people left after the German reunification to look for jobs in the Western part of the country, thus leaving the whole region without any perspective. Inge Lohmark, the main character of the novel, is a Biology and Physical Education teacher at the Charles Darwin Grammar School of a small provincial town. The novel is rather „a negation of the Bildungsroman“, says the author, it is about „an old heroine, who is not naive but frustrated, not ahnungslos, but verbildet”. After her studies at a socialist university, she passively clings to a Social Darwinist worldview, which she applies even to her own family and her students.

Keywords: Judith Schalansky, Biology teacher, Social Darwinism, Reunited Germany, loss of perspective.

Schalansky, Judith: Der Hals der Giraffe. Suhrkamp, 2011.

Schalansky, Judith: Ungeheuerliche Hetze. In: Die Süddeutsche vom 8. März 2014. http://www. sueddeutsche.de/kultur/eklat-um-rede-von-sibyllelewitscharoff-ungeheuerliche-hetze-1.190747

Sander Jürgen: Interview mit Judith Schalansky. In: Büchergilde. https://www.buechergilde.de/interviewjudith-schalansky.html

Anonymus: Unerträglich aber schön. In: Bonaventura. Lektüren eines Nachtwächters. http://www.vigilie. de/2011/judith-schalansky-der-hals-der-giraffe/ testroom: Judith Schalanskys „Der Hals der Giraffe“: Mehr als das Porträt einer Lehrerin. In:  Junge Autoren,  NEU Bücher  Oktober 6, 2011 http:// germanblogs.de/judith-schalanskys-der-hals-dergiraffe-mehr-als-das-portraet-einer-lehrerin/

Lovenberg, Felicitas von: Judith Schalansky: Der Hals der Giraffe. In: FAZ vom 9.09.2011. http://www.faz.net/ aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/rezensionen/sachbuch/ judith-schalansky-der-hals-der-giraffe-im-tierreichtrifft-man-sich-nicht-zum-kaffeetrinken-11135465. html

Magenau, Jörg: „Der Hals der Giraffe“ von Judith Schalansky. Bakterie müsste man sein. In: Die Süddeutsche vom 27. September 2011. http:// www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/der-hals-der-giraffevon-judith-schalansky-bakterie-muesste-mansein-1.1150542

Keuschnig, Gregor: Über Judith Schalanskys so genannten Bildungsroman „Der Hals der Giraffe“. In: Glanz&Elend. Literatur und Zeitkritik.http://www. glanzundelend.de/Artikel/abc/s/judith_schalansky. htm

Wunderlich, Dieter: Schalanskys „Der Hals der Giraffe“. In: http://www.dieterwunderlich.de/Schalansky-halsgiraffe.htm

Klückmann, Annkatrin: Judith Schalanskys „Der Hals der Giraffe“: Durchlebt die Hauptfigur Inge Lohmark eine Wandlung?

Husemann, Gesa: Literarische Entwicklungslehre. In: LITLOG. Göttinger Magazin für Literatur-KulturWissenschaft. http://www.litlog.de/literarischeentwicklungslehre/

Violeta Marinescu, Proza modernă japoneză. Între tradiție și influențe europene

Autor: Violeta MARINESCU
Email: violeta.marinescu@yahoo.com

The Modern Japanese Prose. Between Tradition and European Influences

Japanese culture and civilization have aroused a great interest for other cultures, especially for those in the West. This interest is due in particular those writings that present the tradition, the Nippon specificity according with new influences from outside. With the integration, the art and the Japanese spirituality have turned from misunderstood or mistakenly perceived concepts in new horizons of human knowledge and their integration of himself in micro and macro cosmos. The twentieth century was marked by a flowering of the prose, especially the novel, and this is due to the great modern novelists, authors of works of art, worthy of notice and appreciated worldwide: Junichiro Tanizachi, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima, Kōbō Abe și Kenzaburō Ōe.

Keywords: Japanese prose, modernity, tradition, European influences, modern Nippon writers

***Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia, http:// www.britannica.com/.

***Nobel Lectures in Literature 1968-1980,  Nobelprize. org, Nobel Media AB 2014, Web,18.02.2015,http://www. nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelfoundation/ publications/lectures/WSC/lit-68-80.html.

Aurel Rau, In inima lui Yamato / The heart of Yamato, București, Editura Albatros, 1973.

Biedermann, Hans, Dicționar de simboluri / Dictionary of Symbols, Vol. I-II. Traducere de Dana Petrache, București, Editura Saeculum I.O., 2002.

Drimba, Ovidiu, Istoria culturii si civilizatiei / The History of Culture and Civilisation, Vol. II, Cultura și civilizația japoneză / The Japanese Culture an Civilisation, București, Editura Saeculum, 2008.

Erich Auerbach, Mimesis. The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, translated by Willard R. Trask, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1974.

Grigore, Rodica, Pretextele textului: studii și eseuri / The pretexts of the text: studies and essays, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Casa Cărții de Știință, 2014.

Keene, Donald, Five modern Japanese Novelists, New York, Columbia University Press, 2003.

Keene, Donald, Literatura japoneză / The Japanese literature, București, Editura Univers, 1991.

Kojin, Karatani, Origins of Modern Japanese Literature, translated by Brett de Bary, Duke University Press, Durham and London, 1993.

Rimer, J. Thomas, A Reader’s Guide to Japanese Literature, Tokyo, Kodansha International, 1999.

Roznoveanu, Mirela, Civilizația romanului / The novel`s Civilisation, București, Editura Cartea românească, 1991.

Simu, Octavian, Civilizația japoneză tradițională / The Traditional Japanese Civilisation, București, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1984.

Toma Pavel, Gandirea romanului / The novel`s thinking, București, Editura Humanitas, 2008.

Yamanouchi, Hisaaki, Privire asupra literaturii japoneze moderne /The Search for Authenticity in Modern Japanese Literature, traducere de Valentin Negoiță, București, Editura Univers, 1989.

Sânziana Șipoș, Promoție vs. generație poetică: ipoteze, contradicții, definiri

Autor: Sânziana ȘIPOȘ
Email: sinzyanas@yahoo.com

Poetic generation vs. poetic promotion: Hypotheses, contradictions, definitions 

The Romanian criticism has always found itself confronting an impediment when debating the generation concept. During the communist regime, it was really hard for a writer to be noticed in the literary society if he was not a part of a literary group which would help him promote his writing. Various literary groups were frequented by writers with different interests in literature and so, similar styles were formed. The critics found it easy to unite the writers’ works under the name of literary generation. The obstacles appeared the moment the political regime changed, as the critics were not sure if once the social context was different, this instrument would still be a valid one. This paper argues the legitimacy of the generation concept before and after the revolution in December 1989 and also studies the changes which occurred in this time period regarding the critics’ theories about this term.

Keywords: poetic generation, poetry, writer, criticism, theory, postmodernism.

Cărtărescu, Mircea, Postmodernismul românesc / Romanian Postmodernism, Editura Humanitas, 2010, București

Leahu, Nicolae, Poezia generației ’80 / The Poetry of Generation 80, Editura Cartier, Chișinău, 2015;

Lefter, Ion Bogdan, Anii ’60-’90. Critica literară / The  1960s-1990s. The Literary Criticism, Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2002;

Marino, Adrian, Dicționar de idei literare / Dictionary of Literary Ideas, Editura Eminescu, București, 1973;

Marino, Adrian, Introducere în critica literară / Introduction in Literary Criticism, Editura Aius, Craiova, 1968;

Negrici, Eugen, Iluziile literaturii române / The Illusions of Romanian Literature, Editura Cartea Românească, București, 2008;

Puia-Dumitrescu, Daniel, O istorie a Cenaclului de Luni / A History of the Monday Literary Circle, Editura Cartea Românească, București, 2015;

Țeposu, Radu G., Istoria tragică și grotescă a întunecatului deceniu literar nouă / The Tragic and Grotesque History of the Dark Literary Ninth Decade, Editura Eminescu, București, 1993;

Ulici, Laurențiu, Literatura română contemporană / Contemporary Romanian Literature, Editura Eminescu, București, 1995;

Vianu, Tudor, Generație și creație / Generation and Creation, Editura Universală Alcalay and Co., București, 1937;

Vulcănescu, Mircea, Tânăra generație / The Young Generation, Editura Compania, București, 2004;

Ce-a vrut să spună autorul / What the Author Meant, coordonator Marius Chivu, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2013.

Andrei C. Șerban, Conceptul de „generație” în critica și istoriografia literară internațională a secolului 20

Autor: Andrei C. ȘERBAN
Email: serban_andrei_1990@yahoo.com

The Concept of “Generation” in the International Literary Criticism and Historiography of the 20th Century

The 20th century marks the most prolific period concerning the theories which discuss the concept of generation and its implications in the taxonomies regarding the radiography of the past and of the present. The social generation is an important concept which involves, during the analysis of the cultural field evolution, some indispensable criteria, like the biological and the ideological aspect. This study is a brief overview of the generation concept, based on the studies and the ideas of François Mentré, José Ortega y Gasset, Auguste Comte, Karl Mannheim, Albert Thibaudet, and Julius Petersen.

Keywords: contemporary literature, literary sociology, generation, social generation, literary generation.

Comte, Auguste, A General View of Positivism – Discurs asupra spiritului pozitiv. Traducere, preambul și note de Leonard Gavriliu, Editura Științifică, București, 1999.

Husserl, Edmund, Logical Inversitations – Cercetări logice I. Traducere de Bogdan Olaru, Editura Humanitas, București, 2007.

Mentré, François, The Social Generations – Les générations sociales, Paris, Bossard, 1920.

Petersen, Julius, The Literary Generations – Generațiile literare. Traducere de Sanda Ignat, Editura Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2013.

Thibaudet, Albert, Physiology of criticism – Fiziologia criticii. Traducere de Savin Bratu, Editura Pentru Literatură Universală, București, 1966;

Webography:

Ortega y Gasset, José, Obras Completas. Vols. 1–11. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1963–69: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gasset /#ConGenTemHisReaCriHis Mannheim, Karl, Das Problem der Generationen (1928), versiune în limba engleză, capitolul The Problem of Generations: http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/ classes/201/articles/27MannheimGenerations.pdf

Iulia Câmpeanu, Adoptarea și adaptarea unei teorii: studiile postcoloniale în spațiul literaturii și culturii române actuale

Autor: Iulia CÂMPEANU
Email: iulia.campeanu@ulbsibiu.ro

Adopting and Adapting a Theory: Postcolonial Studies in the Field of Romanian Contemporary Literature and Culture

This study presents postcolonial studies as a mode of reading and interpreting Romanian contemporary literature and culture. To do so, I made use of Edward W. Said’s concept, travelling theory, in order to show that it is not necessary to find similarities between (post)communism and (post)colonialism in order to use the latter’s methods in exploring the former’s cultural realities. Therefore, in this paper my aim is not to demonstrate that postcommunism is merely an East-European facet of postcolonialism, but rather to show that postcolonialism can be employed as a tool to explore and analyze it. Furthermore, I attempt to show why it is useful to adopt and adapt postcolonial studies to the field of Romanian post-Soviet cultural and literary studies.

Keywords: postcolonial studies, postcommunism, postcommunist Romanian literature, travelling theory, EastEuropean postcolonialism

Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen, PostColonial Studies: The Key Concepts, Ediția a treia, Routledge, New York și Londra, 2013.

Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, Ediția a doua, Routledge, New York, 2002.

Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen, The PostColonial Studies Reader, Ediție digitală, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.

Bogdan-Lefter, Ion. Poate fi considerat postcomunismul un postcolonialism? / Can Postcommunism Be Considered a Postcolonialism? în „Caietele Echinox”, vol. 1, 2001, pp. 117-119.

Chioni Moore, David, Is the Post- in Postcolonial the Post- in Post-Soviet în Violeta Kelertas (editor), „Baltic Postcolonialism”, Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2006.

Gallerion, Ioana; Ștefănescu, Bogdan, Postcommunism: An Other Postcolonialism în „Word & Text: A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics”, vol. II, nr. 1, 2002, pp. 5-12.

Hladik, Radim, A Theory’s Travelogue: Post-Colonial Theory in Post-Socialist Space, disponibil la adresa: http://www.postcolonial-europe.eu/en/essays/153a-theorys-travelogue-post-colonial-theory-in-postsocialist-space.html. Ultima accesare: 08.07.2016.

Korek, Janusz, Central and Eastern Europe from a Postcolonial Perspective, http://www.postcolonialeurope.eu/en/essays/60–central-and-eastern-europefrom-a-postcolonial-perspective.html, accesat la data de 06.07.2016. Kovačević, Nataša,

Kovačević, Nataša, Narrating Post/Communism în „Colonial Discourse and Europe’s Borderline Civilization”, Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

Said, Edward, W., Travelling Theory în „The World, the Text, and the Critic”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1983.

Said, Edward, W., Travelling Theory în „The World, the Text, and the Critic”, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1983.

Ciprian Iulian Toroczkai, Cât ai întins coarda, domnule Lodge? Scriitorul și provocările catolicismului în secolul 20

Autor: Ciprian Iulian TOROCZKAI
Email: torocipri@gmail.com

How Far Did You Go, Mr. Lodge? The Writer and the Challenges of Catholicism in the 20th Century

In this study I present the religious relevance of the autobiography of David Lodge. Novelist, play writer and screenwriter, he was deeply influenced by the Catholic upbringing he was given, especially in his school years. This influence is perceptible in his writings, which have made him famous worldwide. They reflect themes that are specific to Catholicism, but also the changes that took place both within the Catholic Church after Vatican II and in the personal life of the British author. He did not hold himself back from criticizing the official position of the Church in which he had grown, especially in what regards family and sexuality related issues.

Keywords: David Lodge, Bildungsroman, education, Vatican II, birth-control, Catholicism in the 20th century.

David Lodge, Terapia / Therapy (2002, 2003, 2012), Muzeul Britanic s-a dărâmat / The British Museum Is Falling Down (2003, 2013), Vești din Paradis / Paradise News (2003, 2013), Răcane, nu ţi-e bine?  / Ginger You’re Barmy (2004, 2011), Afară din adăpost / Out of the Shelter (2005, 2011), Autorul, la rampă! / Author Author (2006, 2011), Crudul adevăr (2006) / Home Truths, Mort de surd / Deaf Sentence (2009), Bărbatul făcut din bucăţi / A Man of Parts (2011), Născut într-un ceas bun: memorii. 1935-1975 / Quite a Good Time To Be Born: a Memoir. 1935-75 (2016). Toate volumele la Editura Polirom, Iași. James Joyce, Portret al artistului la tinereţe / Portrait of thDavid Lodge, Terapia / Therapy (2002, 2003, 2012), Muzeul Britanic s-a dărâmat / The British Museum Is Falling Down (2003, 2013), Vești din Paradis / Paradise News (2003, 2013), Răcane, nu ţi-e bine?  / Ginger You’re Barmy (2004, 2011), Afară din adăpost / Out of the Shelter (2005, 2011), Autorul, la rampă! / Author Author (2006, 2011), Crudul adevăr (2006) / Home Truths, Mort de surd / Deaf Sentence (2009), Bărbatul făcut din bucăţi / A Man of Parts (2011), Născut într-un ceas bun: memorii. 1935-1975 / Quite a Good Time To Be Born: a Memoir. 1935-75 (2016). Toate volumele la Editura Polirom, Iași. e Artist of the Young Man, traducere Antoaneta Ralian, Humanitas, București, 2012.

James Joyce, Portret al artistului la tinereţe / Portrait of the Artist of the Young Man, traducere Antoaneta Ralian, Humanitas, București, 2012.

Ruxandra Cesereanu, Herta Müller – Traume și abuzuri ale Securității. Memoria Rezistenței

Autor: Ruxandra CESEREANU
Email: ruxces@yahoo.com

Herta Müller – Traumas and Abuses Perpetrated by the Securitate. The Memory of Resistance

Herta Müller has purposely created her own inimitable and, at the same time, recognizable narrative style. The themes of her works – obsessively, contrapuntally reiterated – revolve around the traumas associated with the oppressive communist system and the abuses perpetrated by the Securitate (Security). Over and over again, in all of her writings, the strands of this theme are woven together, in concentrated form, and then, out of an exorcising impulse, they are fractured, disjointed, pulverized, and endlessly disseminated. By writing and testifying about fear during the Ceauşescu regime, the author digs ethical, unforgettable graves to the victims of recent history.

Keywords: Herta Müller, communist regime, Nicolae Ceauşescu, Securitate-Security, terror, fear, trauma, memory

Hans Bertens, The Idea of the Postmodern. A History, London and New York, Routledge, 1995

Dana Bizuleanu, Fotografii și carcase ale morții în proza Hertei Müller / Photographs and Carcasses of Death in Herta Müller’s Prose, București, Editura Tracus Arte, 2014

Vladimir Bukovski, Și se întoarce vântul / And If the Wind Returns, traducere din limba rusă și note de Dumitru Bălan, București, Fundaţia Academia Civică, 2002

Cosmin Dragoste, Herta Müller – metamorfozele terorii / Herta Müller – The Metamorphoses of Terror, prefață de Dieter Schlesak, Craiova, Editura Aius PrintEd, 2007

Simon Malpas, The Postmodern, London and New York, Routledge, 2005

Brian McHale, Postmodern Fiction, London and New York, Routledge, 2004

Radu Pavel Gheorghiță, Străin în țară străină. Literatura română și granița identitară în proza Hertei Müller și a lui Andrei Codrescu / Foreign in a Foreign Land. Romanian Literature and the Identity Border in the Prose of Herta Müller and Andrei Codrescu, teză de doctorat susținută (la Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara) la 2 decembrie 2014

Herta Müller, Regele se-nclină și ucide / The King Bows and Kills, traducere și note de Alexandru Al. Șahighian, Iași, Editura Polirom, 2005

Herta Müller, Animalul inimii / The Animal of the Heart, traducere de Nora Iuga, ediția a II-a, Iași, Editura Polirom, 2006

Herta Müller, Încă de pe atunci vulpea era vânătorul / The Fox was by then already the Hunter, traducere de Nora Iuga, Editura Humanitas, București, 2009

Herta Müller, Astăzi mai bine nu m-aș fi întâlnit cu mine însămi / Today I’d Have Better Not Met Myself, traducere de Corina Bernic, București, Editura Humanitas, 2014

Alexandr Soljenițîn, Pavilionul canceroșilor / The Cancer Ward, două volume, traducere de Eugen Uricariu și Maria Dinescu, București, Editura Univers, 2009

N. Steinhardt, Jurnalul fericirii / The Diary of Happiness, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1991

Științe vizuale

Dosar

Istorie si studii culturale

Gabriel Grosu, Peter Kopecký, Criza refugiaților sirieni sau reorganizarea priorităților securității Europei?

Autor: Gabriel GROSU, Peter KOPECKÝ
Email: gabrielgrosu@yahoo.com; peter_kopecky2002@yahoo.com

The Crisis of the Syrian Refugees or the Re-Organization of Europe’s Security?

Since the fall of Rome until today, Europe is probably on the brink of the largest crisis concerning the migration of peoples. Although significant geopolitical changes are recorded in the whole world, yet no region does pass through ethno-cultural mutations as deep as those recorded in Europe. The European Union, as the main democratic and liberal architecture of the continent, was not and is not ready to face this phenomenon; what puts it at risk is the fact that the EU can not ensure itself against civilization risks and is not able to cover alone the needs related to everyday security. This article examines these issues and their impact on public order, national security or human capital development in Europe.

Keywords: Syria, refugees crisis, causes, impact, EU security in question

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  • Chris Jones, Binghui Shao, The net generation and digital natives: implications for higher education, Higher Education Academy, York, 2011, http://oro.open. ac.uk/30014/1/Jones_and_Shao-Final.pdf (accesat in aprilie 2016)
  • Fadih Hassan, Faucon Benoit, Iraq, Iran, Syria Sign $10 Billion Gas-Pipeline Deal, Wall Street Journal, July 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405 3111903591104576467631289250392 (accesat in aprilie 2016)
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  • Grosu Gabriel, The increasing influence of Russia in the Middle East region, Mediterranean Affairs, February 10th, http://mediterraneanaffairs.com/increasinginfluence-russia-middle-east-region/ (accesat in aprilie 2016)
  • Harleen Gambhir, ISIS Global Intelligence Summary, March 1 – May 7, 2015, (Report), Institute for the Study of War, http://www.understandingwar.org/ sites/default/files/ISIS%20INTSUM_Final.pdf (accesat in aprilie 2016)
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Dragoș Dragoman, Bernard Lewis și revirimentul islamului

Autor: Dragoș DRAGOMAN
Email: dragos.dragoman@ulbsibiu.ro

Bernard Lewis and the Return of Islam

The current tensions brought in Europe by massive Muslim immigration, combined with terror bombing campaign by radical Islamic organizations, raise the question of the peaceful cohabitation and successful integration. Looking for suitable models, the article explores the relationship between Muslims and Christians from the Middle Ages. Despite some serious problems related to reciprocal understanding and self-sufficiency, the most important obstacle is the failure of modernization in most of the Muslim countries. As imported ideas, nation, state and secularism have never been fully understood and accepted by Muslim people, who still conceive community and solidarity through a religious lens. The current internal uprising against forced modernization (as a consequence of both savage colonialism and pervasive capitalism) and the external war against the West test the limits of the cohabitation of Muslims and Christians in a secular Europe.

Keywords: Islam, contemporary Europe, religious tolerance, Christians, Muslims

Brague, Rémi, Au Moyen du Moyen Age. Philosophies médiévales en chrétienté, judaïsme et islam / At the Heart of Middle Ages. Medieval Philosophies in Christian, Jewish and Islamic World, Paris, Flammarion, 2006.

Buruma, Ian, Avishai Margalit, Occidentalismul: Războiul împotriva Occidentului: O scurtă istorie a urii față de Vest / Occidentalism – A short History of Anti-Westernism, București, Humanitas, 2016.

Ferguson, Niall, Civilizația. Vestul și restul / Civilization : the West and the Rest, Iași, Polirom, 2014.

Lewis, Bernard, Le retour de l’Islam / The Return of Islam, Paris, Gallimard, 1985.

Lewis, Bernard, Comment l’islam a découvert l’Europe / The Muslim Discovery of Europe, Paris, Gallimard, 1991.

Lewis, Bernard, What Went Wrong? The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002.

Lombard, Maurice, L’islam dans sa première grandeur (VIIIe – XIe siècle) / Islam in its First Grandeur, Paris, Flammarion, 2014.

Sourdel, Dominique, Islamul / Islam, București, Humanitas, 1993.

Gheorghe Anghel, Evenimentul religios între mediatizare si desacralizare: Moaștele Sfântului Andrei în România (octombrie 2011)

Autor: Diac. Gheorghe ANGHEL
Email: gheorghe_anghel_gh@yahoo.com

Religious event between journalistic act and desacralisation: The relics of St. Andrew in Romania (Octombre 2011) 

The research underlines the fact that in most of the cases the secular press promotes the religious events insisting on the commercial aspects, which are tangential related to the event. Also, the main features of the event, the religious and ritualic characteristics are presented as secondary by the secular press. Analysing the media event of the pilgrimage with the relics of St. Apostle Andrew in Romania (Octombre 2011), the article demonstrates that the secular press of our country presented the event focusing especially on the mundane aspect (secondary) to the detriment of the spiritual one (principal) desacralizing the manifestations this way. The research shows that 81% of the surveyed articles are focused on the commercial aspects and only 19% presented the activities in an objective and responsible way, paying attention to the main core of the media event, namely the religious aspects.

Keywords: relics, desacralisation, pilgrimage, journalism, responsibility

Călugări cuţitari, bani falși și 252 de amenzi – bilanţul Poliţiei Locale din timpul sărbătorilor de Sfântul Dumitru [Thief monks, counterfeit money, and 253 fines – balance sheet of the Local Police during the feast of Saint Dumitru]. În Jurnalul Naţional (ediţia online din 30 octombrie 2011), articol disponibil la adresa web: http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/calugari-cutitaribani-falsi-si-252-de-amenzi-bilantul-politiei-localedin-timpul-sarbatorilor-de-sfantul-dumitru-595125. html, accesat la 17 martie 2016.

Cel mai mare pelerinaj din sud-estul Europei. Peste 1 milion de ortodocsi, pe Dealul Patriarhiei [The bigest pilgrimage in south-eastern Europe. Over 1 milion of Orthodox faithfuls at the Romanian Patriarchate]. Știrile PRO TV, emisiune televizată, prezentator Andreea Esca, PRO TV, video disponibil la adresa http://stirileprotv.ro/video/cel-mai-mare-pelerinajdin-sud-estul-europei-peste-1-milion-de-ortodocsiPe-dealul-patriarhiei/60523705, accesat la 13 iunie 2012.

Coman, Mihai. Mass media, mit și ritual. O perspectivă antropologică (Mass media, myth and ritual. An anthropological perspective). Iași, Editura Polirom, 2003, 208 p.

Cum au ajuns MOAȘTELE SFÂNTULUI ANDREI în România. Biserica Ortodoxă, demonstraţie de forţă fără precedent [How the RELICS OF SAINT ANDREW arrived in Romania. The Orthodox Church unprecedented demonstration of force]. În: Gândul (ediţia online din 24 octombrie 2011), articol disponibil la adresa web: http://www.gandul.info/ reportaj/cum-au-ajuns-moastele-sfantului-andrei-inromania-biserica-ortodoxa-demonstratie-de-fortafara-precedent-fotoreportaj-8897879, accesat la 15 iunie 2012.

Găină, Ramona. Politicienii s-au înghesuit la canonizarea lui Andrei Șaguna [Politicians flocked at the canonization of Andrei Saguna]. În Ziarul Adevărul (ediţia online din 29 octombrie 2011), articol disponibil la adresa web: http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/sibiu/VIDEO_ Politicienii_s-au_inghesuit_la_canonizarea_lui_ Andrei_Saguna_GALERIE_FOTO_0_581342097. html accesat la 15 iunie 2012.

Imaginea anului în România: Traian Băsescu înconjurat de feţe bisericești. Cum a fost realizată și de ce a râs președintele [Image of the year in Romania: Traian Basescu surrounded by hierarchs. How the snapshot was taken and why the president was laughing]. Articol publicat pe site-ul Agenţiei de știri Mediafax (30 octombrie 2011), disponibil la adresa web: http://www. mediafax.ro/politic/imaginea-anului-in-romaniatraian-basescu-inconjurat-de-fete-bisericesti-cum-afost-realizata-si-de-ce-a-ras-presedintele-8918632, accesat la 20 martie 2016.

Katz Elihu, Dayan Daniel. Media events: The Live Broadcasting of History, Cambridge Massachussets, Harvard University Press, 1994, 299 p.

Katz, Elihu. Media Events: The Sense of Occasion, articol disponibil la adresa web http://repository.upenn.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1271&context=asc_ papers, accesat la 18 mai 2015.

Maria Apostol. Moaștele Sfântului Andrei, Ocrotitorul României, sunt aduse din Grecia. Patriarhia pregătește un eveniment special pentru ortodocși [Relics of Saint Andrew, Protector of Romania, are brought from Greece. The Patriarchate prepares a special event for Orthodox]. În: Gândul (ediţia online) articol disponibil la adresa http://www.adevarul.ro/locale/bucuresti/Moastele_ Sfantului_Andrei-ocrotitorul_Romaniei-vor_fi_ aduse_astazi_din_Grecia-_Patriarhia_pregateste_un_ eveniment_special_pentru_ortodocsi_0_578342185. html, accesat la 14 iunie 2012.

Moaștele Sfântului Andrei, Ocrotitorul României, sunt aduse din Grecia. Patriarhia pregătește un eveniment special pentru ortodocși [Relics of Saint Andrew, Protector of Romania, are brought from Greece. The Patriarchate prepares a special event for Orthodox]. În Ziarul Adevărul (ediţia online din 24 octombrie 2011), articol disponibil la adresa web: adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/update-moastelesfantului-andrei-ocrotitorul-romaniei-aduse-greciapatriarhia-pregateste-eveniment-special-ortodocsi1_50be00ef7c42d5a663d1b0c2/index.html, accesat la 17 martie 2016.

Pelerinajul cerșetorilor [Pilgrimage of the beggars]. Știri PRIMA TV (28 octombrie 2011), video disponibil la adresa web: http://www.primatv.ro/stiri-focus/ pelerinajul-cersetorilor.html, accesat la 20 martie 2016.

Recensamant, rezultate preliminare: 85,9% dintre romani sunt de religie ortodoxă [Census preliminary results: 85.9% of Romanians are Orthodox]. Stiri PRO TV (24 august 2016), secţiunea Social, articol disponibil la adresa http://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/social/recensamantrezultate-preliminare-85-9-dintre-romani-sunt-dereligie-ortodoxa.html, accesat în data de 22 iunie 2016.

Rugăciuni și afaceri [Prayers and Business]. Știri PRIMA TV (25 octombrie 2016), video disponibil la adresa web: http://www.primatv.ro/stiri-focus/rugaciuni-siafaceri.html, accesat la 18 iunie 2012.

Stancovici, Diana. CANONIZAREA LUI ANDREI ȘAGUNA: La slujbă au fost prezenţi 10.000 de credincioși, Băsescu și Ponta [ THE CANONISATION OF ANDREI SAGUNA: 10,000 faithful present at the religious service, Basescu and Ponta. În Gândul (ediţia online din 29 octombrie 2011), articol disponibil a adresa web: http://www.gandul.info/ stiri/canonizarea-lui-andrei-saguna-la-slujba-aufost-prezenti-10-000-de-credinciosi-basescu-siponta-8915330, accesat la 16 martie 2016.

Tristul Pelerinaj [The sad pilgrimage]. Știri PRIMA TV, video disponibil la adresa web: http://www.primatv. ro/stiri-focus/tristul-pelerinaj.html, accesat la 15 martie 2016.

Un cerșetor deghizat în călugăr a fost prins în timp ce subtiliza icoane și cruciuliţe [A beggar disguised as monk was caught while stealing icons and small crosses]. Știri Antena 3 (27 octombrie 2011), video disponibil la adresa web: http://www.antena3. ro/romania/bucuresti-un-cersetor-deghizat-incalugar-a-fost-prins-in-timp-ce-subtiliza-icoane-sicruciulite-141610.html, accesat la 12 iunie 2012.

Vadim Tudor acuză politizarea canonizării Mitropolitului Șaguna [Vadim Tudor accuses the politicizing of the canonisation of Metropolitan Saguna]. Știri TVR 1, video disponibil la adresa web: http://www.tvr.ro/ articol_2012.php?id=113570, accesat la 17 iuie 2012.

Vanghele, Ovidiu. De Sfântul Dimitrie, românii și-au sfinţit banii, portofelele, brăţările sau buletinele [On Saint Dimtrios day, the Romanians blessed their money, wallets, bangles or identity cards]. Articol postat pe site-ul Agenţiei de știri Mediafax, disponibil la adresa web: http://www.mediafax.ro/main-story/de-sfantuldimitrie-romanii-si-au-sfintit-banii-portofelelebratarile-sau-buletinele-8905123, accesat la 20 martie 2016.

Lavinia Betea & Arthur Lakatos, Frați vitregi în lagărul socialist. Percepțiile comuniștilor maghiari despre primii ani ai regimului Ceaușescu

Autor: Lavinia BETEA, Artur LAKATOS
Email: lbetea@yahoo.com; lakatos_artur_lorand@yahoo.com

Step Brothers in the Socialist Bloc. Perceptions of Communist Hungarian Leaders Concerning First Years of Ceaușescu’s Regime1

This present article and the published document from the National Archives of Hungary are focused on the attitude of the Hungarian communists toward the processes from the first years of Ceaușescu’s Romania. The Hungarian Communist leaders monitored the new direction Romanian’s foreign policy took, as a result of the Romanian forced industrialization and the situation of the Hungarian minority in Romania. In 1971, as a reaction to Ceaușescu’s July Theses, the document published with this occasion was elaborated by the experts of the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party. The formulas and information included in the document are speaking for themselves, as they clearly illustrate the official Hungarian position.

Keywords: Nicolae Ceaușescu, Communism in Romania, Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, RomanianHungarian relations, diplomacy.

România, Arhivele Naționale Istorice Centrale, București, Fond CC al PCR, secția Cancelarie./ National Archives of Romania, Central Direction. Fund of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. Chancellery section.

Ungaria, Arhivele Naționale ale Ungariei. Fondul Ministerului Afacerilor Externe/ National Archives of Hungary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs fund.

*** Notă privind convorbirile dintre tovarășul Nicolae Ceaușescu, președintele Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Socialiste România, și Richard M. Nixon, președintele Statelor Unite ale Americii. / Note concerning conversations between comrade Nicolae Ceaușescu, President of the State Council of the Socialist Republic of Romania and Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States of America. În: Dosarele istoriei, anul 9. nr. 11/2004, p. 27–49.

Békés Csaba. Európából Európába. Magyarország konfliktusok kereszttüzében, 1945–1990./ From Europe till Europe. Hungary in the middle of Conflicts, 19451990. Budapest, Gondolat Kiadó, 2004, p. 348.

Betea Lavinia (coord; Mihai Florin-Răzvan; Ţiu Ilarion. Viaţa lui Ceaușescu.Tiranul,/ The Life of Ceaușescu. The Tyrant. Editura Cetatea de Scaun, Târgoviște, 2015, p. 444.

Betea, Lavinia. Partea lor de adevăr, (reeditarea cu note și prefeţe revăzute a unor interviuri cu foști lideri comuniști) / Their own share of truth (re-editing with notes and prefaces interviews realized with former Communist leaders). București, Editura Compania, 2007, p. 690.

Burakowski, Adam. Dictatura lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, 1965–1989. Geniul Carpaţilor./ The Dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, 1965–1989. The Genius of the Carpathians. Iași, Editura Polirom, 2011, p. 432.

Buzatu, Gheorghe. Nicolae Ceaușescu. Biografii paralele, stenograme și cuvântări secrete, dosare inedite, „procesul” și execuţia / Nicolae Ceaușescu. Parallel Bibliographies, Stenograms and Secret speeches, his „ Process” and Execution. Iași, Editura TipoMoldova, 2011, p. 752.

Chirițoiu, Mircea. Ecoul românesc al polemicii sovieto – chineze/ The Romanian Echo of the Soviet-Chinese Dispute. În: Dosarele istoriei, anul 2. 6/1997, p. 60-71.

Földes György. Kádár János külpolitikája és nemzetközi tárgyalásai / The Foreign Policy of János Kádár and his International Conferences. 1-2 kötet. Budapest, Napvilág Kiadó, 2016, p 538, 823.

Földes György. Magyarország, Románia és a nemzeti kérdés 1956–1989/ Hungary, Romania and the Minority Issue 1956-1989. Budapest, Napvilág Kiadó, 2007, p.562.

Hunya Gábor; Réti Tamás; Süle Andrea; Tóth László. Románia 1944–1990. Gazdaság- és politikatörténet / Romania 1944-1990. Economic and Political History. Budapest, Atlantisz Kiadó, 1990, p. 234.

Johancsik János. Magyarország külpolitikája, 1918–1999 / The Foreign Policy of Hungary, 1918-1999. Budapest: L’ Harmattan Kiadó – Zsigmond Király Főiskola, 2010, p. 342.

Lakatos Artur, A román külpolitikai nyitás és Románia helyzete a szocialista táboron belül, magyar diplomáciai dokumentumok tükrében, 1965–1968/ The Opening the the Romanian Foreign Policy and the Situation of Romania in the Socialist Bloc, in the Light of Hungarian Diplomatic Documents, 1965-1968. În: Külügyi Szemle, anul 13. 4/2014, p. 44-76

Preda, Marin. Intrusul / The Intruder. București, Editura pentru Literatură, 1968, p. 302.

Stanciu, Cezar. Războiul nervilor. Dispute Ceaușescu – Brejnev, 1965–1971/ The War of Nerves. The Ceaușescu – Brejnev disputes, 1965-1971 . Târgoviște, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2011, p. 270.

Sorin Radu, Lumea rurală și comunismul în Europa de Est: problematici, interpretări și perspective de cercetare (Partea I)

Autor: Sorin RADU
Email: sorin.radu@ulbsibiu.ro

Countryside and Communism in Eastern Europe: Perceptions, Attitudes, Propaganda – Problems, Interpretations and Perspectives 

Generally, studies on communism in Eastern Europe have focused mainly on various political history topics – the establishment of the new totalitarian regimes, the elimination of democratic order, the repression, the anticommunist resistance – while disregarding the many aspects of social and cultural history in general and, in particular, the transformations in the rural world. Among the latter, the collectivization of agriculture holds a central position. The need for historiographical betterment in this sphere of knowledge is all the more urgent as many impressive theoretical and methodological surveys have been published in recent years, dedicated to social and cultural history, and, at the same time, the opening of important archive collections related to the early history of communism in the states of the former “cordon sanitaire” provides the documentary material required for applied research. This study plans to be an analysis of the main research directions of the countryside from the East European countries during the communist regime, presented in historiography and classified as following: Agrarian Reforms After WWII and Their Impact on the Rural World; Collectivization and Communization in the Rural World; The Stalinist Repression and the Resistance Against Communism in the Countryside; The Rural World and Local Elites in Communism. Also, the study focuses on some insufficiently researched themes or unapproached which can explain properly the impact of communism above the countryside and especially how the totalitarian regime had influenced the vilage and the people of the “Socialist Bloc”.

Keywords: “Socialist Bloc”, the peasant societies, communization, countryside, communist ideologie

Peter D. Bell, Peasants in Socialist Transition. Life in a Collectivized Hungarian Village, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press, 1984

Gerald Creed, Domesticating Revolution: From Socialist Reform to Ambivalent Transition in a Bulgarian Village, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998

Peter Gunst (Ed.), Hungarian Agrarian Society from the Emancipation of Serfs (1948) to the Re-privation of Land (1949), New York, Boulder, 1998

James Hughes, Stalinism in a Russian Province. A Study of Collectivization and Dekulakization in Siberia, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London: Houndmills, 1996

Constantin Iordachi and Dorin Dobrincu (Eds.), Transforming Peasants, Property and Power: The Collectivization of Agriculture in Romania, 1949-1962, Budapest CEU Press, 2009

Constantin Iordachi, Arnd Bauerkämper (Eds.), The Collectivization of Agriculture in Communist Eastern Europe. Comparison and Entanglements, Budapest, New York, CEU Press, 2014

Jerzy F. Karcz (Ed.), Soviet and East European Agriculture, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1967 Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery, Peasants under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, 1949-1962, Princeton, Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2011

Zdenek Krystufek, The Soviet Regime in Czechoslovakia, Boulder and New York, Columbia University Press, 1981

Jānis Labsvīrs, A Case Study in the Sovietization of the Baltic States:  Collectivization of Latvian Agriculture 1944-1956, Bloomington, 1959

Romuald J. Misiunas, Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States. Years of Dependence, 1940-1980, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983

Dietmar Müller, Angela Harre (Eds.), Transforming Rural Societies. Agrarian Property and Agrarianism in East Central Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Innsbruck, Wien: Bozen, 2010

Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany. A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, Harvard University Press, 1995

Corey Ross, Constructing Socialism at the Grass-Roots: The Transformation of East Germany, 1945-1965, Harlow England, New York, Longman, 2000

Irwin T. Sanders (Ed.), Collectivization of Agriculture in Eastern Europe, Lexington, University of Kentucky Press, 1958

Joan Sokolovsky, Peasants and Power: State Autonomy and the Collectivization of Agriculture in Eastern Europe, Boulder, Westview Press, 1990

Pawel Starosta, Imre Kovách and Krzysztof Gorlach, Rural Societies under Communism and Beyond. Hungarian and Polish Perspectives, Lódź Łódź University Press, 1999

Edward Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1948-1960, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1961

Istorie

Științele educației

Filozofie și studii politice

Stiintele comunicarii

Minodora Sălcudean, „Hate speech” în mediul online românesc. Massmedia ca releu, dar și ca factor responsabil în limitarea discursului urii

Autor: Minodora SĂLCUDEAN
Email: minasalcudean@yahoo.com

The “Hate-speech” in the Romanian Online. Mass-media as Its Transmission Channel, but also as Responsible Player in the Limitation of Hatred-Doused Discourse

Along with the evolution of participative web, there has been an increase of incidence and intensity at the same time of a phenomenon called hatespeech. Being esssentially a space dedicated to interaction and communication, thesocial media often mirror the users’ disconnected, contrasting perspectives upon mediatized events, that in themselves become pretexts for the proliferation of a hatred-drenched discourse. Racist, xenophobic or homophobic attitudes can be found on social networks, as well as in the comments sections of online newspapers or blogs, as many recent studies and reports are revealing. Inside the intertwining between social media and the more classical media, the latter work as a transmission wire that is releasing and amplifying the emotions found in the online realm. In the Romanian webspace, the most occurrent target of hate speach is the Rroma community; hence, most viral chain reactions of public outrage and vilification appear on occasions when the media bring out into the openacts or events involving this ethnic minority.

Keywords: hatespeech, online, mass-media, social media, journalism

Monica Borș, Uzanțe și legi lingvistice. Un caz particular: doamna președintă

Autor: Monica BORȘ
Email: cristinamonicabors@yahoo.com

Linguistic Uses and Laws. A Particular Case: Mistress President 

The present article is focused on the probem of the accordance of the adjective with the noun in contemporary Romanian language – namely on the peculiar case of such structures as „doamna președintă” or „doamna președinte” („mistress president”). The author takes into account both the vernacular use of the syntagm and the recommendations of the Romanian Academy, as formulated verbatim in theoretical papers or as indicated in the so-called DOOM (the normative dictionary issued under the supervision of th Academy). The case is interesting not only under grammatical aspect, but also as it comes under the stipulations of political correctness.

Keywords: contemporary Romanian language, linguistic tendencies, „doamna președintă”, Romanian Academy, political correctness

Mioara Avram, Gramatica pentru toţi / Grammar for All, Editura Humanitas, București , 2001.

Vasile Breban, Dicţionar al limbii române contemporane de uz curent / Dictionary of Contemporary Romanian Language of Current Usage, Editura Știinţifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1980

Vasile Breban, Mic dicţionar al limbii române / Small Dictionary of Romanian Language, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1997.

Dicţionarul enciclopedic ilustrat “Cartea Românească” / The Encyclopaedic Illustrated Dictionary „The Romanian Book”. Partea I. Dicţionarul limbii române din trecut și de astăzi / The Dictionary of Romanian Language from the Past and from Today de I. Aurel Candrea. Partea a II-a. Dicţionar istoric și geografic universal / Universal Geographical and Historical Dictionary de Gh. Adamescu, Editura “Cartea Românească” S.A., București, 1931.

Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române / The Explanatory Dictionary of Romanian Language, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan”, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, București, 1996, 1998

Dicţionarul limbii române literare contemporane / The Dictionary of Contemporary Literary Romanian Language, Academia R.P.R., Editura Academiei R.P.R., 1957, vol. al III-lea.

Dicţionarul limbii române moderne / The Dictionary of Modern Romanian Language, Editura Academiei R.P.R., Institutul de Lingvistică din București, 1958

Micul dicţionar academic / The Small Academic Dictionary, Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti”, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, București, 2003, vol. III . Literele I-Pr., p. 1242;

Al. Graur, Tendinţele limbii române / The Tendencies of Romanian Language, Editura Știinţifică, București, 1968.

Gramatica limbii române. I Cuvântul / The Grammar of Romanian Language. I. The Word, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2008, Academia Română, Institutul de lingvistică “Iorgu Iordan-Al. Rosetti”.

Gligor Gruiţă, Gramatică normativă / Normative Grammar, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1998.

Lazăr Șăineanu, Dicţionar universal al limbii române / The Universal Dictionary of Romanian Language, Copyright by Mydo Center, 1997.

Etnografie si folclor

Fizica speculativa

Recenzii

Economie

Mihaela Bunea, Considerații privind relațiile economice dintre China și SUA în contextul global actual

Autor: Mihaela BUNEA
Email: m_bunea @ymail.com

Considerations about the economical relations between China and the USA in the nowdays economical context

This paper is analyzing the evolution of the economical relations between China and the USA at the beginning of the XXI century and comes to the conculusion, that there is a economical interdependency between those 2 states, becuase both of them need the other ones market to sell its products and to deliver certain services for its population. China has become in the last years the second economical partner for the USA woldwide, after Canada. But this economical balance is put down by the USA with the help of Saudi Arabia, a state under the influence of the United States, which is delivering the most oil and gas for the chinese economy. China is trying to re-balance by importing more from the Iran, an traditional enemy of the United States, but Iran does not have for the moment the capacity to satisfy the chinese economy. As part of the conclusions of the paper, we can say that the balance of economical interdependency is still existing, but the influence of western democracy on China will put one day an end to nowdays chinese ideology and way of life.

Keywords: China, USA, economical interdependency, oil exploitation, trade market.

  • Alterman , Jon B.. China’s Balancing Act in the Gulf (August 2013). CSIS. http://csis.org/files/ publication/130821_Alterman_ChinaGulf_Web.pdf
  • Cohen, Saul Bernard. Geopolitics of the World System. NY: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003
  • Congressional Research Searvice (CRS), Wayne M. Morrison, China-U.S. Trade Issues (Februarie 2014), http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33536.pdf
  • Council on Foreign Relations, U.S.-China Relations , http://www.cfr.org/china/us-relations-china-1949–present/p17698
  • East Asia Institute, Scott Snyder , Economic Interdependence, Alliance Cooperation, and Sino-U.S. Complex Interdependence (decembrie 2010) http://www.eai.or.kr/data/bbs/eng_ report/2010122410381337.pdf
  • EIA, Today in Energy, http://www.eia.gov/ todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=13251
  • European Parliamentary Research Service , The United States-China relationship Implications for the European Union (octombrie 2013) http://www.europarl.europa. eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130620/ LDM_BRI(2013)130620_REV1_EN.pdf
  • European Parliamentary Research Service , The United States-China relationship
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  • Sachs , J.D. și Warner M. Andrew, (2001), The Curse of Natural Resources, European Economic Review
  • The Heritage Foundation, China Economic Freedom Index, http://www.heritage.org/index/country/china

Artele spectacolului

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