Considerations on pastoral occupations and fiscal obligations of Balkan Vlachs
At the end of the X-th century they make appearance in the literary and diplomatic Byzantine sources a new ethnicon, Vlachs, which indicates the population of romanique origin of the Balkan Peninsula. To The Romanians north-danubiens, Vlachs is going to be formed in the second fundamental structure of the oriental romanité. During the Middle Ages, we are going to find Vlachs south-danubiens dispersed in all Balkan Peninsula, but living especially in the hilly regions of this one – in Mountains Balkans, in Mountains Pindes, Epir, Thessalie, in the
Peninsula Chalcidique etc organized in clean trainings named Vlachs. Since the epoch the first certificates, the sources which we have give us a series of information on the occupations of Vlachs. This information drives us to the conclusion that the basic occupation of the majority of Vlachs was the pasture, occupation which was the incontestable consequence of socioeconomic middle and natural habitat where led existence the communities of Vlachs of the Balkan Peninsula.
Keywords: Vlachs, shepherds, nomads, travelers, dekatosis, mandriαtikon, provatonomion, koironomion, meli sonomion, ennomion
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2. Cedrenus II 1839, p. 435.
3. Pentru discuţii, vezi: Dragomir 1944, p. 73-74; Dragomir 2001, p. 23.
4. Barnea, Ştefănescu 1971, p. 87-88.
5. Panaitescu 2000, p.197-198.
6. FHDR, III, p. 26-39 / Kekaumenos. Pentru diferite aspecte ale răscoalei, vezi: Madgearu 2000, p. 140-151.
7. Ibidem, p. 30-33 / Kekaumenos
8. Comnena 1977, VIII, III, 4.
9. Cf. Gyòni 1951a, p. 244-246.
10. FHDR, IV, p. 28-29 / Un decret al împăratului Alexios I.
11. Ibidem.
12. Ibidem, p. 28-31.
13. Ibidem, p. 30-31.
14. Ibidem.
15. Ibidem, p. 50-59 / Vlahi la Athos. Un comentariu extins asupra subiectului vezi la: Gyòni 1948, p. 30-42; Pentru discutarea unor aspecte legate de prezenţa vlahilor la Muntele Athos, vezi: Mărculeţ 2007, p. 124-125.
16. Ibidem, p. 50-57.
17. Ibidem, p. 50-51, 54-55.
18. Ibidem, p. 186-187 / Theodoros Prodromos; Cf. Russo 1939, p. 521, n. 1, unde oferă o traducere a textului şi consideră că Vlaha – în traducerea de mai sus femeia vlahă – ar putea fi aici un „nume apelativ şi nu etnic”.
19. Ibidem, p. 188-189.
20. Apud Frances 1956, p. 139.
21. Frances 1956, p. 141.
22. Migne 1864, col. 448
23. Dölger 1927, p. 53-54; Frances 1956, p. 140.
24. FHDR, IV, p. 30-31 / Un decret al împăratului Alexios I;p. 52-53 / Vlahii de la Athos.
25. Frances 1956, p. 140.
26. FHDR, IV, p. 30-31 / Un decret al împăratului Alexios I.
27. Frances 1956, p. 140.
28. Choniatae 1835, p. 482.
29. FHDR, III, p. 414-415 / Theodoros Skutariotes.
30. Ephraemius 1840, p. 237.
31. Pachymeris 1835, p. 106.
32. Ibidem, p. 106-107.
33. Actes de Zographou 1907, p. 51, 63, doc. 23 şi 27.
34. Ibidem, p. 60, doc. 26.
35. Gyòni 1948, p. 39-40; Gyòni 1951, p. 38; Frances 1956, p.142.
36. Lemerle 1936, p. 445.
37. Actes de Philothée 1913, p. 26, doc. 9; Actes de Esphigmenou1906, p. 32, doc. 14.
38. Frances 1956, p. 142.
39. Miklosich, Müller, 1887, p. 112.
40. Actes de Chilandar 1911, p. 116, doc. 45; Actes de Philothée1913, p. 26, doc. 9.
41. Ostrogorsky 1927, p. 57.
42. Frances 1956, p. 143.
43. Actes de Chilandar 1911, p. 28, doc. 11
44. Cantacuzenus 1828, p. 146-147.