Cultural Diversity and European Integration 

Cultural identity and European civilization are based on historical items, especially on Roman law and christianity. European culture identifies itself through values of spiritual nature developed in time.

Adopting a set of principles in drafting the development policies expressed under the form of multicultural policies we must also take into consideration the development of some cultural services whose role would be awake the interest in artistic phenomenon across all cultures, by creating workshops for artistic creation which advance ideas for promoting and protecting the cultural institutions and the contribution to the social integration of different cultures and minorities.

Cultural diversity represent the fundamental phenomenon of society and aims at the differences that arise between people, as well those existing between different groups under the form of multiple identities: traditions, customs, ways of approaching education and society by means of an intercultural perpective. The cultural Europe places itself between tradition and modernity is not only diversity, but also more than, the issue of the cultural identity subscribes itself to the current European project.

Keywords:cultural identiy, European civilization, historical items, traditions, customs, European project

1. Andreescu, Gabriel, Naţiuni şi Minorităţi/Nations and Minorities, Editura Polirom, Bucureşti, 2004.

2. Branda, Alina, Repere în Antropologia Culturală/Highlights in Cultural Anthrophology, Editura Fundaţiei pentru Studii Europene, Cluj-Napoca, 2002.

3. Cocchiara, Giuseppe, Istoria Folcloristicii Europene. Europa în căutare de sine/ The History of European Folklor. Europe in Search of itself,, Editura Saeculum I.O., Bucureşti, 2004.

4. Culic, Irina, Metode avansate în cercetarea socială. Analiza multivariată de interdependenţă/ Advanced Methods in Social Research. Interdependent Multivariate Analysis, Editura Polirom, Bucureşti, 2004.

5. Gavriluţă Nicu, Antropologie socială şi culturală/ Social and cultural Anthrophology, Editura Polirom, Bucureşti, 2009.

6. Marga, Andrei, Filozofia Unificării Europene/ The Philosophy of European Unification, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Fundaţiei pentru Studii Europene, 2001, p. 30.

7. Robert A Georges, and Owen Jones Michael, Folkloristics: an Introduction Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1995.

8. Ursache, Petru, Etnosofia/Ethnosophy, Editura Paideia, Bucureşti, 2006.

The Angelic Bat

Dimitrie Cantemir is the first Romanian writer who takes the freedom to disobey the medieval convention on the symbol; in his baroque literature, he uses a large area of symbols, but not in their spirit; he modifies them according to his aesthetic aims. In this particular case of our investigation, he transforms the bat into an intelligent and courageous character, who dares to oppose all the animals for the truth’s sake; the transformation is rather surprising, as long as in all European bestiaries the bat was quite unanimously considered to be an epitomic figureof (d)evil.
Keywords: Romanian literature, Dimitrie Cantemir, bestiaries, symbolical animals, bat.

• Albert the Great, Man and the Beasts. De animalibus (Books 22-26), translated by James J. Scanlan, M.D., Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, Binghamton, New York, 1987.
• Jurgis Baltrušaitis, Evul Mediu fantastic/Medieval fantasy, traducere de Valentina Grigorescu, Editura Meridiane, Bucureşti, 1975.
• Buffon, Pagini din Istoria naturală/Pages from the Natural History, traducere, prefaţă şi note de de Pan Izverna, Editura Ion Creangă, Bucureşti, 1981.
• Roger Callois, În inima fantasticului/In the heart of the fantastic heart, traducere de Iulia Soare, Editura Meridiane, Bucureşti, 1971.
• D. Cantemir, Cantemir, Opere, Vol. I, Divanul, Istoria ieroglifică, Hronicul vechimei a romano-moldovlahilor/ Ad-hoc committees, Hieroglyphical history, Chronicle of the Roman-Moldovian-old Vlachs, ediţie de Virgil Cândea, Editura Academiei Române şi Univers Enciclopedic.
• Esop, Fabule/Fables, traducere de Traian Lăzărescu, Editura Minerva, Bucureşti, 1980.
• Isidor din Sevilla, Etymologiae/Etymologies, în Robert M. Grant, Early Christians and Animals, Routledge, London& New York, 1999.
• Gabriel Mihăilescu, Universul baroc al „Istoriei ieroglifice” între retorică şi imaginar/Baroque universe”Hieroglyphical history” between rhetoric and imaginary, Academia Română, Fundaţia Naţională pentru Ştiinţă şi Artă, Institutul de Istorie şi Teorie Literară „G. Călinescu”, Bucureşti, 2002.
• Michel Pastoureau, Bestiaire du Christ, bestiaire de Diable. Attribut animal et mise en scène du divin dans l’image médiévale/Bestiary of Christ, Satan’s bestiary. Attribute animal and staging divine image in the Middle Age, în volumul Couleurs, images, symboles. Études d’histoire et d’anthropolgie/Colors, images, symbols. Historical Studies and anthropolgie, Editions Le Léopard d’Or, Paris, 1988.
• Plinius, Naturalis Historia, ediţie îngrijită, prefaţă şi note de Ioana Costa, volumul al II-lea, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2001.

A Mythocritical Approach of the Novel „Comoara“ (The Treasure) by Ioan Slavici

The article proposes a mythical approach of the novel „Comoara“ (The Treasure) by Ioan Slavici, which is leading us to the point that there are three myths in the text: one is about the treasures guarded by the Devil, the second one about the temptation of the evil and the last is the labyrinth myth. But theese three represent a single myth because the believes about cursed treasures which are spreded across all Europe are recent forms of mythical
scenarios about heroes which achieve symbols of immortal knowledge after going through a labyrinth. The monster guarding the symbol of immortal knowledge (the snake, Meduza, the dragon) becomes in Christian Europe the Devil.
Keywords: Romanian literature, age of the great classics, Ioan Slavici, myth-reading, labyrinth, treasure, Devil

• Slavici, Ioan. Comoara /The Treasure în Opere. Volumul II. Nuvele / Works. Iind volume. Novellas. Text stabilit şi variante de Teofil Teaha; note de D. Vatamaniuc. Bucureşti, Editura Pentru Literatură, 1967.
• Slavici, Ioan. Amintiri (Memories), Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1983.
• Durand, Gilbert. Figuri mitice şi chipuri ale operei (Mythical Figures and Faces of the Work), Bucureşti, Editura Nemira, 1998.
• Eliade, Mircea. Tratat de istorie a religiilor (Treatise on History of Religions), Bucureşti: Editura Humanitas, 1995.
• Eliade, Mircea. Istoria ideilor şi credinţelor religioase. (A History of Religious Ideas), Chişinău: Editura Universitas, 1992.
• Oişteanu, Andrei. Ordine şi haos. Mit şi magie în cultura tradiţională românească. (Order and Chaos Myth and Magic in Romanian Traditional Culture) Iaşi: Editura Polirom, 2004.
• Pamfilie, Tudor. Mitologia poporului român (The Romanian Mythology ), Bucureşti, Editura Vestala, 2006
• Di Nola, Alfonso M. Diavolul (The Devil), Bucureşti, Editura BIC ALL, 2001.
• Chevalier, Jean şi Gheerbrant, Alain. Dicţionar de simboluri (Dictionary of Symbols, Bucureşti, Editura Artemis,1993.
• Frye, Northrop. Marele cod: Biblia şi literatura (The Great Code: Bible and Litterature) Bucureşti, Editura Atlas, 1999.
• Bachelard, Gaston. Pământul şi reveriile odihnei (Earth and Reveries of Repose ) Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1999.

Aspects of the Legal Universe in the Novel “Fundacul Varlamului” by Ionel Teodoreanu

In the introduction to his study the author explains that the legal universe is a common presence in Ionel Teodoreanu’s literary work and makes references to the works where it appears. He finds the explanation of this presence in the writer’s family history (both his grandfather and father were lawyers) as well as in his legal formation and profession of lawyer. After referring to the reception of the novel, the author analyses its subject, which is the ideal of passing the moral virtues and dignity on from one generation to another. The legal universe and its specific manifestations occupy an extended place in the economy of the novel, through its main character, Nini Varlam, a talented lawyer who has squandered his vocation, material possessions and life in a Bohemian existence which has brought him on the brink of bankruptcy. He is saved from this situation by his son, who has the same profession but a different structure. The author minutely characterizes the two characters and the secretaries of their lawyer’s offices, relates some of their law suits and describes the world of the courts of law.
Keywords: Ionel Teodoreanu, novel, legal universe, lawyer, impasse, rescue, court of law, prosecutor, character

• Ciobanu, Nicolae, Ionel Teodoreanu. Viaţa şi opera/Ionel Teodoreanu. Life and Work, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1970.
• Manolescu, Mircea I., Arta avocatului. Şapte prelegeri/Art Advocate. Seven Lectures, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 1998, p. 275.
• Perpessicius, Doisprezece prozatori interbelici/Twelve Interwar Writers , Bucureşti, Editura Eminescu, 1980.
• Tomuş, Silvia, Ionel Teodoreanu sau bucuria metaforei/Ionel Teodoreanu or the Joy’s Metaphor, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1980.

“Without a mystery novel, Mimi never goes to bed…“ – Digression on the German Crime Fiction

Stories about crimes are as old as manhood is. And the special interest of the surrounding community in solving the implied enigma has also a very long tradition. This text offers a brief history of the crime prose genre in German literature completed by a presentation of the new phenomenon of regional crime novels. All the novels that this text refers to were printed between the years 2002 and 2009. What makes them regional? It’s the large presentation of local habits, gastronomic specialties, wines of the region, but also local prejudice, corrupt politicians, social problems and broken families. The synthesis presents novels about the Allgäu-region by Klüpfland Kobr, the cities of München (by Friedrich Ani and Felicitas Mayall), Würzburg (by Günter Huth) and Freiburg(by Oliver Bonetti).
Keywords: German literature, contemporary German crime fiction, history of crime prose, regional crime novels

• Ani, Friedrich (2002): Süden und das Geheimnis der Königin. Droemer Knaur. München.
• Ani, Friedrich (2003): Süden und das verkehrte Kind. Droemer Knaur. München.Bottini, Oliver (2006): Mord im Zeichen des Zen.4. Aufl. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt /Main.
• Bottini, Oliver (2006): Im Sommer der Mörder. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
• Bottini, Oliver (2007): Im Auftrag der Väter. Scherz Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
• Bottini, Oliver (2009): Jäger in der Nacht. Scherz Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
• Huth, Günter (2005): Der Schoppenfetzer und die Silvanerleiche. Die skurrilen Kriminalfälle des Würzburger Weinliebhabers Erich Rottmann. Fünfte Aufl. Buchverlag Peter Hellmund.
• Huth, Günter (2005): Der Schoppenfetzer und der Tod des Nachtwächters. Die skurrilen Kriminalfälle des Würzburger Weinliebhabers Erich Rottmann. Zweite Aufl. Buchverlag Peter Hellmund.
• Huth, Günter (2005): Der Schoppenfetzer und das Rotweingrab. Die skurrilen Kriminalfälle des Würzburger Weinliebhabers Erich Rottmann. Zweite Aufl. Buchverlag Peter Hellmund.
• Huth, Günter (2005): Der Schoppenfetzer und das Riesling-Attentat. Die skurrilen Kriminalfälle des Würzburger Weinliebhabers Erich Rottmann. Buchverlag Peter Hellmund.
• Klüpfel, Volker; Kobr, Michael (2007):Milchgeld. Kluftingers erster Fall. Sechste Aufl. Piper München Zürich.
• Klüpfel, Volker; Kobr, Michael (2004): Erntedank.Kluftingers zweiter Fall. München, Zürich.
• Klüpfel, Volker; Kobr, Michael (2008): Seegrund.Kluftingers dritter Fall. München, Zürich.
• Klüpfel, Volker; Kobr, Michael (2008): Laienspiel.Kluftingers neuer Fall. München, Zürich.
• Mayall, Felicitas (2008): Nacht der Stachelschweine. Laura Gottbergs erster Fall. Elfte Aufl. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. Reinbeck bei Hamburg.
• Mayall, Felicitas (2007): Wie Krähen im Nebel.Laura Gottbergs zweiter Fall. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. Reinbeck bei Hamburg.
• Mayall, Felicitas (2008): Die Löwin aus dem Cinque Terre. Laura Gottbergs dritter Fall. Vierte Aufl.Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. Reinbeck bei Hamburg.
• Mayall, Felicitas (2007): Wolfstod. Laura Gottbergs vierter Fall. Kindler Verlag. Reinbeck bei Hamburg.
• Mayall, Felicitas (2008): Hundszeiten. Laura Gottbergs fünfter Fall. Kindler Verlag. Reinbeck bei Hamburg.

Samuel Beckett and the Writing Genius

Samuel Beckett wrote enduring works of art the imperishability of which is proven by the widely read body of original material and by the numerous reviews and critical approaches to his work. Thus, a unique dimension of his entire creative life, represented by the capacity, structure and movement of the language remains impressive even today, twenty years after his death. What is it thus that makes this author so controversial and widely debated at
conferences and congresses? Is it the mysterious air of his work or rather the windings and the ups and downs that transform our reading into a potent experience which enables the reader “to come alive in his mind,” to quote from Murphy? To this author’s mind, in the end it is the intellectual and emotional exaltation elicited by his novels and short stories which is most important. Some reasons are: his workings are accounts of memorable events in time
and space that captivate the reader with their comical implication and inquisitive problematic tone. These are dimensions of our reading that elicit an emotional response quite hard to resist. However, are these features numerous and relevant enough to account for his success? Are there enough translations for the Romanian reader to attain a fair perspective on Beckett’s creative genius? These are some of the main questions that I will answer in this essay.
Keywords: writing, imperishable, comic, idyllic, tragic, reception, translation, lyrical

• Beckett, Samuel. Nohow On.Company. I’ll Seen I’ll Said. Worstward Ho. New York: Grove Press, 1996. The Complete Short Prose. 1929-1989. New York: Grove Press. Ed. S.E. Gontarski. 1995.

A Representation of Death in Exstentialism.

Death is one object of study posing serious problems when trying to capture it by means of a certain methodology. And that is because death is one of the few phenomena we do not have real access to, and when that access really occurs, the knowledge we reach becomes irrelevant since it cannot be further transmitted. Taking all the risks of a study of the imaginary, this research paper aims at providing an analysis of a very special representation of death in existentialism: by one of the most reputed existentialist writers and philosophers: Jean-Paul Sartre. The paper investigates the death, as well as the dying of Sartre, mainly in view of Simone de Beauvoir’s book: La cérémonie des adieux. It outlines the mechanisms by which the attitude towards death engenders a series of cultural, social and aesthetic effects. The approach is an interdisciplinary one, blending in elements of thanatology and touching upon aspects pertaining to literary theory.
Keywords: Existentialism, Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Death, representation, interdisciplinary approach, theory of literature, thanatology

• Beauvoir, Simone de: La cérémonie des adieux suivi de Entretiens avec Jean-Paul Sartre août-septembre 1974/ A farewell ceremony, followed by interviews with Jean-Paul Sartre,
  from August to September 1974. Gallimard, 1981.
• Beauvoir, Simone de: Toţi oamenii sunt muritori / All people are mortal. Traducere de Florica-Eugenia Condurachi, Colecţiile Cotidianul. Literatura. Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 2008.
• Brainbrigge, Susan: “La ceremonie des adieux” and “Le livre brise”: situating Sartre in the Text, in The Modern Language Review, vol 97, No 4 (oct. 2002), pp. 835-849.
• Camus, Albert: Faţa şi reversul. Nunta. Mitul lui Sisif. Omul revoltat. Vara/ Front and side. Wedding. The Myth of Sisiphus. Outraged Man. Summer. Traducere Irina Mavrodin, Mihaela Simion, Modest Morariu. Editura Rao, Bucureşti, 2001.
• Cohen-Solal, Annie: Sartre. Gallimard, NRF,1985.
• Doubrovsky, Serge: Autobiographiques de Corneille à Sartre/Autobiographies: from Corneille to Sartre. Presses Universitaires de France, „Perspectives critiques”, 1988.
• Elias, Norbert: La solitude des mourants/ The Loneliness of Dying. Traduit de l’allemand par Sibylle Muller, suivi de Vieillir et mourir. Quelques problèmes sociologiques, traduit de l’anglais par Claire Nancy. Christian Bourgois Éditeur, 1998.
•  Gray, J. Glenn: The Idea of Death in Existentialism, The Journal of philosophy, vol. 48, no. 5 (mar. 1,1951), pp. 113-127.
• La Balme, Denis: La mort, le sens, l‘existence/ Death, the Meaning, the Existence . Presses Universitaires de France, 1997.
• Pavese, Cesare: Meseria de a trăi. Jurnal 1935-1950/ The Business of Living: Diaries 1935 – 1950, ediţia a III-a revăzută şi adăugită. Traducere, note, postfaţă: Florin Chiriţescu, prefaţă: prof.univ. Marziano Guglielminetti Universitatea Torino-Italia, îngrijire ediţie şi traducere prefaţă: Mara Chiriţescu. Editura Allfa, Bucureşti, 2001.
• Rossum, Walter van: Simone de Beauvoir şi/and Jean-Paul Sartre/. Traducere de Vlad Cucu-Oancea. Editura Paralela 45, Piteşti, 2003.
• Sartre, Jean-Paul: Cuvintele. Greaţa/ Words, Nausea. Traducere din limba franceză Teodora Cristea, Marius Robescu. Editura Rao, Bucureşti, 2005.
• Sartre, Jean-Paul: Fiinţa şi neantul. Eseu de ontologie fenomenologică/ Being and Nothingness. An Essay in Phenomenological Ontology,, ediţie revizuită şi index de Arlette Elkaim-Sartre. Traducere de Adriana Neacşu: Editura Paralela 45, 2004. [L‘être et le néant. Essaid’ontologie phénoménologique, Gallimard, 1943].

The Revolutionary Cause of Sartre and Cioran.Did authoritarianism win?

The article stresses the political philosophy of Sartre and Cioran. We wonder why the representatives of existentialism (Sartre, Cioran), therefore of liberalism do they start to defend authoritarianism? Also, what interests us is ideological commitment to defend the nurse de Fer (Cioran), Marxist revolution, the Communist Party etc (Sartre), therefore mixture between philosophy and politicization of these two writers.
Keywords: Sartre, Cioran, political philosophy, ideological commitment, existentialism

•  L’oeuvre de Cioran/The work of Cioran (Cioran, L’OEuvre, Gallimard, 1995) avec insistance sur les articles, les essais politiques, philosophie existentielle/with emphasis on articles, political essays, existential philosophy:
• Cioran, E., Schimbarea la faţă a României / Transfiguration of Romania , Editura Vremea, Bucureşti, 1936.
• Cioran, E., Revelaţiile durerii/Pain Revelations, ediţie îngrijită de Mariana Vartic, Aurel Sasu, prefaţă de Dan C. Mihăilescu, Editura Echinox, Cluj-Napoca, 1990.
• Cioran, E., Singurătate şi destin, publicistică 1931 – 1944, cu un cuvânt înainte al autorului/Loneliness and destiny 1931 – 1944, with a foreword of the author, ediţie îngrijită de Marin Diaconu, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1991.
• Cioran, E., Mon pays/My Country, avec en avantpropos de Simon Boué, Editions Gallimard, 1996.
• Cioran, E., Cahiers/Notebooks, 1957-1972, cu o prefaţă de Simone Boué, Paris, Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1997. b. les articles dissipés dans les journaux roumains, articles qui ne sont pas inclus dans des volumes/articles dissipated in Romanian newspapers, articles that are not included in volumes ; c. les études critiques/Critical Studies;
• L’oeuvre de Sartre avec insistance sur les articles, les essais politiques, existentialisme/Sartre’s work with insistence on articles, political essays, existentialism:
• Réflexions sur la question juive/Reflections on the Jewish Question, Gallimard, 1946
• Entretiens sur la politique/Interviews about Politics, Gallimard, 1949
• L’Affaire Henri Martin/ Henri Martin Affair, Gallimard, 1953
• On a raison de se révolter/About the Right to Rebel Gallimard, 1974
• Esquisse d’une théorie des émotions/Sketch for the Emotion Theory, Hermann, 1939
• L’Être et le Néant, essai d’ontologie phénoménologique/Being and Nothingness, Eessay on
Phenomenological Ontology, Gallimard, (1943)
• L’existentialisme est un humanisme/Existentialism is Humanism , 1946
• Critique de la raison dialectique, tome I, précédé de Question de méthode/Critique of Dialectical Reason, Gallimard, 1960
• Cahiers pour une morale/Notebooks for an Ethics, Gallimard, 1983
• Critique de la raison dialectique/Critique of Dialectical Reason, tome II, Gallimard, 1985
• Vérité et existence/Truth and Existence, Gallimard, 1989
b. les articles dissipés dans les journaux roumains,
articles qui ne sont pas inclus dans des
volumes/Articles dissipated in Romanian newspapers,
articles that are not included in volumes;
c. les études critiques/Critical Studies;
• l’oeuvre de/the works of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Dostoïevski, Kafka
• le contexte politique et économique en France et en Roumanie/the political and economic context in France and Romania:
• Georgescu, V., Istoria românilor. De la origini până în zilele noastre/Romanian History. From its Origins Until Today, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1995
• La Grande Histoire des Français sous l’occupation/The Great History of French under the Occupation, 6 tomes, Laffont, 1976
• le programme du Parti communiste français/the French Communist Party Program:
• Courtois, Stéphane, Lazar, Marc. Histoire du Parti communiste français/.History of the French Communist Party Paris, PUF, Coll. Thémis, 2000 Girault, Jacques (dir.), Des communistes en France (années 1920 – années 1960)/Communists in France (1920s
– 1960s),, Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 2002
• le programme de la Garde de Fer/the Program of the Iron Guard:
• Programul/the Program L. A. N. C. în I. Mironescu-Nor, Moldova creştină şi iudaismul talmudic/Christian Moldavia and hte Talmudic Judaism, Bucureşti, 1927
• Codreanu, C. Z., Pentru legionari/For Legionary, vol. I, Editura Totul pentru ţară, Sibiu, 1936
• C. Z. Codreanu, Circulări şi manifeste/Handouts and Manifests, Editura Totul pentru Ţară, Bucureşti, 1937.

The Meanings of Mask in Kobo Abe’s Novels

This essay analyses the importance of different sort of disguise strategies in Kobo Abe’s fiction. Considered one of the most significant contemporary Japanese novelists, Abe creates a hallucinatory universe, populated with characters that find in mask a perfect strategy of living (and even of surviving). Expression of the well-known literary theme of the double, mask, as well as mirror, offers a new kind of reality that puts into question the very essence of contemporary human condition.
Keywords: Japanese modern fiction, mask, identity, mirror, alienation, solitude

• Kobo Abe, Chip străin//The Face of Another/Tanin no Kao.Traducere şi note de Angela Hondru, Editura Polirom,2006.
• Kobo Abe, Bărbatul-cutie/The Box Man. Traducere de Angela Hondru, Editura Polirom, 2007

Milan Kundera’s “The Joke” – the book of laughter and of the lightness of being

Simili-biographical novel, exploiting some aspects of his personal experience, “The joke”, with Ludvik as main character, develops its epic on no more than two days, but nevertheless manages to pursue the destinies of several characters, intersecting in one way or another. Tne innovation of the narrative pact is given by the manner of splitting the narrative tasks between the four characters whose names give the titles of the seven chapters: Ludvik,
Helena, Jaroslav and Kostka. In each case, the line between greatness and humiliation, sublime and grotesque, tragic and comic, etc.. is very thin and hardly noticeable. Permanently placed under the auspices of the “relative truth” guiding their existences and of the “laughter of God”, these experimental egos, observed with extreme self-irony, represent Milan Kundera’s challenge addressed to the tradition of the European novel.
Keywords: Milan Kundera, communism, history of the European novel, experimental ego, art of the novel

• Kundera, Milan, Arta romanului / The Art of the Novel, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2008.
• Kundera, Milan, Gluma / The Joke, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2003.

The poetry of the 80s – the Biedermeier of the poetry of 2000?

The study is focused on the anthology edited by the „Mihai Eminescu” National Center of Studies, comprising texts of the poets laureates during the first decade after the creation of the „Mihai Eminescu” prize, the most important prize for Romanian young poets (the so-called „poets of the years 2000”, or „millenarist poets”). While observing that the young poets share with the poets of the 80s the choice for the biographist poetics and for the
transitive poetic language, the author also notices that they lack the playful erudite bias of their predecessors; therefore, he makes the conjecture that the poetry of the 80s might finally prove to be the Biedermeier of the poetry of the years 2000, the latter transferring in the solemn and grave register what the former has initiated on a bookish but yet playful tone.
Keywords: contemporary Romanian poetry, poetry of the 80s, poetry of the 2000, millenarist poetry, transitive poetic language, biographist poetics, Biedermeier

• Poeţi laureaţi ai Premiului Naţional de Poezie „Mihai Eminescu” – Opera Prima (1998-2008) / Poets laureates of the „Mihai Eminescu” National Poetry Prize, Anth. ed. by Gellu
  Dorian, Memorialul Ipoteşti – Centrul Naţional de Studii „Mihai Eminescu”, Editura AXA, 2010
• Gheorghe Crăciun, Aisbergul poeziei moderne / The Iceberg of Modern Poetry, Piteşti, Paralela 45
• Daniel Cristea-Enache, Milenarism, in Cultura, 8/2006, România literară, 31/2007.

Anca Mizumschi, “Noah’s Anca”. Fractal poetry

Anca Mizumschi conceives poetry as an attempt of reshaping the primary pattern of the language. Therefore, she turns to the main biblical facts and characters and somehow connects them to the present. Despite the eclectism of the poems, she manages to reduce the distance between the sacre dimension of the Bible and the nowadays profane appearance within the space of the text itself. Different values and symbols are jointed together
in a synthetic poetic paradigm by a sort of inlaid complex technique, something between puzzle, mosaic and stained-glass window. That explains the similarities found in the most unexpected circumstances: the poetess has the scarred skin of the saints, she shares the same loneliness with God, the great divine messages can be sent through the latest technology. Anca Mizumschi also discovers the inward feminine condition of literature, for
language was initially pregnant with its meaningfulness. Owing to this organic perspective, any word is a linguistic womb or arch, a cosmological cell that concentrates the complexity of the world and thus proves the ontological function of poetry.
Keywords: fractal vision, the ontological function of language, biblical references, the feminine condition of poetry, inlaid pattern, eclectic biography, interchange between sacre and profane, presentification

• Anca Mizumschi, Anca lui Noe / Noah’s Anca, Bucureşti, Humanitas, 2009
• Harold Bloom, Anxietatea influenţei. O teorie a poeziei / The anxiety of influence. A theory of poetry, Piteşti, Paralela 45, 2008, transl. and notes by Rareş Moldovan
• Andrei Oişteanu, Ordine şi haos. Mit şi magie în cultura tradiţională românească / Order and chaos. Myth and magic in Romanian traditional culture, Iaşi, Polirom, 2005
• Gheorghe Crăciun, Aisbergul poeziei moderne / The iceberg of modern poetry, Piteşti, Paralela 45, 2009

Being a woman writer

Accepting that most of debates about gender identity in the literary writing are still being dominated by prejudices, it is necessary to redefine some of the approaches of literary esthetic value from the point of view of those unique and precious sides that belong to artistic creativity, assumed as individuality. From this perspective, Mihaela Ursa’s book, Divanul scriitoarei, can be taken as a reference point in woman writer’s existence dilemma. In fact, the reader finds her out living between her literary condition and her private space, from which femininity rises, as an essence, in different aspects: as natural given, as textual instance, or, simply, as a way of being.
Keywords: woman writer’s condition, femininity, feminism, gender identity

”Know yourself ”. Controversial Aspects of Socratic Maieutics

Socrates (470/469-399 BC) is a leading figure of ancient Greek philosophy, on the one hand because of its innovative thinking that resulted within Athenian society so strong that hostility has reached his condemnation to death for atheism, corrupting youth, and introducing new gods, and on the other hand due to the fact that base their vision of man, world and life on solid scientific grounds and therefore no longer concerned about the
philosophy of nature or metaphysical matters, but the problem of building human existence. What is however selfknowledge? Can we to know ourselves? Modern psychological sciences, especially psychoanalysis shows us how human unconscious is unknown and that there is strong springs in the deeper structures of the human psyche.
Keywords: Socrates, self-knowledge, What is however self-knowledge?

• Aristofan, Teatru (Pacea, Păsările, Broaştele, Norii)/Theatre (Peace, Birds, Frogs, Clouds), traducere de Eusebiu Camilar şi Ştefan Bezdechi, editura de Stat pentru Literatură şi Artă, Bucureşti, 1956.
• Nicolae Balca, Istoria Filosofiei Antice/History of Ancient Philosophy, Bucureşti, editura IBMBOR, 2004.
• Mircea Eliade, Istoria credinţelor şi ideilor religioase/History of religious beliefs and ideas, traducere din franceză de Cezar Baltag, Bucureşti, editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2005.
• Alexandre Koyré, De la lumea închisă la universul înfinit/From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe, traducere din engleză de Vasile Tomoiu, traducerea citatelor din latină de Anca Băluţă-Skultéty, Bucureşti, editura Humanitas, 1999.
• Giovani Papini, Un om sfârşit/An ended man, traducere din italiană de Ştefan Augustin Doinaş, prefaţă de Edgar Papu, Bucureşti, editura pentru Literatură Universală, 1969.
• Platon, Banchetul şi alte dialoguri/Symposium and other dialogues, traducere de Ştefan Bezdechi şi C.Papacostea, Bucureşti, editura Mondero, 2002.
• Gregory Vlastos, Socrate, ironist şi filosof moral/Socrates, ironist and moral philosopher , traducere din limba engleză de M. Rădulescu, Bucureşti, editura Humanitas, 2002
• Xenofon, Amintiri despre Socrate/Memories about Socrates, IV, 2, traducere din limba grecă veche de Gr. Tănăsescu, editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1987

Magical valences and religious context in the performance of traditional celebration.
St. John’s baptizing – between “blessing the medicine water” and “dreaming one’s soulmate”.Practices and customs in Salaj County villages

This article is based upon ethnographical field research (perfeormed in the last years in Salaj villages) on St. Jon’s baptizing celebration and on the ways this celebration is perceived by the traditional community. The study demonstrates – both theoretically, by appealing to specialty literature and also concretely, by relaying certain field data (testimonies of those interviewed) – that St. Jon’s baptizing is a complex celebration to generate many customs and beliefs religiously and magically situated at the confluence of two spiritual valences. All customs performed on this celebration, and also their respective beliefs, are based on the fact that this celebration is perceived, within the collective imaginary of the traditional community as a time of debut in which ritual acts can be efficient.
Keywords: Celebration, magic, religion, ritual, erotic magic, holy water, traditional community

• Bodiu, Aurel, Fast şi nefast în categoria timpului ţărănesc, în Anuarul Muzeului Etnografic al Transilvaniei. Satul tradiţional de ieri, de azi şi de mâine/ Fortunate and unfortunate in the category of traditional time lapse, Transilvanian Ethnographical Museum Annual. Yesterday’s, Today’s and Tomorrow’s Traditional village, Editura Alma Mater, Cluj Napoca, 2002.
• Burghele, Camelia, Repere de cultură tradiţională sălăjeană/Salaj County traditional landmarks, Editura Limes, Zalău, 2005.
• Coatu, Nicoleta, Eros, magie, speranţă/Eros, magic, hope, Editura Rosetti Educational, Bucureşti, 2004.
• Constantinescu, Nicolae, Moarte şi re-naştere (naşterea din nou) din perspectivă antropologică şi teologică/ Death and Re-birth from an anthropological and theological view, în Creştinismul popular între teologie şi etnologie/ Popular Christianity between theology and analogy, Editura Reîntregirea, Alba Iulia, 2007.
• Eliade, Mircea, Sacrul şi profanul/ Sacred and profane, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1992.
• Evseev, Ivan, Enciclopedia semnelor şi simbolurilor culturale/ Encyclopedia of cultural signs and symbols, Editura Amarcord, Timişoara, 1999.
• Fărcaş, Olimpia, Aflarea “orândei” şi practici magice de “aducerea” feciorilor. Judeţul Sălaj/ Reading one’s fortune and magical practices to “lure” the lads. Sălaj County, în “Revista Bistriţei”, XVI / 2002, Bistriţa Năsăud, 2002.
• Ghinoiu, Ion, Obiceiuri populare de peste an. Dicţionar/Traditional customs over the year. Dictionary, Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucureşti, 1997.
• Neaga, Gavril, Două obiceiuri arhaice în satele Halmăşd şi Drighiu: vergelul şi ţuraleisa/Two archaic customs in the villages of Halmăşd and Drighiu: „vergelul” and „ţuraleisa”, în “Acta Musei Porolissensis”, XI / 1987,Zalău, 1987.
• Şişeştean, Gheorghe, Forme tradiţionale de viaţă ţărănească. O cercetare etno-sociologică a zonei Sălajului / Traditional ways of village life. An ethno-sociological research of Salaj Conty area, Editura CCVTCP, Zalău (an nespecificat).
• Toşa, Ioan, Munteanu, Simona, Calendarul ţăranului român de la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea/Romanian peasant’s calendar at the end of the XIX-th century, Editura Mediamira, Cluj Napoca, 2003.

Considerations on pastoral occupations and fiscal obligations of Balkan Vlachs

At the end of the X-th century they make appearance in the literary and diplomatic Byzantine sources a new ethnicon, Vlachs, which indicates the population of romanique origin of the Balkan Peninsula. To The Romanians north-danubiens, Vlachs is going to be formed in the second fundamental structure of the oriental romanité. During the Middle Ages, we are going to find Vlachs south-danubiens dispersed in all Balkan Peninsula, but living especially in the hilly regions of this one – in Mountains Balkans, in Mountains Pindes, Epir, Thessalie, in the
Peninsula Chalcidique etc organized in clean trainings named Vlachs. Since the epoch the first certificates, the sources which we have give us a series of information on the occupations of Vlachs. This information drives us to the conclusion that the basic occupation of the majority of Vlachs was the pasture, occupation which was the incontestable consequence of socioeconomic middle and natural habitat where led existence the communities of Vlachs of the Balkan Peninsula.
Keywords: Vlachs, shepherds, nomads, travelers, dekatosis, mandriαtikon, provatonomion, koironomion, meli sonomion, ennomion

• Barnea, Şt. Ştefănescu, Din istoria Dobrogei/Dobrudja history, vol. III: Bizantini, bulgari şi români la Dunărea de Jos/Byzantine, Bulgarian and Romanian from Lower Danube,
  Bucureşti, 1971.
• Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris, Historiarum libri IV. Graece et latine, cura Ludovici Schopeni, vol. I, Bonnae, 1828.
• Th. Capidan, Macedoromânii. Etnografie, istorie, limbă/Macedoromanians. Ethnography, history, language, Bucureşti,1942.
• Th. Capidan, Meglenoromânii, I: Istoria şi Graiul lor/Meglenoromanians, I: History and their language, Bucureşti, 1945.
• Nicetae Choniatae, Historia, ex recensione Immanuelis Bekkeri, Bonnae, 1835.
• Ana Comnena, Alexiada, ed. Maria Marinescu şi N.Ş. Tanaşoca, Bucureşti, 1977.
• S. Dragomir, Vlahii din nordul Peninsulei Balcanice în Evul Mediu/Vlachs north of the Balkan Peninsula in the Middle Ages, Iaşi, 2001.
• E. Frances, Păstorii vlahi din Imperiul Bizantin în secolele XIIIXIV/Vlach shepherds of the Byzantine Empire in the centuries XIIIXIV, in «Studii. Revistă de Istorie», IX, 1956, 1.Gyòni, M., Les Vlaques du Mont Athos au début du XIIesiècle/The Vlachs from Mount Athos in the early twelfth century, in«Etudes slaves et roumaines»/“Slavic and Romanian Studies”, I,1948.
• Gyòni, M., Le nom de „Vlachoi” dans l’Alexiade d’Anne Comnène/The name “Vlachoi” by Alexiade Anne Comnenus, în«Byzantinische Zeitschrift», 44, 1951.
• Gyòni, M., La transhumance des Vlaques balkaniques au Moyen Âge/The Balkan Vlachs transhumance in the Middle Ages, in«Byzantinoslavica», XII, 1951.
• P. Lemerle, Un chrysobulle d’Andronic II pour le monastère de Karakala/Andronicus Chrysobull II for the Monastery of Karakal, in«Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique», LX, 1936.
• Al. Madgearu, Răscoala aromânilor din Thessalia din anul 1066/The Rebellion of Aromanians in Thessaly 1066 , în «Anuar.Studii de Securitate, Apărare Naţională şi Istorie Militară»,Bucureşti, 2000.
• J.P. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Graeca posterior,Patrologiae Graece, tomus CXXVI: Theophylactus Bulgariae Archiepiscopus, Paris, 1864.
• Fr. Miklosich, J. Müller, Acta et diplomata Graeca medii aevi, vol.V, Vindobona, 1887.
• G. Ostrogorsky, Die ländliche Steuergemeinde des byzantinischen Reiches in X. Jahrhundert/The rural community control of the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, în «Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial Wirtschaftsgeschichte», XX, 1927.
• Georgii Pachymeris, De Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis libri tredecim, recognovit Immanuel Bekkerus, vol. II, Bonnae, 1835.

The acceleration of Romanian-Italian negotiations for the simultaneous entrance in war

The evolution of international relations after the Congress of Berlin in November 1878 showed trends from the previous period, marking the creationof a new international situation, which will lead to World War I in 1914. Essential characteristics of international relations in this period are the establishment of the opposite militarypolitical alliances, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, which will therefore establish a new balance of forces between the great powers. The outbreak of the international crisis forced the Great Powers to act for the
implementation of existing politico-military alliances. The world headed towards a world conflict and the Romanian diplomacy had to clarify its position.
Keywords: World War I, creation of the Triple Alliance and of the Triple Entente, international crisis, Romanian-Italian negotiations

Some peculiarities of the Bessarabia regionalist mentality in the Reunified Romania

(1918-1940)

The study focuses on some peculiarities of the Bessarabia regionalist mentality in the Reunified Romania (1918-1940). It was noticed that the transition to the political and administrative institutions in Romania has not always been positively received by the indigenous population, but it was accompanied by a certain psychological discomfort, highlighted by the press at the time. The mentality of the Romanian Bessarabia between two wars was quite refractory regarding the process of consciousness and national identity development. The political context of the time, the accumulated frustrations have determined the enhancement of regional identity at the expense of the Bessarabia’s Romanian identity.
Keywords: mentality, Bessarabia, national identity, regional identity, regionalist, Reunified Romania, institutions

• Agrigoroaiei, I., Palade, Gh., Basarabia în cadrul României întregite (1918-1940)/Bessarabia in Greater Romania (1918-1940), Chişinău, 1993.
• Bezviconi, Gh., Reflecţii asupra regionalismului basarabean/Reflections on bessarabian regionalism, // Viaţa Basarabiei, an. VII, nr. 1-7, 1938.
• Bobeică, A., Sfatul Ţării – stindard al renaşterii naţionale/Country Device – standard of National Rebirth, Chişinău, 1992.
• Casso, L., Rusia şi bazinul dunărean/Russia and the Danube abreuvoir, Iaşi, 1940.
• Cojocaru, Gh., Integrarea Basarabiei în cadrul României (1918-1923)/Bessarabias integration in Romania (1918-1923), Bucureşti, 1997.
• Ghibu, O., Trei ani pe frontul basarabean/Three years on the Bessarabian Front, Bucureşti, 1996.
• Goff, J., Les mentalités: une histoire ambigue/Attitudes:an ambiguous History, Paris, 1983.
• Iorga N., Neamul românesc în Basarabia/Romanian Folk in Bessarabia, Bucureşti, 1997.
• Mandrou, R., L’histoire des mentalités/The History of Attitudes,// Encyclopedia Universalis, vol.8, Paris,1968.
• Marghiloman, A., Note politice/Political Notes, vol.III, Bucureşti, 1995.
• Martonne de, E., What I have seen in Bessarabia, Paris,Imprimerie des Arts et des Sports, 1919.
• Nicoară, T., Introducere în istoria mentalităţilor colective/Introduction in the History of Collective Mentalities, Cluj-Napoca, 1995.
• Rus, I.-A., The Roots and Early Development of „Moldovan”-Romanian Nationalism in Bessarabia (1900-1917), // Anuarul Institutului de istorie „A.D.Xenopol” din Iaşi, tom. XXXIII, 1996.
• Xenopol, A.D., Războaiele dintre ruşi şi turci şi înrâurirea lor asupra Ţărilor Române/Wars between Russia and Turkey and their influence on the Romanian Countries,Bucureşti, 1997.

Determinations of economic and financial world crisis on national security

The present study aims both to realize a brief radiography of the world economic crisis, to identify its negative impact on the world, and especially on our country, as well as to analyze the manner in which these effects exert pressures on Romanian national security. The effects of the global economic crisis on developing countries and underdeveloped ones are much harsher. In European former socialist and communist countries, there is a strong degradation of economic and social structures, a sharp increase in inflation and unemployment. If we consider the progressive alteration of living standard, the growth of the external debt, the anti-social phenomena, the lack of perspective in the development of these countries, then the increasingly dependency on developed Western European countries becomes self-evident.
Keywords: economic crisis, national security, risks, threats, vulnerabilities

• Analiza efectului de levier financiar/Analysis of financial leverage – Revista Finanţe, Bănci, asigurări, Bucureşti, nr. 12/1998 – http://www.proeco.ro/ dinamica/3.html.
• Bellamy, John Foster: Monopoly Finance Capital and the Crisis – Interview with John Bellamy Foster for the Norwegian Daily Klassekampen, October 15, 2008–http://links.org.au/node/687.
• Burton, Fred & Stewart, Scott, Workplace violence:myths and mitigation – Stratfor.
• Daniel Yergin, „Ensuring Energy Security”, Foreign Affairs, Volume 85 – nr. 2, Martie /Aprilie, 2007, p.69.
• Doctrina Naţională a Informaţiilor pentru Securitate a României/National Information Security Doctrine of Romania.
• Elliott, Larry – „Credit crisis – how it all began”, articol publicat în ziarul The Guardian (5 august 2008) – http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/05/northernrock.banking
• Hirst Paul, Thompson G., Globalizarea sub semnul întrebării/Globalization in question, Editura Trei, Bucureşti, 2002.
• Iliescu, Adrian-Paul, Criza financiară 2008-2009:adevăratele probleme/2008-2009 financial crisis: the real problems, Universitatea din Bucureşti –http://www.cadi.ro/docs/iliescu_asimetria_informatiei.pdf
• Leonhardt, David, „Bernanke’s Midterm Tests”,The NewYork Times, 30 ianuarie, 2008.
• Norris, Floyd. „A New Kind of Bank Run Tests Old Safeguards”, articol publicat în ziarul The New York Times (10 august 2007) –http://www.nytimes.com/ 2007/08/10/ business/ 10liquidity.html?_r=1
• Pisani-Ferry Jean interviu de Speteanu Ioana, „Lobby la nivel înalt pentru FMI”, în „Financiarul” –http://www.financiarul.com/articol_17847/lobby-lanivel- înalt-pentru-fmi. html.
• Strategia de Securitate Naţională a României/National Security Strategy of Romania, Bucureşti,2007 – http://www.presidency.ro/static/ordine/SSNR/ SSNR.pdf.
• Stancu V.; Stoica M. şi Stoica A., Relaţii publice.Succes şi credibilitate/Public relations. Success and credibility,Editura Concept, Bucureşti, 1997.
• „TED spread spikes in July 2007”, articol publicat în ziarul Wall Street Journal (mai, 2008) –http://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/ted-spreadwsj.gif
• Toma, Gheorghe, Securitatea naţională din perspectiva noilor arhitecturi de securitate ale începutului de secol– Incertitudini, realităţi, perspective/National security in light of a new security architecture at the beginning of the century -Uncertainties, realities, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Naţionale de Informaţii, 2006.
• http://www.fhfb.gov/
• http://www.tmctv.ro/articol_55371/ rusia_a -_adoptat_ o_strategie_de_dezvoltare_a_ pieţelor_ fi -nan ciare.htm
• http://www.sri.ro/categorii/26/securitateeconomica.html