The Theory of Synchronism Revisited – 2 –

Our paper approaches from an epistemological perspective (and in relation with contemporary theories in the area of literary history, historical anthropology, sociology, evolutionary biology etc.) the theory of “synchronism” developed by Eugen Lovinescu in the 20s of the 20th century in order to re-construct its main statements and ideas. Thus we were able to determine the true meaning this theory holds for the romanian culture: that it is a part of a larger theoretical paradigm in romanian modern culture, a paradigm to which the theory of “forms without substance” proposed by Titu Maiorescu in the last decades of the 19th century and the ideea of “protochronism” formulated by Edgar Papu in the 70s of the 20th century equally belong.
Keywords: Lovinescu; synchronism; paradigm; evolution; development; modernization

• Bădescu 1988 = Ilie Bădescu, Timp şi cultură. Trei teme de
  antropologie istorică [Time and Culture. Three Themes of
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  asupra spiritualităţii româneşti [The Calling of Synthesis. Essay
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  and Animal Genetics], Bucureşti, Ed. Humanitas.
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  au evoluat într-o manieră surprinzător de similară [Linguistic
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  Similar Manner], în „Făclia”, nr. 5354, vineri, 6 iunie: 14.
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Identity Narratives in Octavian Paler’s Prose: from the Parabolic Novel to the Autobiographic Post-totalitarian Writing

The comparative study of Octavian Paler’s parable novels published during 1970-1980 and his post-December autobiographic texts points out the presence of the recurrent thematic obsessions legitimising a specific identity-focused reading pattern which the author himself seems to favour. By faithfully mirroring the “field” or the “autobiographic space” [Lejeune, 1996: 165], the two types of texts display inter-reflection effects. By analysing the narrative fictions and the identity-focused fiction embedded in the “life stories”, one can notice that there functions a continuum [Pavel, 1988] of narrative forms and scenarios as, within the autobiographic texts, the narrative identity of their character is constantly re-shaped by permanent reference to the identity of the characters from the novels. The direct effect of this inter-relation mechanism is the occurrence of the identity-focused “meta-history” (which counter-balances the author’s narrative ontology) rooted into “the personal ontology” [Gusdorf, 1975: 971] and defining the quest for Centre scenario – the major
aim enhanced by all autobiographic narratives.
Keywords: identity-focused narrative, “life stories”, autobiographic space, narrative identity

• Paler, Octavian, Autoportret într-o oglindă spartă [Autoportrait in
  a Broken Mirror], Polirom, Iaşi, 2010
• Paler, Octavian, Deşertul pentru totdeauna [The Desert forever],
  Polirom, Iaşi, 2009
• Paler, Octavian, Viaţa pe un peron [The Life on a Railway Station]
  (ediţia a II-a), Albatros, Bucureşti, 1991
• Paler, Octavian, Un om norocos [A Lucky Man], Cartea
  Românească, Bucureşti, 1984
• Paler, Octavian, Apărarea lui Galilei. Dialog despre prudenţă şi
  iubire [The Galileo’s Defense. A Dialogue about Prudence and
  Love], Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 1971 Studies
• Camarero, Jésus, „La théorie de l’autobiographie de Georges Gusdorf ” [„Georges Gusdorf ’s Theory of the Autobiography”], în Çédille, Revista de Estudios Franceses, 2008, no. 4, p. 69, URL: http://webpages.ull.es/users/cedille/cuatro/camarero.pdf
• Candau, Joël, Mémoire et identité [Memory and Identity], Paris,PUF, « Sociologie d’aujourd’hui », 1998
• Elias, Norbert, La société des individus [The Society of Individuals], traduit de l’allemand par Jeanne Étoré, Avant-propos de Roger Chartier, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1991
• Hubier, Sébastien, Littératures intimes. Les expressions du moi, de l’autobiographie à l’autofiction [Intimate Literatures. The Expressions of the Self, from Autobiography to Autofiction], Armand Colin, Paris, 2005
• Gasparini, Philippe, Est-il je ? Roman autobiographique et autofiction [Is He Me? Aubiographical Novel and Autofiction], Seuil, Paris, 2004
• Gusdorf, Georges, Auto-bio-graphie. Lignes de vie 2 [Auto-bio-graphy. Rows of Life 2], Odile Jacob, Paris, 1991
• Gusdorf, Georges, „De l’autobiographie initiatique à l’autobiographie genre littéraire” [„From the Autobiography as Initiation to the Autobiography as Literary Genre”], în Revue d’Histoire Littéraire de la France, no LXXV/6 / 1975
• Lecarme, Jacques, Lecarme-Tabone, Éliane, L’autobiographie [The Aubiography], Armand Colin, Paris, 1997
• Lejeune, Philippe, Le pacte autobiographique. Nouvelle édition augmentée [The Autobiographical Pact], Seuil, Paris, 1996
• Mucchielli, Alex, L’identité [The Identity] (4e édition), PUF, Paris, 1999
• Ricoeur, Paul, La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli [Memory, History Oblivion], Seuil, Paris, 2000
• Ricoeur, Paul, Soi-même comme un autre [Oneself as Another], Seuil, Paris, 1990
• Schapp, Wilhelm, Empêtré dans des histoires. L’être de l’homme  et de la chose [Entangled in Histories. The Being of the Human and of the Thing], Avant-propos, traduction de l’allemand et postface par Jean Greisch, Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 1992 [Entangled in Histories. The Being of the Human and of the Thing]
• Simuţ, Ion, „Variante la un autoportret”, Prefaţă la Octavian Paler, Autoportret într-o oglindă spartă [„Variants of an Autoportrait”, Preface at the Octavian Paler’s Autoportrait in a Broken Mirror], Polirom, Iaşi, 2010
• Wunenburger, Jean-Jacques, Utopia sau criza imaginarului [Utopia or the Crisis of the Imaginary], Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2001

Emil Cioran and Max Frisch, two unwelcome contemporaries?

The present study compares the Journals of Max Frisch, Swiss German author born in 1911, and the Notebooks of Emil Cioran. On the one hand, we consider the question of the genre and writing the fragmentary note but also the question of anthume publications (that is to say during the author’s lifetime) vs. posthumous writings. On the other hand, we question the notion of contemporaneity, and, for both authors, the “disadvantage of being born” in their time, that is
in 1911. What is meant by “being contemporary”, especially for these two writers? Finally, what role does time play in case of contemporaneity?
Keywords: Emil Cioran, Max Frisch, journal, notes, contemporaneity, actuality

• Giorgio Agamben, Che cos’è il contemporaneo? / What is the
  contemporary?, Roma, Nottetempo, 2008. Traduction
  française : Qu’est-ce que le contemporain?, Paris, Payot et
  Rivages, 2008.
  Régine Battiston, Lectures de l’identité narrative. Max Frisch,
  Ingeborg Bachmann, Marlen Haushofer, W.G. Sebald /
  Readings of the narrative identity. Max Frisch, Ingeborg
  Bachmann, Marlen Haushofer, W.G. Sebald, Paris,
  Orizons, 2009.
  Jean-Jacques Becker, 1917 en Europe. L’année impossible /
  1917 in Europe. The impossible year, Paris, Éd.
  Complexe, 1997.
  Pierre Garrigues, Poétiques du fragment / Poetics of the
  fragment, Paris, Klincksieck, 1995.
  Max Frisch, Tagebuch 1946–1949 / Diary 1946-1949,
  Frankfurt/M., Suhrkamp, 1950, rééd. 1985 [=T] ;
  traduit de l’allemand par Madelaine Besson et
  Philippe Pilliod, Journaux, Gallimard, 1964 [=J].
  Tagebuch 1966-1971, Frankfurt/M., Suhrkamp, 1972.
  Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, In 1926. Living at the Edge of
  Time, Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press,
  1997.
  Ariane Lüthi, Pratique et poétique de la note chez Georges
  Perros et Philippe Jaccottet / Practice and poetics of the
  annotation at Georges Perros and Philippe Jaccottet, Paris,
  Sandre, 2009.
  Jean-Michel Rabaté, 1913. The Cradle of Modernity,
  Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
  Pierre Pachet, « Pourquoi dater ses pensées? À propos
  des Carnets de Joseph Joubert » / « Why dating one’s
  notes? On the subject of Joseph Joubert’s
  Notebook »,, in : Esprit, n° 272, février 2001

The experience and the history transcript

This study aims at identifying the manners of representing history in a space which is protected by the diffuse boundaries of fiction and auto-enunciation, in Mircea Pora’s short prose. The Ethical Authenticity of the author’s transcription of history as it unfolds, testifies to the lucidity, scepticism and critical conscience of the individual who, for years on end, has questioned and has situated himself obliquely, incongruently in relation to the truth of the official discourse proclaimed by the institutions and authorities in charge with the shaping of an image of the national history. Literature as an act of collective memory also becomes, in this case, a personal lesson of survival.
Keywords: ethics of re-writing history, individual memory, history, the poetic of irony, fictional and autobiographical
writing

• Mircea Pora, Tour Eiffel, the autumn tourists/ Tour Eiffel, turiştii
  toamnei, Editura Paralela 45, 2012.
• Mircea Pora, Years of passage/ Ani de pasaj, Marineasa,
  Timişoara, 2011.
• Philippe Hamon, Literary irony. Essay on the forms of oblique
  writing/ L’ Ironie littéraire. Essai sur les formes de l’écriture
  oblique, Hachette Supérieure, Paris, 1996.
• Virgil Podoabă, The Phenomenology of the point of departure /
  Fenomenologia punctului de plecare, Editura Universităţii
  Transilvania, Braşov, 2008.
• Paul Ricoeur, Memory, history, oblivion translated by Kathleen
  Blamey, David Pellauer, The University of Chicago Press,
  Chicago, 2004 / La Mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli, Seiul, 2000/
  Memoria, istoria, uitarea, Amarcord, Timişoara, 2001,
  traducere de Ilie Gyurcsik şi Margareta Gyurcsik.

Two models of reading

In Eugen Negrici literary criticism there are two stages of re-examine modernity: one from inside – using structuralist methodology, carried in the books Figura spiritului creator and Sistematica poeziei; one from outside that is a critical process of criticism and history of mentality that has the purpose of debunking modernity reflected in the collective mind by fixing a illusory canon. This step is covered in Iluziile literaturii române. These two directions are complementary. Reading just Iluziile literaturii române it rises- as we see from the viewpoint of the American theorist J. Hillis Miller – that ethical problems of reading, which is why the modernity reconfiguration using criteria of H. Friedrich requires two types of reading. We used the two phrases, “reading from the inside” and “outside reading”, not to mark an evolution or involution within the work, but to demarcate the two types of complementary reporting in the action of crystallization and clarification of the “other modernity” the second wave of the surreal and neomodernism of seven eight decades.
Keywords: Eugen Negrici, stages of re-examine modernity, structuralist methodology, critical process of criticism,
history of mentality

• Negrici, Eugen, Iluziile literaturii române, Ed. Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 2008.
• Negrici, Eugen, Expresivitatea involuntară; Figura spiritului creator; Imanenţa literaturii, Ed. Universalia, Bucureşti, 2000.
• Negrici, Eugen Sistematica poeziei, Ed. Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 1988.
• Eugen Negrici, Introducere în poezia contemporană,  Ed. Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 1985.
• Baudry, Jean-Louis, „Scriitură, ficţiune, ideologie”, în vol. Pentru o lectură a textului, Ed. Univers, Bucureşti, 1980.
• Bloom, Harold Anxietatea influenţei. O teorie a poeziei, trad. Rareş Moldovan, Ed. Paralela 45, Piteşti, 2008.
• Bloom, Harold, Canonul occidental, trad. de Diana Stanciu, Ed. Univers, Bucureşti, 1998.
• Crăciun, Gheorghe, Aisbergului poeziei moderne, Ed. Paralela 45, Piteşti, 2002.
• Manolescu, Nicolae, Despre poezie, Bucureşti, Editura Cartea Românească, 1987.
• Miller, J. Hillis, Etica lecturii, trad. de Dinu Luca, Ed. Art, Bucureşti, 2007.

The conversations with the Eckermanns

The year 2012 has brought a major change in what regards the public presence of such a significant poet as Mircea Ivănescu: regarded before as a retractile personality, hardly yielding to any attempt of being interviewed, the poet comes posthumously in the public attention with two books, each representing a large interview of about 200 pages. The Eckermanns of these conversations are Gabriel Liiceanu (Măştile lui M.I. Gabriel Liiceanu în dialog cu Mircea Ivănescu, Humanitas, 2012) and Vasile Avram (Interviu transfinit. Mircea Ivănescu răspunde la 286 de întrebări ale lui Vasile Avram, Casa de editură Max Blecher, 2012). The present text is a comparative study of the two interviews, showing that, if Liiceanu’s inquiry is mainly interested in Ivănescu’s biography, Avram’s deals mainly with Ivănescu’s understanding of literature.
Subsequently, if Liiceanu examines Ivănescu’s memory, Avram deals with his imagination – the two large interview composing thus the most impressive confessional diptych from our entire literature.
Keywords: contemporary Romanian literature, postwar Romanian poetry, Mircea Ivănescu, Gabriel Liiceanu, Vasile
Avram

• Interviu transfinit. Mircea Ivănescu răspunde la 286 de întrebări ale lui Vasile Avram / Transfinite interview. Mircea Ivănescu answers 286 questions of Vasile Avram’s, Bistriţa, Casa de editură Max Blecher, 2012
• Măştile lui M.I. Gabriel Liiceanu în dialog cu Mircea Ivănescu / M.I.’s masks. Gabriel Liiceanu in conversation with Mircea Ivănescu, Bucureşti, Humanitas, 2012
• Antimetafizica. Nichita Stănescu însoţit de Aurelian Titu Dumitrescu / Antimetaphysics. Nichita Stănescu accompanied by Aurelian Titu Dumitrescu, Bucureşti, Cartea Românească, 1985
• Al. Cistelecan (coord.), Mircea Ivănescu 80, Piteşti, Paralela 45,
  2011
• Gabriel Liiceanu, Jurnalul de la Păltiniş / The Păltiniş diary, Bucureşti, Cartea Românească, 1983

I.D. Sârbu. Catcher In The Totalitarian Night

The article focuses on Antonio Patraş’s study “I.D. Sârbu. Catcher In The Totalitarian Night”, recently reissued as a project of the Transilvania Interethnical Cultural Center. The study is one of the most important and complete exegesis dedicated to I.D. Sârbu’s life and works, a full-fledged monography that aims and even achieves an excellent and exhaustive presentation and analysis of an uncomfortable work. And, although ten years after its first edition, the book remains one of immediate actuality, being one of the best books of criticism of an entire generation. I.D. Sârbu as a character is build in Antonio Patraş’s study by assembling, as in a puzzle game, all the parts having an autobiographical value scattered throughout his fictional and non-fictional writings, although in the case of I.D. Sârbu this distinction is rather irrelevant.
Keywords: Antonio Patraş, I.D. Sârbu, monography, totalitarism, Sibiu Literary Circle

Tabita’s history

Andrei Bodiu continues to debate the most recent aspects of the Romanian novel. The present study discusses one of the relevant novels of 2011, At home, on the Field of Armaggedon by Marta Petreu. For the author of the study, the novel is important because of its strong characters. Not only Maria is central in the novel but also Tabita, the narrator-character of the book. Andrei Bodiu’s view of the novel is, starting from Tabita, different from all the articles published on Marta Petreu’s novel up to now.
Keywords: Romanian novel, Marta Petreu, At home, on the Field of Armaggedon, Maria, Tabita

• Petreu, Marta, Acasă, pe cîmpia Armaghedonului/At home, on the Field of Armaggedon, Iaşi, Polirom, 2011
• Ptreu, Marta, Să urmezi logica crudă vieţii, să nu înfrumuseţezi nimic, un interviu de Farkas Jeno, « Observator cultural », nr. 620, 12 aprilie, 2012/ “Follow the cruel logic of life, without beautifying anything” an interview by Farkas Jeno, “Observator cultural” nr 620, 12 aprilie, 2012
• Rebreanu, Liviu, Opere (I-III)/ Literary Works, Bucureşti, 2001
• Slavici, Ioan, Nuvele/ Short Stories, Bucureşti, 2003
• Slavici, Ioan, Mara/Mara, Bucureşti, 2005.

Making of “I” with “You”.
Celan’s poetry and Gadamer’s hermeneutics

The importance of Paul Celan’s lyrics to hermeneutic philosophy is concisely emphasized by a short essay of Hans-Georg Gadamer (afterwards turned into a book), that was written shortly after the poet’s death.
Who Am I and Who Are You?, by rotation of emitent/receptor stances, seems to acknowledge Gadamer’s concept of fusion of horizons that is the fundament of his hermeneutics.
Keywords: Celan, Gadamer, hermetic poetry, hermeneutics, dialogue, fusion of horizons

• Celan, Paul – Selected Poems and Prose. Translated by John Felstiner, W.W. Norton, 2001.
• Celan, Paul – Breathturn. Translated by Pierre Joris, Los Angeles: Sun and Moon, 1995
• Gadamer, Hans-Georg – Wer bin Ich und wer bist du? Ein Kommentar zu Paul Celan Gedichtfolge „Atemkristall”, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1973 (translated by Richard Heinemann and Bruce Krajewski in Gadamer on Celan – Who Am I and Who Are You? and Other Essays, State University of New York Press, 1997).Pöggeller, Otto – Lyrik als Sprache unserer Zeit? Paul Celans
• Gedichtbände, Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen/Wiesbaden 1998
• Ţuglea, Mircea – Reactualizarea sensului. Paul Celan şi avangardismul românesc, Pontica, 2007.

Women in love in Virginia Woolf’s novels

The theme of women in love is a major one in Virginia Woolf ’s novels. Surprisingly, in spite of the writer’s interest in feminism and polemical issues such as sexual ambivalence, in spite of her attacks against the Victorian institutions among which marriage is the first, many female characters in her novels are presented as experiencing love in its romantic instance, with passionate imagination and soliloquies in front of the mirror. Rachel Vinrace, Clarissa Dalloway, Sally Seton, Clara Durat or the very young Elizabeth Dalloway are all impeccably educated young women. They all show interest in artistic, intellectual and even in scientific issues (Katherine Hillbery is fond of Mathematics and is a serious scholar of Latin and Greek). And, yet, when in love they behave hesitantly, they even dream of impossible solutions when their choice in marriage seems to be inappropriate (Iza Oliver or Mrs. Dalloway) they often find themselves facing the conflict between the two principles – the feminine and the masculine –. Some of them fear the physical love and standoff, the more sophisticated of them admit being in love with a man, but will not go further, because they do not believe in marriage (Rachel Vinrace in The Voyage Out). Others will even consider bisexuality as an option (Clarissa, for example in Mrs. Dalloway, or Orlando).
Keywords: women in love, physical love and affection, romantic passion, the institution of marriage, sexual ambivalence

• I. Istorie, critică, teorie literară şi culturală
• Albérès, R.-M., Istoria romanului modern / The history of modern novel. Traducere de Leonid Dimov. Prefaţă de Nicolae Balotă, Editura pentru Literatura Universală, Bucureşti, 1968
• Beauvoir, Simone de, Al doilea sex / The second sex. Traducere de Diana Bolcu şi Delia Verdeş, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1999,
• Booth, Wayne C., Retorica romanului / The rhetorics of the novel. Traducere de Alin Clej şi Ştefan Stoenescu. Prefaţă de Ştefan Stoenescu, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1976
• Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography, Modern writers, vol 6, A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book, Gale Research Inc. Detroit, London, 1984 (British Novelists, Virginia Woolf).II. Virginia Woolf
• Călătorie în larg / Voyage Out Transl. and notes by Georgeta Pădureleanu, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1994.
• Noapte şi zi / Night and Day. Transl. and notes by Veronica Focşeneanu, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1987.
• Doamna Dalloway / Mrs. Dalloway. Transl. by Petru Creţia. Pref. by Geta Dumitriu, Editura Rao, Bucureşti, 2003.
• Valurile / The waves. Transl. and preface by Petru Creţia, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1973.
• Între acte / Between the acts. Transl. and afterword by Frida Papadache, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1978
• Camera lui Iacob / Jacob’s Room. Transl., pref. and notes by Mihai Miroiu, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1990.