Cantemir’s Bestiary: from religious knowledge to rationalism

The present study departs from the almost axiomatic belief that Dimitrie Cantemir is the first Romanian writer with a conscious approach to literature. His literary intentions and his models are obvious, developing a complex poetic system. While examining them, one notices an evolution from Cantemir’s earier writings, still indebted to the Christian tradition, to the later ones, mainly the Hieroglyphical History, where the Christian tradition of the zoomorphical creatures is purposely modified in a modern manner. For the medieval writer, the rigid observation of the symbol was a moral obligation; for Cantemir, the condition of the writer also involved the manipulation and alteration of the traditional symbols. Thus, he acts like the first Romanian rationalist and one of the few in South-Eastern Europe.
Keywords: Romanian literature, XVIIIth century, Dimitrie Cantemir, Hieroglyphical History, bestiary, Christian tradition, modern conscience, rationalism.

• Dan Bădărău, Filosofia lui Dimitrie Cantemir / The philosophy of Dimitrie Cantemir, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, Bucureşti, 1964
• Petru Caraman, L’etnographe Cantemir et le folklore du Proche-Orient / Cantemir the ethnographist and the folklore of the Middle East, in „Dacoromania. Jahrbuch füf ösliche latinität”, nr. 2/ 1974, Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg/ München
• Virgil Cândea, Studiu introductiv / Introductory study at Dimitrie Cantemir, Opere / Works, Vol. I, Editura Academiei Române, Editura Uinvers Enciclpedic, Bucureşti, 2003
• Robert Delort, Animalele şi istoria lor / Animals and their history, Editura Meridiane, Bucureşti, 1993
• Umberto Eco, De la arbore spre labirint. Studii istorice despre semn şi interpretare / From tree to labyrinth. Historical studies on sign and interpretation, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2009
• Paul Hazard, Criza conştiinţei europene (1680-1715) / The crisis of the European conscience (1680-1715), Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1973
• Michel Foucault, Cuvintele şi lucrurile. O arheologie a ştiinţelor umane / Words and things. An archaeology of human sciences, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1996

Horia Petra-Petrescu from Sibiu to Leipzig

This paper presents the first doctoral thesis on Ion Luca Caragiale, written by Horia Petra-Petrescu, in German, in Leipzig, under the coordination of Gustav Weigand. The thesis will be published in both German and Romanian, 100 years after having been defended, in 1910, in the presence of Ion Luca Caragiale (Horia Petra-Petrescu, I.L. Caragiale, Viaţa şi opera / Leben und Werke, Edition by Ioan Derşidan and Rudolf Windisch, Foreword by Ioan Derşidan, Afterword by Klaus Bochmann, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărţii de Stiinţă Publishing House, 2004).

Keywords: Horia Petra-Petrescu, PhD thesis, Ion Luca Caragiale, the Caragialian North, Gustav Weigand, Leipzig.

• Ion Luca Caragiale, Opere, vol. I-IV, I. Proza literară, II. Teatru. Scrieri despre teatru. Versuri, III. Publicistica, IV. Corespondenta, Ediţie îngrijită şi cronologie de Stancu Ilin, Nicolae Bârna, Constantin Harlav, Prefaţă de Eugen Simion, Editura Academiei Române si Editura Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 2000, 2001, 2002
• Horia Petra-Petrescu, I. L. Caragiale. Viaţa şi opera/Leben und Werke, Ediţie de Ioan Derşidan şi Rudolf Windisch, Prefaţă de Ioan Derşidan, Postfaţă de Klaus Bochmann, Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, Cluj-Napoca, 2004.
• Publicişti ardeleni către Horia Petra-Petrescu, vol. I, II, III, de Elena Dunăreanu, Biblioteca “Astra” Sibiu, 1976, 1977,1979.
• Georgeta Antonescu, Horia Petra-Petrescu, în Dicţionarul scriitorilor români, III, M – Q, coordonare şi revizie ştiinţifică Mircea Zaciu, Marian Papahagi şi Aurel Sasu, Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 2001, pp. 689 – 691.
• Mircea Popa, Un prieten transilvănean al lui Caragiale: Horia Petra-Petrescu, în Adevărul literar şi artistic, an XI (2002), nr. 610, 26 martie, p. 13.
• Serban Cioculescu,Viaţa lui I. L. Caragiale. Caragialiana, Bucureşti,Editura Eminescu, 1977.
• Stefan Cazimir, Caragiale recidivus, Bucureşti, Editura Pentru Literatura Natională, 2002.

A Florentine love”. The neverending story

The present paper undertakes the goal to show the dramatic side of Lovinescu’s work, generated by the writer’s travel impressions. In fact, being totally aware by his lack of imagination, the critic holds captive to his own life experiences and frequently outlines the incongruity between the lived fact and its literary “translation”, deeply convinced that a writer can resolve the encumberances in a single possible way: by refusing the “mimetic” pact, and consequently by mystifying “reality”. It is on this process of sheer mystification that countless narrative sequences build upon, which onwardly clot together as individual episodes of a story that does not miss the most general reflections, taken tale quale out of the forerunning travel pages. So as to give more dramatic spice to his narration, the critic makes use of framing techniques such as “the found manuscript” or “the frame story”, which altogether obliquely suggest at least two psychological dimensions of his personality: 1. the refusal of confession and, implicitly, a discourse tendency to “objectivize” the „personal” stuff; 2. a distinct sensitivity for theatre and melodrama with all their imaginary paraphernalia. In any case, the forming and modelling character of the first “romances” should be paid a bit of attention at, as the following cascades of literature tentatives and the late novels are engendered by this basic principle.

Keywords: modern Romanian literature, E. Lovinescu, dramatized narration, melodramatic imaginary, romance, frame story, affective memory

• Ioan Holban, Proza criticilor / The prose of the critics, Editura Minerva, Bucureşti, 1983
• E. Lovinescu, „Sburătorul”. Agende literare / „Sburătorul”. Literary notebooks, Editura C.N.I. „Coresi” SA., vol. IV
• I. Negoiţescu, E. Lovinescu, Editura Albatros, Bucureşti, 1970
• Alexandru Paleologu, Bunul-simţ ca paradox / Common sense as paradox, Editura Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 1972

Reminding of Dan Botta

The inter-war period is one of the most important in Romanian literature because of the development of all sciences especially of literature and poetry.

Dan Botta is one of the inter-war period writer, who wrote poetry, esseys, dramas and translations. He also took part from the Criterion group, which had an important role in that period of time, because through its cultural activity, it opened people the way to culture and civilisation.

Even if his literary work was not very well known in that period, Dan Botta was a good writer, who had to be taken into account, especially for his classical education and for his classical way of life.

Keywords: modern Romanian literature, inter-war period, Criterion, Dan Botta, poems, classicism

• *** Dicţionarul general al literaturii române. Bucureşti: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2007.
• Biberi, Ion, Ultimele eseuri. Bucureşti: Editura Cartea Românească, 1985.
• Botta, Dan, Limite şi alte eseuri. Bucureşti: Editura Crater, 1996.
• Crohmălniceanu, Ov, S., Literatura română între cele două războaie mondiale, ed. a II-a, vol I. Bucureşti: Editura Universalia, 2003.
• Eliade, Mircea, Fragment pentru Dan Botta în Prodromos, Chicago, nr. 7, iulie 1967.
• Micu, Dumitru, Modernismul românesc. Bucureşti: Editura Minerva, 1985.

The Wallachian-Bulgarian Kingdom of Asan in “The Sprite of the Earth”,

a “Wallachian Myth” by Valeriu Anania

In the play Greul pământului (The Sprite of the Earth) (1982), the myth of the earth is the setting for the heroes of the story. The author had manifested his belief that the Romanian people is mainly a carrier (and an expression) of a myth of the earth, even if an explicit documentary proof does not exist in the folkloric literature. Mistica pământului (The Mystique of the Earth) an article previous to the drama, is the expression of the writer’s belief regarding the existence of this phenomenon in the Romanian popular culture up to even suggesting the chthonic as natural psycho-analytical feature of local ethnicity. What Valeriu Anania performs in The Sprite of the Earth is the expression of his imagination regarding what could have been atemporal, or could imponderably be the essence and shape of this mystique of the earth. We witness the cultured creation of a pretended popular mythology, even more than in the case of “heraldic legend” from The Star of the Bison (1971). The playwright even over passes the previous attempts, so specific to his dramaturgy, to explain “the germinal metaphor of the myth”. This is a risky bet, won only partially, but more convincing than the previous historical drama.

Keywords: modern Romanian literature, Valeriu Anania, plays, Byzantium, myths of the earth, Wallachians

• Anania, Valeriu. De dincolo de ape. Pagini de jurnal şi alte texte. (From Beyond Waters. Pages of a Diary and Other Texts). Ediţie îngrijită de Ioan-Nicu Turcan, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 2000, 159 p.
• Anania, Valeriu. Din spumele mării Pagini de religie şi cultură. (Out of the Foams of the Sea. Pages on Religion and Culture). Ediţie îngrijită şi postfaţă de Sandu Frunză, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1995, 246 p.
• Anania, Valeriu. Greul pământului, o pentalogie a mitului românesc, I, II. (The Sprite of the Earth). Bucureşti, Editura Eminescu, 1982, 559 p. + 293 p.
• Anania, Valeriu. Opera literară. Străinii din Kipukua, roman. (Works. The Strangers of Kipukua, novel). Prefaţă de Aurel Sasu, Cronologia: Ştefan Iloaie, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Limes, 2003, 259 p.
• Anania, Valeriu. Rotonda plopilor aprinşi. (The Rotunda of the Enflamed Poplars). Bucureşti, Editura Florile Dalbe, 1995, 235 p.
• Bâgiu, Lucian Vasile. Etnogeneza moldo-vlahilor şi întemeierea voievodatului Moldovei în poemul dramatic „Steaua zimbrului” de Valeriu Anania. (The Rise of the Moldavian-Vlach People and the Foundation of the Moldavian Principality in the Lyrical Drama “The Star of the Bison” by Valeriu Anania). În: Philologica Jassyensia, nr. 2/2009, p. 7-20.
• Bâgiu, Lucian Vasile. „Străinii din Kipukua” de Valeriu Anania – elemente de naratologie. (“The Strangers from Kipukua” by Valeriu Anania – Aspects of Narration). În: Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Philologica, 6/2005, Tom 1, Alba Iulia, p. 347-356.
• Bâgiu, Lucian Vasile. “Tinereţe fără bătrâneţe şi viaţă fără de moarte” în “Du-te vreme, vino vreme!”, poem dramatic de Valeriu Anania. (“Youth without Hoary Age and Life without Death” in “Go Away, Time! Come Time!”, dramatic poem by Valeriu Anania). În: Transilvania, serie nouă, revistă editată de Centrul Cultural Interetnic Transilvania, anul XXXVII (CXIII), 11/2008, p. 8-17.
• Blaga, Lucian. Opere, 9, Trilogia culturii. (Works. 9. The Trilogy of Culture). Ediţie îngrijită de Dorli Blaga, studiu introductiv de Al. Tănase, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1985.
• Eliade, Mircea. Mituri, vise şi mistere. (Myths, Visions and Mysteries). Traducere de Maria Ivănescu şi Cezar Ivănescu, Bucureşti, Univers enciclopedic, 1998.
• Fochi, Adrian. Datini şi eresuri populare de la sfârşitul secolului al XIX-lea: răspunsurile la chestionarele lui Nicolae Densuşianu. (Traditions and Folk Superstitions at the End of the 19^th Century : the Answers to Nicolae Densusianu’s Questionnaires). Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1976.
• Vulcănescu, Romulus. Mitologie română. (Romanian Mythology). Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1987.

Paul Goma. The novel Astra: Literary readability and aesthetic significance.

Introduction

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the authenticity, the originality and the literarity of Paul Goma’s novel Astra. The published fragment represents an introduction to a more complex analysis which covers all the levels of Goma’s writing. Starting with the explanation of the meaning of the word “Astra”, around which the whole writing revolves, we propose to penetrate into the novel’s subject, into the atmosphere of that era, tracing the essential lines of the analysis. What is apparent is that, being the mirror of 1949, in a general atmosphere of denial of man by man, the author makes a blueprint of the society from the position of a teenager, looking at the consequences of the totalitarian system and halting on the traumatism of the library’s closure. Built on the basis of binary structures, starting from the duplicity of the Soviet occupant, the text reveals a real narrative drama intensified especially by the lack of solidarity and action of those who surround him. Combining the historical time with the mythical one, the narrator introduces into the novel poetic fragments, managing to keep awake the reader’s curiosity. The writing is a definition of the creative process in which the town Sibiu has an important place.

Keywords: modern Romanian literature, Paul Goma, the novel Astra, literarity, authenticity, duplicity, totalitarian system, ethnic cleansing

• Barthes, Roland. Romanul scriiturii. Antologie (The Novel of Writing. Anthology), Traducere de Adriana Babeţi şi Delia Sepeţean-Vasiliu, Prefaţă de Adriana Babeţi. Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1987, 381 p.
• Goma, Paul. Arta Refugii (Art of Refuge). Cluj, Editura Dacia, 1991, 334 p.
• Goma, Paul. Despre Ostinato şi altele (About Ostinato and Others) (I). În: ,,Vatra”, nr. 4/1992, p. 14.
• Petreu, Marta. Între depoziţie şi fantasmare (Between Testimony and Fantasy), prefaţă la Arta refugii. Cluj, Editura Dacia, 1991, 334 p.

The branch beneath the feet

The following study aims at answering a simple, but essential question: where from originates the generalized resistance to the literary programme of the so-called „generation ’80”? The asnwer is sought for not only in the theoretical proposals advanced by the poets of the generation ’80 in their manifestos and essays, but also (or mainly) in the failure of the critics of the same generation of gaining authority and credibility. Unable to develop a credible and authoritative synthesis on their own generation, also because of being too generous in their critical appreciations of their fellow poets, these critics have cut the golden bough beneath their feet.
Keywords: contemporary Romanian literature, generation ’80, critical authority, Radu G. Ţeposu, Ion Bogdan Lefter, Mircea Cărtărescu

• Andriescu, Radu, Paralelisme şi influenţe culturale în lirica română actuală, Editura Universităţii Al. I. Cuza, Iaşi, 2004.
• Bodiu, Andrei, Direcţia optzeci în poezia română, Editura Paralela 45, Piteşti, 2000.
• Cărtărescu, Mircea, Postmodernismul românesc, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1999.
• Coşovei, Traian T., Danilov, Nichita, Mureşan Ion, Pop. Ioan Es., Stoiciu, Ioan Liviu, Băutorii de absint, Editura Paralela 45, Piteşti, 2007.
• Coşovei, Traian T., Pornind de la un vers, Editura Eminescu, Bucureşti, 1990.
• Cristea, Dan, Poezia vie, Editura Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 2008.
• Lefter, Ion Bogdan, Flashback 1985. Începuturile „noii pozii”, Editura Paralela 45, Piteşti 2005.
• Manolescu, Nicolae, Despre poezie, Editura Aula, Braşov, 2002.
• Manolescu, Nicolae, Istoria critică a literaturii române. Cinci secole de literatură, Editura Paralela 45, Piteşti, 2008.
• Manolescu, Nicolae, Literatura română postbelică. Lista lui Manolescu, Editura Aula, Braşov, 2002.
• Petrescu, Liviu, Poetica postmodernismului, Editura Paralela 45, Piteşti, 1996
• Ţeposu, Radu G., Istoria tragică & grotescă a întunecatului deceniu literar nouă, Editura Cartea Românească, Bucureşti, 2005.

La critique littéraire roumaine des années 1960-1970 et sa relation avec la critique littéraire occidentale

The paper is focused on the relation between the Romanian and the Western criticism in the 60’s and the 70’s of the previous century. One the one side, the authoress aims to observe how there was possible a critical and theoretical discourse, despite the pressure of the communist ideology. On the other side, she proposes to highlight the immediate effects in the literary area. In the same time, we try to point out the importance of the various translations (most of them from Russian, French and English) in the attempt to rehabilitate the intellectuals who suffered detentions or signature ban.

Keywords: Romanian criticism, translations, official ideology, communism, totalitarian art, cultural rehabilitation.

• ARENDT, Hannah, Originile totalitarismului, trad. Ion Dur şi Mircea Ivănescu, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 1994.
• CÂRNECI, Magda, Art et pouvoir en Roumanie 1945-1989, Paris, Editions L’Harmattan, 2007.
• CERNAT, Paul, Manolescu, Ion, Mitchievici, Angelo, Stanomir, Ioan, Explorări în comunismul românesc, vol. I-II, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2005.
• CHIŞU, Lucian, Laurenţiu Hanganu (coord.), Literatura în epoca totalitarismului. Perioada 1945-1965 în cultura română, Academia Română, Institutul de Istorie şi Teorie Literară „G. Călinescu”, Bucureşti, Editura Printech, 2008.
• COMPAGNON, Béatrice, Thévenin, Anne, O cronologie a secolului XX. Principalele tendinţe şi datele cele mai importante, trad. Radu Valter şi Rodica Valter, Bucureşti, Editura All Educaţional, 2000.
• DELETANT, Denis, Ceauşescu şi securitatea. Constrângere şi disidenţă în România anilor 1965-1989, trad. Georgeta Ciocâltea, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 1998.
• FICEAC, Bogdan, Cenzura comunistă şi formarea „omului nou”, Bucureşti, Editura Nemira, 1999.
• FOTACHE, Oana, Divanul criticii. Discursuri asupra metodei în critica românească postbelică, Bucureşti, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2009.
• MANOLESCU, Nicolae, Istoria critică a literaturii române. Cinci secole de literatură, Piteşti, Editura Paralela 45, 2008.
• PETCU, Marian (coord.), Cenzura în spaţiul cultural românesc, Bucureşti, Editura Comunicare.ro, 2005.

Articles:

• GOLDIŞ, Alex, Rolul progresist al cronicii literare în anii ’60 (I), în Cultura, serie nouă, anul IV, nr. 41 (245), 15 octombrie 2009, p. 14-16
• Idem, Rolul progresist al cronicii literare în anii ’60 (II), în Cultura, serie nouă, anul IV, nr. 42 (246), 22 octombrie 2009, p. 14-16.
• MARTIN, Mircea, „Cultura română între comunism şi naţionalism”, în Revista 22, anul XIII, nr. 654, 17-23 septembrie 2002, p. 6-8.
• Idem, „Cultura română între comunism şi naţionalism (II)”, în Revista 22, anul XIII, nr. 660, 29 octombrie – 4 noiembrie 2002, p. 10-12.
• Idem, „Cultura română între comunism şi naţionalism (III)”, în Revista 22, anul XIII, nr. 661, 5-11 noiembrie 2002, p. 10-11.
• Idem, „Cultura română între comunism şi naţionalism (IV)”, în Revista 22, anul XIII, nr. 665, 3-9 decembrie 2002, p. 10-11, 13.

Writers and totalitarian power.
Clues in autobiographical and fictionary works

This paper comprises a succession of five case studies on autobiographical or fictional novels. Our purpose was to analyze the relationships established between the writers and political power in the totalitarian regimes.

We were interested in how much of their writing was assumed by the authors, when and to what extend did they have the courage to express what they were thinkng and how (ouvertly or allegorically) did they manage to express it. At the same time, we were debating whether their literature represents a way of standing for their beliefs or it is just a polite way of assuming compromises.

Keywords: power, engaged literature, assumed writing, censorship, metafiction, manipulation, compromise, legitimation, multidiscours.

• Crăciun, Gheorghe, Pupa russa, ed Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2004.
• Groşan Ioan, Caravana cinematografică, ed Cartea Românească, Bucureşti 1985.
• Ivasiuc, Alexandru, Racul, ed. Albatros, Bucureşti, 1976.
• Kadare, Ismail, Umbra, ed Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2008, trad. Marius Dobrescu.
• Popescu Petru, Supleantul, ed Curtea Veche, Bucureşti, 2009.
• Podoabă, Virgil, Cărţile supravieţuitoare, ed. Aula, Braşov, 2008.

“I’m afraid of not invented stories”. The Security Files of Oskar Pastior

The present study appeared in the periodical “Spiegelungen” (München) and deals with the persecution and collaboration of the modern German poet Oskar Pastior (1927, Sibiu – 2006, Frankfurt am Main) with the Security before leaving Romania and settling in Germany. The German poet, an adolescent aged 17, was deported to the labor camps of the Soviet Union where he survived for 4 years. Once he returned to his country, he continued his studies – the Brukenthal Highschool in Sibiu and the German Studies at the University in Bucharest –, being persecuted by the Secret services, both for his homosexual inclinations and for his anti-Soviet poetry. 1961 he signed a collaboration agreement as an informer with the Security and he assumed this role until 1968 when he left on a journey to Germany and didn’t return to Romania any more. Oskar Pastior was a close friend and collaborator of Herta Müller, the 2009 Nobel Prize Laureate for Literature.

Keywords: Oskar Pastior, Herta Müller, deported, informer file, persecution file, The National Council for Security Archives Study

The mirror of Exile. Autobiography as estrangement in the works of Andrei Codrescu

The present paper deals with the concept of estrangement as a narcissistic projection of Self in the society due to the need of the exiled writer to reconstruct his identity. The writer does so by a process of deterritorialization of his Self in text. The text becomes from this standpoint the environment where identity disseminates in the form of narration and where the individual becomes Subject as character in the literary work. This enables the Self to undergo permanent reconstruction, as every reader of the literary work will put together the image of the character, as the Other, always different. We are going to focus in our paper on the study of the autobiographies of the American writer of Romanian origin Andrei Codrescu, who regards this type of narrative as a means to reconstruct identity in order to integrate without discarding his stranger-self.

 Keywords: exile, autobiography, narcissistic estrangement, Codrescu, mirroring

• Codrescu, Andrei “Adding to My life” in Kathleen Ashley; Leigh Gilmore; Gerald Peters, (ed), Autobiography and Postmodernism, Boston: University of Massachusetts, 1994, pp. 21-32.
• Jaques Lacan, “The Mirror Stage” in Paul Du Gay; Jessica Evans, (ed), Identity: A Reader, London: Sage, 2000, pp. 44-50;
• Ovid, Metamorphoses, available at http://www.theoi.com/Text/OvidMetamorphoses3.html, visited on 04 August, 2010.
• Jacques Derrida, Points…, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
• Jacques Derrida, The Ear of the Other: Otobiography, Transference, Translation, New York: Schocken Books, 1985
• Michel Foucault, “Of Others Spaces: Heterotopias”, available at http://foucault.info /documents/heteroTopia/foucault.heteroTopia.en.html, visited on 04 August 2010.

A.C. Swuinburne and the noble pleasure of the eulogy

The present study dwells upon the reactions bestirred by Algernon Charles Swinburne’s portentous poetry amid his fellow writers. A complete picture catches sight on the cross fusillades of irony and disbelief which equally festered and kept alive his work. It is argued that parody is the best gauge for the endurance of a literary fame. If Tennyson came to be the most mimicked writer of the period, than little Algie was certainly the most laughed at, parodied and, eventually, ignored “litterateur”. Albeit his ridiculous rags and tails, the hard core of his work was first stricken neither by the professional critics nor by fellow writers, but by those whifflers who stood in the theatre pit and booed at times when the show became too conceited.

Keywords: modern English literature, A.C Swinburne, parody, self parody, sense of dimness, Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Victorianism, Arthurian legend

Work:

• Swinburne Letters, ed. Cecil Y. Lang, vol. I-VI, New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1959-1962.
• Swinburne, Algernon Charles, Notes on Poems and Reviews, London, John Camden Hotten, 1866, www.archive.org.
• idem, Dedicatory Epistle, în The Poems of Algernon Charles Swinburne, vol. I, London, Chatto&Windus, 1904, www.archive.org.
• idem, George Chapman: A Critical Essay, London, Chatto&Windus, 1875, p. 16, www.archive.org.
• idem, Under the Microscope, Portland Maine, Thomas B. Mosher, 1899, www.robertbuchanan.co.uk/html/micro2.html.
• idem, Poems and Ballads. First Series, London, Moxon. 1866, The Swinburne Project, www.letrs.indiana.edu.
• idem, Specimens of Modern Poets. Heptalogia or The Seven Against Sense. A Cap with Seven Bells, London, Chatto&Windus, 1880, www. gutenberg.org.

Secondary literature:

• Abrams, M. H., Natural Supernaturalism. Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature, New York, W.W. Norton Comp.&Inc., 1971.
• Alexandrescu, Sorin, Prefaţă la John Ruskin, Însemnări despre artă, antologie şi prefaţă de Sorin Alexandrescu, traducere de Cristina Micuşan şi Sorin Alexandrescu, Bucureşti, Meridiane, 1968.
• Ralph Pite, Tom Hubbard, Rikky Rooksby &Edward Wakeling (ed.), Lives of Victorian Literary Figures VI, vol. 3, Algernon Charles Swinburne (Rikky Rooksby ed.), London, Pickering&Chatto, 2008.
• 4.Buchanan, Robert, The Monkey and the Microscope, www.robertbuchanan.co.uk.
• Buckler, William E., The Victorian Imagination: Essays in Aesthetic Exploration, New York, New York University Press, 1980.
• Cassidy, John A., Algernon C. Swinburne, New York, Twayne Publishers, 1964.
• Chew, Samuel C., Swinburne, Hamden, Conneticut, Archon Books, 1929.
• Dobrescu, Caius, Revoluţia radială. O critică a conceptului de postmodernism dinspre înţelegerea plurală şi deschisă a societăţii burgheze, Braşov, Editura Universităţii din Braşov, 2008.
• Earle-Welby, Thomas, Swinburne: A Critical Study, London, Elkin-Matthews, 1914, www.archive.org.
• Fletcher, Ian, Swinburne, London, Longman, 1973.
• Fuller, Jean Overton, Swinburne. A Critical Biography, London, Chatto &Windus, 1968.
• Gay, Peter, The Burgeois Experience. Victoria to Freud. Education of the Senses, vol. I, New York, Oxford University Press, 1984.
• Genette, Gérard, Palimpsestes, Paris, Seuil, 1982.
• Gibson, Ian, The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After, London, Duckworth, 1978.
• Gosse, Edmund, The Life of Charles Algernon Swinburne, London, Macmillan&Co, 1917, www.archive.org.
• Henderson, W. Brooks Drayton, Swinburne and Landor: A Study of Their Spiritual Relationship and Its Effect on Swinburne­’s Moral and Poetic Development, London, Macmillan, 1918, www.archive.org.
• Henderson, Philip, Swinburne. Portrait of a Poet, New York, Macmillan Publishing Co, 1974.
• Hyder, Clyde K., Swinburne’s Literary Career and Fame, New York, Russel &Russel, 1963 (reedit. 1933).
• Kernahan, Coulson, In Good Company. Some Personal Recollections of Swinburne, Lord Roberts, Watts-Dunton, Oscar Wilde, Edward Whymper, S. J. Stone, Stephen Phillips, London, John Lane, 1917, www.archive.org.
• Lafourcade, Georges, La Jeunesse de Swinburne, Paris, 1928.
• Mackail, J. W., Swinburne: A Lecture Delivered Before the University on April 30, 1909, www.archive.org.
• Mandelbaum, Maurice, History, Man, and Reason: A Study in Nineteenth Century Thought, London, The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971.
• McSweeney, Kerry, Tennyson and Swinburne as Romantic Naturalists, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1981.
• Pater, Walter, Renaşterea, traducere de Iolanda Mecu, Bucureşti, Univers, 1982.
• 25.Popa, Marian, Comicologia, Bucureşti, Univers, 1975.
• Richardson, James, Vanishing Lives. Style and Self in Tennyson, D. G. Rossetti, Swinburne and Yeats, Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia, 1988.
• Rooksby, Rikki, A.C. Swinburne: A Poet’s Life, Aldershot, Scolar Press, 1997.
• Ruskin, John, Lectures on Architecture and Painting, www.gutenberg.org.
• Ruskin, John, The Stones of Venice, vol. II, www.archive.org.
• Thomas, Donald, Swinburne. The Poet in His World, New York, Oxford University Press, 1979.
• Thomas, Edward, Algernon Charles Swinburne: A Critical Study, London, Martin Secker, 1912, www.archive.org.
• Weir, David, Decadence and The Making of Modernism, Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.

The body between life and death in „The blood of the others” by Simone de Beauvoir

Life and death are two bodies that act directly on living bodies, two essential properties of beings that have preoccupied the artistic imagination since the dawn of time. People have always felt the need to represent their existence: the cavemen have left trace including death that is inherent in all existence. In the life and work of Simone de Beauvoir, death is always presented as a mirror to life. In a depth perspective, the characters of Simone de Beauvoir perceive death as a continuance of life and realize that death is an alternative to life and that the body remains a tool of manipulation and exchange. It seems interesting to understand the role of the characters in the novel The blood of others, published in 1945.

Keywords: contemporary French literature, Simone de Beauvoir, The blood of others, novel, body, death, character

• Jean-Raymond Audet, Simone de Beauvoir face à la mort/Simone de Beauvoir în faţa morţii/Simone de Beauvoir before death, Lausanne, Ed. L’Age de l’homme, 1979
• François Dagonet, Le corps/Corpul/Corps, Paris, PUF, Quadrige, 2008
• Elsa Dorlin, Sexe, genre et sexualité/Sex, gen şi sexualitate/Sex, gender and sexuality, Paris, PUF, 2008
• Chantal Moubachir, Simone de Beauvoir ou le souci de différence/Simone de Beauvoir sau grija pentru a fi diferit / Simone de Beauvoir and the care for the difference, éditions Seghers, Paris, 1972
• Michelle Perrot, Les femmes ou les silences de l’histoire/Femeile sau tăcerile istoriei/Women or silences history, Paris, Flammarion, 1998
• Le corps violenté, Du geste à la parole/Corpul violentat, De la gest la cuvânt/Body and violence. From gesture to word/, textes choisis par Michel Porret, Genève, Droz, 1998
• Le corps/Corpul/Corps, textes choisis et présentés par Eva Lévine et Patricia Touboul, Paris, Flammarion, 2002

The Dimensions of Reality and Musical Narrative

Alejo Carpentier, the well-known author of some exquisite novels (El arpa y la sombra, Concierto barroco, La consagracion de la primavera, to name just a few of them) is also the one who explained the meanings of „real maravilloso” (a different definition of magic realism). This essay analyses the implications of various types and levels of reality within the field of Latin American literature (and novel) and also the importance of a new kind of musical poetics that the Cuban writer is already eager to stress upon. Whereas in La consagracion de la primavera the author makes use of the dialogic principle of narrative, El arpa y la sombra develops a different pattern, focused upon metatextual strategies and all kind of intellectual details, thus Carpentier succeeding in his attempt to impose a new type of discourse in the general context of contemporary Latin-American fiction.

Keywords: reality, history, realism, postmodernism, music, narrative discourse.

• Mihail Bahtin, Probleme de literatură şi estetică. Traducere de Nicolae Iliescu, prefaţă de Marian Vasile, Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1982.
• Alejo Carpentier, Ritualul primăverii. Traducere de Dan Munteanu, Bucureşti, Editura Corint, 2006.
• Alejo Carpentier, Harpa şi umbra. Traducere de Andrei Ionescu, Editura Corint, 2006.
• Alejo Carpentier, De lo real maravilloso americano, în Tientos y diferencias, La Habana, Ed. Unión, 1966.
• Igor Stravinski, Poetica muzicală. Traducere de Marta Pană, Bucureşti, Editura Muzicală, 1967.

The Principe of Quodlibetal Waste

William Ockham’s principle of parsimony was challenged by Walter Chatton’s principle of plenitude. Ockham tended toward simplicity or parsimony in theories and explanations. However, such explanations cannot always be sustained. On the other hand, Walter Chatton wanted more detailed, wasteful explanations. The medieval thinkers, as well as the contemporary ones, are naturally inclined to favor the principle of plenitude. By applying the principle of plenitude, the theological scholars were able to interpret and examine the whole multitude of questions and their possible answers. Out of the extensive quodlibetal repertoire, this essay will examine just four questions.

Keywords: disputatio de quodlibet, principe of simplicity, principe of plenitude, wastefulness, angelology, divine omnipotence.

a) Surse primare

• Adso Dervensis, De Ortu et Tempore Antichristi, edited by D. Verhelst, Turnhout: Brepols, 1976.
• Rabelais, François, “Pantagruel”, in Oeuvres complètes, Paris: Garnier, 1962, ch. VII, pp.250-256.
•  Rabelais, François, Gargantua şi Pantagruel, traducere de Alexandru Hodoş, Bucureşti: Editura pentru Literatura Universală, 1967.

b) Surse secundare

• Brower-Toland, Susan, “Can God Know More? A Case Study in Late Medieval Discussions of Propositions”, in Rondo Keele & Charles Bolyard (eds.), Essays in Late Medieval Metaphysics and Semantic Theory, Fordham University Press, 2011.
• Deely, John, “The Semiosis of Angels”, The Thomist, 68 (2004): 205-258.
• Ebbesen, Sten, “‘The Present King of France Wears Hypothetical Shoes with Categorical Laces’: Twelfth Century Writers on Well-Formedness”, Medioevo 7 (1981): 91-113.
• Franklin, James, “Heads of Pins”, Australian Mathematical Society Gazette, 20: 4 (1993): 127.
• Goris, Harm, “The Angelic Doctor and the Angelic Speech: The Development of Thomas Aquinas’s Thought on How Angels Communicate”, Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 11: 1 (2003): 87-105.
• Guiley, Rosemary, Encyclopedia of Angels, New York, NY: Facts on File, 1996.
• Maurer, Armand, “Ockham’s Razor and Chatton’s Anti-Razor”, Mediaeval Studies, 46 (1984): 463-475.
• Keck, David, Angels & Angelology in the Middle Ages, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Sylla, Edith Dudley, “Swester Katrei and Gregory of Rimini: Angels, God, and Mathematics in the Fourteenth Century”, in Teun K. Koetsier & Luc Bergmans (eds.), Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study, Elsevier, 2005, pp.249-271.

Nicolaus Cusanus and the Doctrine of Analogy

Below, I am aiming to analyze, first of all, N. Cusanus’ standpoint regarding the issue of analogy, this very frequent procedure in the texts of scholastics. How does Cardinalus Teutonicus relate to this inherent method of human thinking? Secondly, I am interested especially in a passage from De docta ignorantia [II, 4], where N. Cusanus speaks about a certain type of participation: quantum potest.

Keywords: knowledge, analogy, participation quantum potest, theology, Christology, divinization.

• Counet, Jean–Michel. Mathématiques et dialectique chez Nicolas de Cuse [Mathematics and Dialectic in Nicolas of Cusa], Paris, J. Vrin, 2000.
• Crîşmăreanu, Florin. „Nicolas de Cues: un théologien opposé à l’analogie” [„Nicholas of Cues: a theologian against analogy”]. In: Scientific Annals of the University „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi [New series], Philosophy, Tom LVI [2009], pp. 21-28
• Cues, Nicolas de. Sermons eckhartiens et dionysiens [Sermons Eckhartian and Dionysian], Paris, Cerf, 1998.
• Cusa, Nicolai de. Opera Omnia [The Complete Works], Ediderunt E. Hoffmann et R. Klibansky, Lipsiae, Meiner, 1932 sqq.
• Cusanus, Nicolaus. De docta ignorantia [On Learned Ignorance], Romanian translation by Andrei Bereschi, Iaşi, Polirom, 2008.
• Cusanus, Nicolaus. De pace fidei [On the Peace of Faith], Romanian translation by Wilhelm Tauwinkl, Bucharest, Humanitas, 2008 [Romanian translation by Mihnea Moroianu, Iaşi, Polirom, 2008];
• Cusanus, Nicolaus. De Deo abscondito [On the Hidden God], Romanian translation by Mihnea Moroianu, Iaşi, Polirom, 2008, [Romanian translation by Bogdan Tătaru-Cazaban, Bucharest, Humanitas, 2008].
• Gandillac, Maurice de. La philosophie de Nicolas de Cuse [The Philosophy of Nicholas of Cusa], Paris, Aubier, 1943.
• Haubst, Rudolf. „Nikolaus von Kues und die Analogia entis” [„Nicholas of Cusa and the analogy of being”]. In: Die Metaphysik des Mittelalters, ihr Ursprung und ihre Bedeutung [The metaphysics of the Middle Ages, their origin and meaning], Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1963, pp. 686-695.
• Hudson, J. Nancy. Becoming God: The Doctrine of Theosis in Nicholas of Cusa, Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 2007.

Travel Rituals and the Fear of the Forest at the Journeymen in Transylvania

An important aspect in the formation of the character of the young journeymen in Transylvania is defined by the paradigm of travel culture: the wandering years of journeymen. The moment of their departure on the journey was special, because it involved their initiation, their acquaintance with life by passing through several perils. That is why the moment of departure had an initiation role and represented an important event. For instance, the ritual described, narrates one of the most interesting and fascinating aspects from the life of a journeyman, that of the travel. It is about the speech the Father of smith journeymen held in front of a young journeyman who was about to start his journey to gain knowledge in the world. The forest also appears as the center of the projections of the individual and collective consciousness within a community. The main focus of the present article is the analysis of the perception of nature and the forest by means of a text on the “wandering years” of a journeyman. The secondary focus is the following of the manner in which group solidarity was forged within journeymen brotherhoods.

Keywords: fear, forest, journeyman, projections, rituals, travel.

• “Article of the Hat-making guild”, at ANDJ-Mureş, the archival fond of the Evangelical Parish in Sighişoara – guild documents, no. 80, year 1740.
• Frisius Ernst: “The Absolving of a Smith Journeyman,” in: Bruno Brandl and Günther Creutzburg, The Guild box. The Perspective of Craftsmanship in Literature from 15th to 19th century, Berlin, 1973.
• Hiller Helmut: Encyclopedia of superstition, München, 1986.
• Maurer, Michael: Cultural history, in Michael Maurer (Hrsg.), Layout of historical Science, Köln, 2004.
• Münch Paul: Ways of life in the early modern, Frankfurt, Berlin, 1992.
• Simmel Georg: “Sociologie of the mealtime”, in: Bridge and Door, edited by M. Landmann, Stuttgart, 1957, pp. 243-250.

The survival of Byzantium and the confrontation between the two Christian Worlds in the first half of the 13th century in Little Asia and the Romanian Space

In this essay we intended to show how the Byzantine empire survived despite the conquering and the sacking of Constantinople through the crusaders. In the second part of the study I present how the two Christian confessions got into conflict in the Romanian space in the first half of the 13^th century. On the ground of the empire of Nicaea, the Constantinopolitan world found its refuge and began the preparations to regain their symbol: Constantinople. The best example for the hate the Byzantines felt for the pope is a letter from the emperor John the III-rd Vatatzes to the Pope Gregoire the IX. It is actually an answer to an earlier letter sent by the pope to the Byzantine emperor.

The conquering of Constantinople in 1204 and the future events lead to the final tear up between the two Christianities. The survival of the Byzantine empire, and the events during the first half of the 13^th century will be the beginning of the hate and the disgust the Greeks began to feel for the Latins over the next two centuries. 50 years after the conquest of the Byzantine capital, the aversion felt by the two Christian worlds towards each other was higher than ever and there was no way of reconciliation.

Keywords: Constantinople, Byzantium, Theodor Lascaris, John III .Vatatzes, Gregory IX., Christianity, Nicaea.

• Ahrweiler, Hélène, Ideologia politică a Imperiului bizantin / The Political Ideology Of The Byzantine Empire, Bucureşti, 2002.
• Brezeanu, Stelian, Das Zweikaiserproblem in der ersten Hälfte des 13 Jahrhundert / The Problem Of The Two Emperors In The First Part Of The 13th. Century, în: „ Revue Roumaine d’histoire, XVII., nr.2, 1978, p. 260 – 272.
• Godfrey, John, 1204. The Unholy Crusade, Oxford, 1980.
• Păcurariu, Mircea, Istoria bisericii ortodoxe române /The History Of The Romanian Orthodox Church, ediţia a VI-a, Bucureşti, 1991.
• Queller, Donald, The Fourth Crusade. The Conquest Of Constantinople 1201-1204, Leicester, 1978.
• Runciman, Steven, A History Of The Crusades, II., Cambridge, 1957.

TEOTIHUACAN – City of the Gods

The article “Teotihuacan – City of the Gods” is speaking about several performances and realizations for the unindentified people who built a magnificent city Teotihuacan, the larges city of the world of the antiquity – historian use the name “Teotihuacanos” for this people. Unknown architect building here of the towering Pyramid of the Sun, Pyramid of the Moon, Citadel which contains the Temple of Quetzalcoatl and the wide “Street of the Dead”.

Keywords: Teotihuacan, Pyramid of the Sun, Pyramid of the Moon, Citadel, Street of the Dead, Temple of Quetzalcoatl

• Arqueologia Mexicana nr. 28, Edicion Especial „Teotihuacan” Guia Visual, 2008
• Phillips, Charles, „Aztec & Maya”, Ed. Hermes House, London, 2009
• Smith, Michael, „The Aztecs”, Ed. Blackwell Publishing, 2005
• Bloomgarden, Richard, „The Pyramids of Teotihuacan”, Ed. Lago Silverio, Mexico DF, 1998
• Stănescu, Florin, „Investigaciones Pluri e Interdisciplinarios de las Civilisaciones Precolombinas de la zona Mesoamericana”. Proiect de cercetare în cadrul bursei aprobate de Guvernul Mexican în anul 2008.

The financial and lands donations of the Rumanian Princes for reconstruction

of some Mount Athos monasteries (the 14^th -15^th centuries)

An important part of the relations between The Moldavia and Walachia with Oriental Church are those with The Mount Athos monasteries. The relations with Sfetagora were underlined by financial aids or donations of lands for the different communities. The financial donations for the constructions are also done. In the 14^th-15^th century the rulers of Walachia and Moldavia had the initiative of constructions in The Mount Athos.

In the 14^th century the Walachian princes Nicolas Alexander and Vladislav the First had the initiative of constructions in the Kutlumus monastery.

In the 15^th century the Moldavian Prince Stephan the Great helped the athonites monasteries Zografou, Vatopedou, Saint Paul, and probably Xenophontos to rebuilt some buildings .

Keywords: The Mount Athos, Walachia, Moldavia, Nicolas Alexander, Vladislav I, Ştefan cel Mare, Kutlumus, Zografou, Vatopedou, Grigoriou, Saint Paul, Xenophontos

• Bodogae, T., Ajutoarele româneşti la mănăstirile din Sfântul Munte Athos / Romanian Aids for the Mount Athos monasteries, Sibiu, 1941.
• *** Documenta Romaniae Historica, A. Moldova, vol. II (1449-1486) / The Documents of The Rumanian History, Bucureşti, 1976.
• *** Documente privind istoria României. Veacul XIV, XV, A. Moldova, vol. I (1384-1475) / The Documents of The Rumanian History, Bucureşti, 1954.
• *** Documente privitoare la istoria românilor culese de Eudoxiu de Hurmuzaki, vol. XV: Documente greceşti privitoare la istoria românilor / The documents concerning the History of  the Rumanians, Bucureşti, 1915.
• *** Fontes Historiae Daco-Romanae-Izvoarele istoriei României / The historical sources of the Rumanian History, vol. IV, Bucureşti, 1982.
• Gorovei, Şt. S., Muşatini, Bucureşti, 1976.
• Iorga, N., Muntele Athos în legătură cu ţerile noastre / The Mount Athos in the connection of our medieval countries, în AARMSI, s. II, t. XXXVI, 1913-1914 (1914).
• Iorga, N., Byzance après Byzance / The Byzantin Impire after The Byzantin Impire, Bucarest, 1970.
• Kadas, S., Mont Athos / The Mount Athos, Athènes, 2005.
• Marinescu, F., Mertzimekis, N., Ştefan cel Mare şi Mănăstirea Zografu / Stephan the Great and the Zografu monastery, în „Ştefan cel Mare şi Sfânt. Atlet al credinţei creştine”, Sf. Mănăstire Putna, 2004.
• Mărculeţ, V., Statele medievale româneşti şi formaţiunile de origine bizantină (sec. XIII-începutul sec. XVI) / The Rumanian medieval states and the  Byzantin origin states, Sibiu, 2003.
• Miklosich, Fr., Müller, I., Acta Patriarchatus Constantinopolitani. MCCCXV-MCCCCII / The Documents of The Constantinopol Patriarchy, t. I, Vindobonae, 1860.
• Moisescu, Gh. I., Contribuţia românească pentru susţinerea Muntelui Athos în decursul veacurilor / The rumanian contribution to the Mount Athos help in the centuries, în „Ortodoxia”, V, 1953, 2.
• Năsturel, P.Ş., Le Mont Athos et les Roumains. Recherches sur leur relations du milieu du XIV^e siècle à 1654 / The Mount Athos and The Rumanians. The researches about the relations from the middle of the 14 th.century to 1654, Roma, 1986.
• Ploutarchos, Th., Pandelis, F., Stefanou, S., Mount Athos, Athens, 1992.
• Şincai, Gh., Hronica românilor / The Chronical of the Rumanians, vol. II, Bucureşti, 1969.
• Xenopol, A.D., Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană / The History of the Rumanians in the Traian Dacia, vol. II, Bucureşti, 1986.

The educational function of history at Aaron Florian (1805-1887)

Aaron Florian can be included among the Transylvanian scholars who, following Gheorghe Lazăr`s example, crossed the mountains and had an utmost importance in developing the Romanian education south of the Carpathians and in enlarging the number of subjects taught. His life and work is closely connected with the 1848 Revolution, a period in which many representatives of the enlightenment or of pre-romanticism show an interest for history, a propensity which is explained by the many-sided educational capacities of history. His works are mostly didactic and they outline the fact that history can be used for educational purposes in three main directions: as instrument of moral education, as catalyst of crystallizing national conscience and as source of political experiences to be used by current generations.

In his point of view, the nobleness of Romanians`origin, the continuity, the awareness of unity, the glory of the ancestors, Christianity, the bravery and heroism shown in the battle for defending independence represent those elements which history can provide in order to outline one country`s national identity. All these ideas are found in the papers which Florian dedicated to the national past: Idee repede de Istoria Prinţipatului Ţării Rumâneşti, Manualul de istoria Prinţipatului Românei, as well as the course Cursul de istoria românilor which he held at Sf. Sava around the Union of the Romanian Pricipalities.

We can conclude by saying that, first of all Aaron Florian is a history teacher interested more in the educational capacities of history and less in the scientific research. He is not an innovator, many of his ideas regarding the importance of history do not represent a novelty for Romania, yet one has to take into account its outstanding role in imposing and conveying historical knowledge in schools and not only.

Just like other intellectuals who lived and worked before the 1848 revolution, the Transylvanian scholar manages to impose national history as one of the safest sources containing a set of values, ideals and objectives which are meant to bestow a mutual identity (ethnic, cultural and political) on all Romanians who lived on the area formerly lived by the Dacians.

Keywords: historiography, Romanian school, ethnic community, national identity, reforming enlightenment, revolutionary romanticism.

Sources

• Catihismul omului creştin, moral şi soţial. Pentru Trebuinţa Tinerilor din şcolile începătoare. De F. Aaron, Profesor de Istoria generală în Colegiul naţional din Bucureşti, Bucureşti, Tipografia lui I. Eliad, 1834.
• Idee repede de Istoria Prinţipatului Ţării Rumâneşti, de F. Aaron, Profesor de Istoria generală în Colegiul naţional St. Sava din Bucureşti, tom I-III, Bucureşti, Tipografia lui I. Eliad, 1835, 1837, 1838.
• Cuvântul ce s-a zis de d. Medelnicerul F. Aaron vice-directorul Colegiului Naţonal şi profesor de istorie generală, în România, supliment la nr. 180, 1838, p. 2-17; republicat, fragmentar, în Pompiliu Teodor, Evoluţia gândirii istorice româneşti, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, p. 100-105.
• Manual de istoria Prinţipatului Românei de la cele dintâi vremi istorice şi până la zilele de-acum, De F. Aaron, Profesor de Istoria generală în Colegiul Naţional Sf. Sava, Bucureşti, Tip. Colegiului Sf. Sava, 1839.
• Patria, patriotul, patriotismul, de F. Aron, Profesor de istoria generală în Colegiul naţional, St. Sava, Bucureşti, Tip. curţii lui Fr. Valbaum, 1843; text republicat în Alin-Mihai Gherman, Literatura română din Transilvania între preiluminism şi preromantism, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2004, p. 128-156.
• Elemente de istoria lumi[i]. Pentru trebuinţa tinerimei începătoare din aşezămintele de învăţătură publice şi private, de F. Aron, Profesor de Istoria generală a lumi[i] în Colegiul Naţional St. Sava, Bucureşti, Tipografia Colegiului St. Sava, 1845.
• Mihaiu II Bravulu, biografia şi caracteristica lui, trase din Istoria Ţării Româneşti a D. Aaron Florian. Revizuite şi îndreptate. Tipărite cu cheltuiala D. D. Rus şi Petriu librari, Bucureşti, Tip. Colegiului Naţionalu, 1858.
• Nicolae Iorga, Cursul de istoria românilor al lui Florian Aaron, în Revista istorică, XIII, 7-9, 1927, p. 256 – 272.

General and Special Works

• Barnes, Harry Elmer, A History of Historical Writing, New York, Dover Publication Inc., 1963.
• Cristian, Vasile, Contribuţia istoriografiei paşoptiste la pregătirea ideologică a revoluţiei române de la 1848, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei, 1985.
• Dobrescu, Alexandru, Corsarii minţii, Iaşi, Editura EM. OLIS, 2007.
• Gândirea românească în epoca paşoptistă. Studiu introductiv şi texte alese de Paul Cornea şi Mihai Zamfir, I-II, Bucureşti, Editura pentru Literatură, 1969.
• George Bariţ şi contemporanii săi, ediţie de Ştefan Pascu, Iosif Pervain, Ioan Chindriş şi Titus Morar. Coordonatori Ştefan Pascu şi Iosif Pervain, I, Bucureşti, Editura Minerva, 1973, Corespondenţa Aaron Florian-George Bariţiu (7 februarie 1838-27 februarie 1834), p. 9-87.
• Iorga, Nicolae, Istoria învăţământului românesc. Ediţie îngrijită de I. Popescu Teiuşeanu, Bucureşti, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1971.
• Kogălniceanu, Mihail, Opere. Scrieri istorice, I. Ediţie critică de Andrei Oţetea, Bucureşti, Fundaţia Regală pentru Literatură şi Artă, 1946.
•  Mârza, Iacob, École et nation (Les écoles de Blaj à l’époque de la renaissance nationale).
• Traducere Rodica Chira şi Doina Puşcău, Cluj-Napoca, „CET”, 2005.
• Murgescu, Mirela-Luminiţa, Între ,,bunul creştin” şi ,,bravul român”. Rolul şcolii primare în construirea identităţii naţionale (1831-1878), Iaşi, Editura Al 92, 1999.
• Ştrempel, Gabriel, (coord.), Bibliografia Românească Modernă. 1831-1918, I, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1984.
• Zub, Alexandru, Istorie şi finalitate. În căutarea identităţii, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2004.

Research Papers, Articles, and Lectures

• Albu, Nicolae, Un dascăl al lui Bălcescu, primul redactor al ,,Telegrafului român”- Aaron Florian, în Mitropolia Ardealului, XXV, 1-3, 1980, p. 93-111.
• Bocşan, Nicolae, Opţiuni sociale şi democratice în procesul constituirii solidarităţii naţionale moderne. 1821-1848, în Ştefan Ştefănescu (coordonator), Naţiunea română. Geneză. Afirmare. Orizont contemporan, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1984, p. 338-377.
• Cristian, Vasile, Activitatea istoriografică a lui Aaron Florian, în Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii ,,Al. I. Cuza”, Istorie. Secţiunea a III-a, 1, 1970, p. 37- 55.
• Cristian, Vasile, Opera istorică a lui Aaron Florian, în Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii, ,,Al. I. Cuza”, Istorie, Secţiunea a III-a, 2, 1970, p. 115-133.
• Cristian, Vasile, Premisele şi trăsăturile istoriografiei paşoptiste în Cercetări istorice, II, 1971, p. 173-181.
• Drake, William E., God-State Idea in Modern Education, în History of Education Quarterly, 3, 2, 1963, p. 81-98.
• Gherman, Alin-Mihai, Între literatură şi istoriografie: Florian Aaron ,,Idee repede de istoria prinţipatului Ţării Rumâneşti”, în Annales Universitatis Apulensis. Series Philologica, 2003, I, 4, p. 177-183.
• Gherman, Alin-Mihai, O autoritate uitată: Florian Aaron, în Discobolul, IX, 111-112-113, 2006, p. 126-141.
• Grigoriu, Paul, Manualele de istorie din secolul al XIX-lea – veridice mărturii ale luptei românilor pentru libertate şi unitate naţională, în Revista muzeelor şi monumentelor istorice, 3, 1983, p. 61-70.
• Isar, Nicolae, Ideologia generaţiei de la 1821 ( I ), în Revista de istorie, XXXIV, 3, 1981, p. 417-439.
• Ramirez, Francisco, Boli, John, The Political Construction of Mass Schooling: European Origins and Worldwide Institutionalization, în Sociology of Education, 60, 1, 1987, p. 2-17.

The role of school organisations from southern Transylvania in developing ethnoidentity structures (1849-1918)

In the second half of the 19^th and the early 20^th century, the school and students’ organizations played an important role in the affirmation of national sentiments and solidarity. The object of the present study is the way normative and behavioral structures inoculated future Romanian and Saxon national élites a set of values and attitudes specific to their original cultural environments. The Saxon coetus functioned as an open, integrative but also discriminating organization in assigning statutes on superior hierarchical level. The development of the community spirit represented the essence of Saxon identity. The Romanian reading societies had a closed, élite character, counting on the motivational engagement of members. They promoted an explicit nationalist speech, centered on the idea of liberty and unity.

Keywords: Coetus, élite, gymnasiums, ethnoidentity, cultural environment, Romanian, Saxon, seminars, reading societies, normative structures, behavioral structures.

• Arhiva Centrală a Bisericii Evanghelice C.A. din România, Sibiu: partea structurală 400/276.
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• ***, Regulamente despre afacerile administrative ale societăţii de lectură „Andreiu Şaguna” [Statutes of the administrative affairs of the “Andreiu Şaguna” reading society], Sibiu, Editura Societăţii, Tiparul Tipografiei Arhidiecezane, 1903, 39 p.
• ***, Satzungen des Coetus Cibiniensis [Statutes of the Coetus Cibiniensis], Hermannstadt, Buchdruckerei Georg Heiser, 1913, 12 p.
• ***, Schulordnung des evang. Gymnasiums A.B. in Schässburg [School statutes of the Evangelical Gymnasium C.A. of Sighişoara], Schässburg, Buchdruckerei Friedr. J. Horeth, 1884, 16 p.
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• ALBRICH, Carl sen., „Geschichte des ev. Gymnasiums A.B. in Hermannstadt” [History of the Evangelical Gymnasium C.A. of Sibiu], în Programm des evangelischen Gymnasiums A.B. und der damit verbundenen Realschule [Yearbook of the Evangelical Gymnasium C.A. and the joined real school], sowie der ev. Elementarschule A.B. zu Hermannstadt für das Schuljahr 1895/6, Hermannstadt, Buchdruckerei W. Krafft, 1896, p. 1-224.
• BELL, Georg, „Geschichte des Schäßburger Gymnasiums” [History of the Gymnasium in Sighişoara], în Programm des evangelischen Gymnasiums in Schäßburg zum Schluss des Schuljahrs 1863/4 [Yearbook of the Evangelical Gymnasium in Sighişoara at the end of the school year 1863/4], Kronstadt, Gedruckt bei Johann Gött, 1864, p. 1-56.
• BINDER, Martin, „Etwas über den Cötus an unseren Mittelschulen” [Something about the coetus in our middle schools], în Akademische Blätter. Organ der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Hochschüler, Hermannstadt, I. Jahrgang, Nr. 1, 20 September 1896, S. 8-9; Nr. 2, 20 Oktober 1892, S. 14-15.
• BRANDSCH, Heinz, Festschrift zum 25- jährigen Bestande der Lehrerinnenbildungsanstalt der evang. Landeskirche A.B. in Rumänien [Festive writing to the 25. anniversary of the Pedagogical Girl Seminary of the Evangelical Church C.A. in Romania], unter Mitwirkung von Friedrich Czikeli, Paul Schuller und Josephine Siegmund, Schässburg, Verlag Friedr. J. Horeth, 1929, 139 p.
• BRANDSCH, Hans-Heinz, HELTMANN, Heinz, LINGNER, Walter, Schäßburg. Bild einer siebenbürgischen Stadt [Sighişoara. Portrait of a Transylvanian town], 2. Auflage, Leer, Rautenberg Verlag, 1998, 452 p.
• BRÂNZEU, Nicolae, Şcoalele din Blaj. Studiu istoric [The schools of Blaj. Historical study], Sibiu, „Tipografia” S.A., 1898, 176 p.
• GHIBU, Onisifor, Pe baricadele vieţii. Anii mei de învăţătură [On the life barricades. My learning years], ediţie îngrijită, prefaţă, note şi comentarii de Nadia Nicolescu, postfaţă de Mircea Zaciu, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1981, 383 p.
• GLODARIU, Eugenia, „Despre ‹Societatea de lectură a tinerimii române studioase de la gimnaziul din Orăştie›” [About “The reading society of the studious Romanian youth from the Orăştie Gymnasium”], în Sargetia, nr. XXI-XXIV/ 1988-1991, p. 781-785.
• IDEM, Asociaţiile culturale ale tineretului studios român din monarhia habsburgică 1860-1918 [Cultural associations of the studious Romanian youth from the Habsburg monarchy 1860-1918], Cluj-Napoca, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis, nr. XVII, 1998, 416 p.
• GOGA, Octavian, Însemnările unui trecător. Crâmpeie din sbuciumările de la noi [ Passer-by notes. Struggling fragments], Arad, Institutul Tipografic „Nichin şi Cons.”, 1911, 288 p.
• HOSSU-LONGIN, Francisc, Amintiri din viaţa mea [Life memories], text stabilit, introducere, note şi glosar de Georgeta Antonescu, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1975, 372 p.
• KÖNIG, Walter, „Die Endphase des Coetus an siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Schulen (1920-1940)” [The final phase of the coetus in Transylvanian-Saxon schools], în volumul omagial Walter König, Schola seminarium rei publicae. Aufsätze zu Geschichte und Gegenwart des Schulwesens in Siebenbürgen und Rumänien. Als Festgabe zum 80. Geburtstag herausgegeben vom Vorstand des Arbeitskreises für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde [Schola seminarium rei publicae. Essays to the history and present of the educational system in Transylvanaia and Romania. Published by the executive committee of the Transylvanian Study Circle], Köln Weimar Wien, Böhlau Verlag, 2005, p. 154-175.
• KNALL, Helmuth Julius (coord.), Liceul Stephan Ludwig Roth. Fragmente istorice / Stephan Ludwig Roth Gymnasium. Geschichtliche Fragmente [The Stephan Ludwig Roth High School. History fragments], seria „Bibliotheca Historica Mediensis”, nr. X, Mediaş, Editura Crisserv, 407 p.
• PĂCURARIU, Mircea, 200 de ani de învăţământ teologic la Sibiu 1786-1986 [200 years of theological education in Sibiu 1786-1986], Sibiu, Tiparul Tipografiei Eparhiale, 1987, 420 p.
• PLEŞA, Ioan, „Societatea de lectură ‚Inochentie Micu Clain’ a studenţilor din Blaj. (Schiţă monografică)” [The ‘Inochentie Micu Clain’ students’ reading society of Blaj. (Monographical draught)], în Apulum, nr. XVIII/ 1980, p. 377-391.
• POPA, Ioan, Liceele teoretice sibiene între 1918-1948 [Theoretical high schools of Sibiu between 1918-1948], Sibiu, Editura Magister, 2005, 97 p.
• IDEM, Învăţământul sibian. Repere istorice şi documentare [Sibiu education. Historical and documentary guide marks], Sibiu, Editura Magister, 2007, 248 p.
• POPA, Mircea, TAŞCU, Valentin, Istoria presei româneşti din Transilvania [History of the Romanian press from Transylvania], ediţia a II-a, Bucureşti, Editura Tritonic, 2003, 367 p.
• ROŞCA, Eusebiu, Monografia Institutului seminarial teologic-pedagogic „Andreian” al Arhidiecezei gr. or. române din Transilvania [Monography of the “Andreian” Theological-Pedagogical Seminary of the Romanian Greek-Orthodox Archdiocese of Transylvania], Sibiu, Tiparul Tipografiei Arhidiecezane, 1911, 332 p.
• STANCIU, Ioan, Istoricul Liceului Gheorghe Lazăr din Sibiu. 250 ani de la întemeierea lui 1692-1942 [History of the “Gh. Lazăr” high school. 250 years since the foundation 1692-1942], Sibiu, Institutul de Arte Grafice „Dacia Traiană” S.A., 1943, 212 p.
• VLĂSCEANU, Mihaela, în Organizaţii şi comportament organizaţional [Organizations and organizational behavior], Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2003, 332 p.

A „priest of our wakening” and „an apostle of national culture”

The following text reviews Pamfil Matei’s study regarding the life and work of one of the foremost leaders of the ASTRA Association and of the Transylvania cultural magazine, Andrei Bârseanu. Andrei Bârseanu şi „Asociaţiunea” / Andrei Bârseanu and the „Association” (InfoArt Media, Sibiu, 2011) is a monographical text, with an introductory study, a biobibliographical index, a documentary breviary, selected texts of Andrei Bârseanu, notes, glossary and bibliography, all of these thoroughly realized by Pamfil Matei.
Keywords: Romanian modern history, XIXth century, Transylvania, Andrei Bârseanu, ASTRA Association

• Andrei Bârseanu şi „Asociaţiunea“ / Andrei Bârseanu and the „Association”, ediţie concepută, studiu introductiv, indice biobibliografic, breviar documentar, selecţia textelor, note, glosar şi bibliografie de Pamfil Matei, Editura InfoArtMedia, Sibiu, 2011.

An outstanding Romanian scholar and a well-deserved restitution: Andrei Bârseanu

The following text reviews Pamfil Matei’s study regarding the life and work of one of the foremost leaders of the ASTRA Association and of the Transylvania cultural magazine, Andrei Bârseanu. Andrei Bârseanu şi „Asociaţiunea” / Andrei Bârseanu and the „Association” (InfoArt Media, Sibiu, 2011) is a monographical text, with an introductory study, a biobibliographical index, a documentary breviary, selected texts of Andrei Bârseanu, notes, glossary and bibliography, all of these thoroughly realized by Pamfil Matei.
Keywords: modern Romanian history, XIXth century, Transylvania, Andrei Bârseanu, ASTRA Association

• Andrei Bârseanu şi „Asociaţiunea“ / Andrei Bârseanu and the „Association”, ediţie concepută, studiu introductiv, indice biobibliografic, breviar documentar, selecţia textelor, note, glosar şi bibliografie de Pamfil Matei, Editura InfoArt Media, Sibiu, 2011.

Aesthetics and politics

The present study realizes a diachronical survey regarding the relation between literature (and art, in general) and the social-political environment. Starting with Plato and Aristotle, continuing with medieval scholars such as Saint Augustine and Bernard de Clairvaux and ending with Jacques Lacan and Theodor Adorno, the synopsis undertaken by the researcher converges towards the conclusion that any form of art is both ideological and transcending the ideology it embodies, being thus politically suspect.
Keywords: history of aesthetics, literature and politics, literature and ideology, Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Lacan, Adorno

• Theodor W. Adorno, Teoria estetică, traducere de Andrei Corbea, Gabriel H. Decuble şi Cornelia Eşianu, Piteşti, Editura Paralela 45, 2006;
• Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, translated into Romanian by Andrei Corbea, Gabriel H. Decuble and Cornelia Eşianu, Paralela 45 Publishing House, Piteşti, 2006;
• Aristotel, Politica, traducere de Alexander Baumgarten, Editura IRI, Bucureşti, 2001;
• Aristotle, Politics, translated into Romanian by Alexander Baumgarten, IRI Publishing House, Bucharest, 2001;
• Augustin, Opera omnia, vol. IV, traducere de Vasile Sav, Cluj‑Napoca, 2002;
• Augustin, Opera omnia, vol. IV, translated into Romanian by Vasile Sav, Cluj‑Napoca, 2002;
• Augustin, Confesiuni, traducere, studiu introductiv şi note de Gh. I. Şerban, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2007;
• Augustin, Confessions, translated into Romanian by Gh. I. Şerban, Humanitas Publishing House, Bucharest, 2007;
• Augustin, De libero arbitrio, traducere, studiu introductiv şi note de Gh. I. Şerban,  Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2004;
• Augustin, De libero arbitrio, translated into Romanian by Gh. I. Şerban,  Humanitas Publishing House, Bucharest, 2004;
• Bernard de Clairvaux, Apologie de Saint Bernard adressée a Guillaume, abbé de Saint-Thierry, în Oeuvres complètes, vol. II, e‑text, www. abbaye-saint-benoit.ch;
• Bernard de Clairvaux, Apology of Saint Bernard to Guillaume, Abbot of Saint-Thierry, in Complete Works, vol. II, e‑text, www. abbaye-saint-benoit.ch;
• Søren Kierkegaard, Ou bien… ou bien, traducere franceză de F. şi O. Prior şi M.H. Guignot, Paris, 1943;
• Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, translated into Frech by F. şi O. Prior şi M.H. Guignot, Paris, 1943;
• Jacques Lacan, Écrits, vol. I–II, Paris, 1966;
• Jacques Lacan, Works, vol. I–II, Paris, 1966;
• Platon, Republica, traducere de Andrei Cornea, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1986;
• Platon, The Republic, translated into Romanian by Andrei Cornea, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucharest, 1986;
• Platon, Legile, traducere de E. Bezdechi şi Şt. Bezdechi, Bucureşti, Editura IRI, 1995.
• Platon, The Laws, translated into Romanian by E. Bezdechi şi Şt. Bezdechi, IRI Publishing House, Bucharest, 1995.

Nkrumah or the liberator

The following study examines the African decolonization, observing the strange ideological hybrid composed from the mixture of pan-Africanism and Leninism. The personality of Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first life-long president, serves as an excellent case study, showing how the European and American education finally led to a detachment from Europe, in an effort of eliminating the colonial stigmata. Eventually, this „African Washington”, as Kwame Nkrumah was called in hagiographical texts, dominated by the European complex of the Revolutionary, developed not a fesible political programme, but an African avatar of the Leninist political theology.
Keywords: African decolonization, Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, pan-Africanism, African Leninism

• Robert H. Jackson, Carl G. Rosberg, Personal rule: theory and practice in Africa, in “Comparative politics”, no. 4, july 1984, pp. 421-424.
• Ali Mazrui, Nkrumah: the leninist czar, in “Transition, anniversary issue”, 1997, p. 106- 126.
• Harris Memel-Fotê, Des ancêtres fondateurs aux Pères de la nation. Introduction a une à anthropologie de la démocratie / From founding ancestors to Fathers of the nation. Introduction to an anthropology of democracy, in “Cahiers d’ ètudes africaines”, vol. 31, no.123, 1991, pp. 263- 285.
• Michael W. Williams, Nkumahism as an ideological embodiment of leftist thought within the African world, in “Journal of black studies”, vol. 15., no. 1. pp. 117-134.

The Swedish model between myth and reality

Countries and economies, as well as the populace from Northern Europe always had certain important traits concerning their development. These aspects are included in what economic research names “the North European market economy type”. This specific type of economy is underlined by “the Swedish model”, attractive for other states as well, and is usually cited by economic analysts. How did this model form in time? Which are its most representative elements? To what extent can it represent a model concerning development, for the present and the future? These are some of the questions to which we tried to answer in the following rows.

Keywords: economy, development, market type economy, economic model, environment, social implications, public policies, civilization

• Michel Beaud, L’Histoire du capitalisme de 1500 à nos jours / The history of capitalism from 1500 to our days, Ed. Du Seuil, Paris, 1990
• Marx Blang, La pensée économique / Economical thought, Ed. Economica, Paris, 1999
• Dan Popescu, Istoria gândirii economice din antichitate până la sfârşitul secolului XX / History of economical thought from the Ancient Times to the end of the XXth century, Ed. Continent, Sibiu-Bucureşti, revised edition, 2003
• Dan Popescu (coord.), Economie Politică / Political economy, Ed. ULBS şi Ed. Continent, Sibiu-Bucureşti, 2001
• Arnold J. Toynbee, Studiu asupra istoriei / A study on history, vol.VII-X, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1997.

Funerary archaeology on the Lower Mureş valley

The article is aiming to submit the present stage of knowledge regarding funerary discoveries from 10^th-11^th century’s on the lower Mureş valley. The geographical boundaries of the analyzed territory comprises the final section of the Mureş River before it flows into the Tisa. In the present study we will discuss only the finds from the present-day territory of Romania (the part between Lipova and Nădlac). Known as a space of political, economical and cultural interference, the area in question supplied finds of funerary character since the nineteenth century. From this point on the number of the finds constantly grew reaching today almost fifty identified points (all along the lower Mureş valley, from Lipova to Szeged) of cemeteries, isolated graves or even only dispersed finds that could indicate the presence of funerary complexes (see the map).

Concerned with the archaeological research of this period of the lower Mureş region, we dealt with three historical periods as it follows: the period until 1918, then the period between 1918 and 1989 and the last one, from 1989 until the present. For each period I chose to present a less-known case to the scholarship and in the same time relevant for the historical period under research.

Keywords: funerary archaeology, grave, funerary ritual, year 1000, Lower Mureş valley.

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• Rădulescu, Gáll 2001 A. Rădulescu, Gáll E., Das landnahmezeittliche gräberfeld von Temesvár – Csókaerdő, în AAASH 52, 2001, p. 155-193. Réthy 1898 Réthy L., Két árpádkori temető Arad megyében, în ArchÉrt 18, 1898, p. 124-131. Révész 1988 Révész L., Gömbsorcsüngős fülbevalók a Kárpát-medencében , în HOMÉ, XXV-XXVI, 1988, 141-159.
• Velter 2002 Ana-Maria Velter, Transilvania în secolele V-XII, Bucureşti, 2002.