A different perspective on the Gusti school

This paper represents the argument of this collection of articles in the current issue of this journal, dedicated to the Sociological School of Bucharest founded by Prof. Dimitrie Gusti. Unilaterally rehabilitated in the 1960s, forgotten in the post-revolutionary era, the Gusti school is analysed by the contributors from a perspective not employed in the past decades, namely that of social history. The author of this paper emphasizes the fact that this innovative approach of Interbellum sociology represents an aspect of an ongoing trend which builds a different, more balanced, nuanced and fuller view of the Interbellum.

Keywords: sociological school of Bucharest, social history, institutionalisation of sociology, feminist movement, social medicine

Regional thinking in the Gustian movement of lifting up villages

The dominant pattern to present Gusti school of Romanian sociology was to consider it as defined by the use of village monographs. Tenatives of Anton Golopentia, younger member in the elite of the sociological school, to use more flexible research tools (reduced monograph, survey, typologies) were considered as marginal deviations from the mainstream of the group. The article provides empirical evidence that the regional approach was largely promoted in the Gusti movment starting with 1927. Different forms of regions were adopted by Henry Stahl and Anton Golopentia, especially, to frame the selection of villages for monographs or for practical interventions, for data analysis or for understaning specific local profiles of villages. Two of the basic paradigmes of Dimitri Gusti – referring to total monograph and to building social atlas of the country by monographying all the localities – are considered in the paper as creative utopias with a large impact in the development of Romanian sociology.

Keywords: Gusti social movement, regional thinking, creative utopias, total monography, sociological atlas

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• Conea, I. (1938). Sugestii şi indicaţii geo-istorice pentru numirea şi determinarea marilor unităţi administrative ale României/ Geo-historical suggestions for naming the great administrative units of Romania. Sociologie Românească, III(4-6), 239-246.
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• Golopenţia, A., Golopenţia, S. (2002). Opere complete. Vol I: Sociologie/Complete Works. Vol I. Sociology: Editura Enciclopedică.
• Gusti, D. (1937). Ştiinţa naţiunii /Science of the Nation. Sociologie românească, 2(2-3), 49-59.
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• Herseni, P. (1940). Publicaţiile Şcolii Sociologice de la Bucureşti/ Publications of Bucharest Sociological School. In D. Gusti & T. Herseni (Eds.), Îndrumări pentru monografiile sociologice (Guidlines for Sociological Monographs ) (pp. 443-474). Bucureşti: Institutul de Ştiinţe Sociale al României.
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• Livezeanu, I. (1998). Cultură şi naţionalism în România Mare / Culture and Nationalism in the Great Romania, 1918-1930 (V. Russo, Trans.): Humanitas.
• Manescu, M. (2010). Lega administrativă din 1938. ”Un început de reală organizare urbanistică?”/ Administrative law from 1938. ”A start to real urbanistic organisation?”. Urbanismul. Serie nouă(4), 6-12.
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• Mihăilescu, I., & Rostas, Z. (2007). Dialog neterminat/ Unifinished dialogue: Curtea Veche.
• Rostás, Z. (2000). Monografia ca utopie: interviuri cu Henri H. Stahl (1985-1987) / Monography as an Utopia: interviews with Henry H. Stahl (1985-1987): Paideia.
• Rostás, Z. (2001). O istorie orală a Şcolii Sociologice de la Bucureşti / An oral history of the Sociological School from Bucharest. Bucureşti: Printech.
• Rostás, Z. (2003). Sala luminoasă: primii monografişti ai Şcolii gustiene/ The Bright Hall: First Monographists of Gusti School. Paideia.
• Rostás, Z. (2005). Atelierul gustian: o abordare organizaţională/ Gustian Workshop: an organisational approach: Tritonic.
• Rostás, Z. (2006). Parcurs întrerupt. Discipoli din anii 30 ai Şcolii gustiene / Interrupted journey. Disciples of the Gustian School in the 30s. Bucureşti: Paideia.
• Rostás, Z. (2009). Strada Latină nr. 8. Monografişti şi echipieri gustieni la Fundaţia Regală Principele Carol / Latin Street number 8. Gustian Monographists and Team Workers to the Royal Foundation Prince Carol, Bucureşti, Editura Curtea Veche, 2009, 383 p: Curtea Veche.
• Sandu, D. (2011). Social Disparities in the Regional Development and Policies of Romania International Review of Social Research, I(1), 10-30.
• Sandu, D. (2012). „Ridicarea satului” prin el însuşi: ideologii şi practici în interbelicul românesc/ ”Lifting up” of the village by itself: ideologies and practices in Romanian interwar period. Secolul 21(1-6).
• Stahl, H. H. (1934). Tehnica monografiei sociologice/ Technique of the Sociological Monography (Vol. 2): Editura Institutului Social Român.
• Stahl, H. H. (1939a). Nerej, un village d’une région archaïque: Les manifestations économiques, juridiques et administratives. Unités, procès et tendances sociales/ Nerej,a Village from an Archaic Region.Social Units, Proceses and Tendencies: Institut de sciences sociales de Roumanie.
• Stahl, H. H. (1939b). Pentru sat/ For the Village: Fundaţia Culturală Regală” Principele Carol”.
• Stahl, H. H. (1958). Contribuţii la studiul satelor devălmaşe româneşti, vol. I./ Contributions to ”Devalmas” Villages, Bucureşti: Acad. RSR,.
• Stahl, H. H. (1980). Dimitrie Gusti. Personalitatea şi opera/ Dimitrie Gusti. Personality and Works. In H. H. Stahl (Ed.), Dimitrie Gusti: studii critice (Dimitrie Gusti:Critical Studies)(pp. 9-53). Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică.
• Stahl, H. H. (1981). Amintiri şi gînduri: din vechea şcoalǎ a” monografiilor sociologice” / Memories and Thoughts from the Old School of ”Sociological Monographs”. Bucureşti: Minerva.

Among Dimitrie Gusti’s Sources of inspiration:

Women’s and Feminist Organizations as (possible) precursors of

Gustian monographic and interventionist activities

In this paper I situate, from an organizational and social perspective, women’s participation in the sociological monographic campaigns and in the social intervention activities initiated and/ or coordinated by Dimitrie Gusti. The main questions that have guided my inquiry are: What are the general social contexts and the contexts specific to social intervention and to organizational endeavors that contributed to the participation of a significant number of women in sociological research, voluntary royal student teams that performed “cultural action,” and in the preparation for the implementation of the Social Service Law? What are the organizational and social interventionist antecedents that would better explain the inclusion of some research interests predominantly associated with women’s lives and work – hitherto situated outside “legitimate” scholarly consideration – in the sociological examination and social intervention undertaken by the Bucharest Sociological School?

Thus, in my paper, I first show that women’s involvement in studies tackling the living and working conditions of Romania’s poor, especially those of women and children, and in education and social work activities was constant starting in the second half of the nineteenth century and particularly persistent during the first two decades of the twentieth century. This fundamental characteristic of women’s and feminist organizations from the Romanian provinces and later Romania, on the one hand, shows that the inclusion of women students and researchers in the Gustian school did not occur in a vacuum and that there was a history of social research undertaken by women, and, on the other hand, supports the argument that Dimitrie Gusti took up or, at least, was aware and integrated in his sociological and interventionist system research topics, objectives and strategies – at least in the areas of family, women’s lives and work, raring children, domestic industry – previously initiated and carried out by women’s and feminist organizations.

The sociological monographic campaigns, the work of voluntary royal student teams and the preparations for the implementation of the Social Service Law constituted, from the beginning, a part of a broad project of social change wherein nation building was an essential component. Thus, sociological research represented the scientific foundation, based on unmediated field investigations, of a set of social activities and interventions that was targeted at the betterment, first and foremost, of the living and working conditions of the rural population, and, to a lesser degree, of the urban one, especially towards the end of the 1920s. Conceptually and organizationally, the research and interventionist concerns of the institutions created and/ or coordinated by Dimitrie Gusti were, on the one hand, influenced by analogous activities and organizations undertaken in other countries. On the other hand, they were determined by the Romanian social, economic and political contexts and were inspired by previous social change activities carried out in the territories inhabited by Romanians. Within these latter approaches, I argue that women’s and feminist organizations and activities constituted an important source of inspiration. This aspect has so far neither been observed, nor examined in the research on the Bucharest Sociological School.

Keywords: Bucharest Sociological School; history of women’s and feminist movements; women’s history; history of sociology in Romania; Dimitrie Gusti.

• *** L’Assistance Sociale en Roumanie [Social Work in Romania], Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională, 1938.
• * * * Indicator al Instituţiilor de asistenţă publică şi privată din România pe 1924 [Yearbook of Public and Private Social Work in Romania in 1924], Bucureşti: Ministerul Sănătăţii şi Ocrotirilor Sociale, Direcţia Generală a Asistenţei Sociale, 1925.
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• Rostás, Zoltán, Parcurs întrerupt. Discipoli din anii ’30 ai Şcolii Gustiene [Interrupted Course. Gustian School’s Disciples of the 1930s], Bucureşti: Paideia, 2006.
• Rostás, Zoltán, Strada Latină nr. 8. Monografişti şi echipieri gustieni la Fundaţia Culturală Regală „Principele Carol” [Gustian Monographers and Team Members at the Royal Cultural Foundation “Prince Carol”], Bucureşti: Curtea Veche, 2009.
• Stahl, Henri H., Amintiri şi gânduri din vechea şcoală a „monografiilor sociologice” [Memoirs and Thoughts about the Old School of “Sociological Monographs”], Bucureşti: Editura Minerva, 1981.
• Articole de presă, statute, broşuri
• * * * „Asociaţia Cercurilor de Gospodine. Darea de seamă a activităţii societăţii: 3 aprilie 1920 – 31 martie 1940” [Housewives’ Circles Association. Report on the Activities of the Society: April 3, 1920 – March 31, 1940] in Asociaţia Cercurilor de Gospodine, fost[ă] sub preşedinţia de onoare a M.S. Regina Maria. Darea de seamă a activităţii Comitetului Central şi filialelor sale de la 1920-1940 [Housewives’ Circles Association, Formerly under the Honorary Presidency of H.M. Queen Maria. Report on the Activity of the Central Committee and Its Branches from 1920 to 1940], Bucureşti: Tipografia Curţii Regale F. Göbl Fii S.A., 1940, fragmente reproduse în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Studiu şi antologie de texte. Vol. II (1919-1948) [Romanian Woman’s Emancipation. Study and Anthology. Vol. II (1919-1948)], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2004, pp. 526-530.
• * * * „Proces-Verbal [al adunării constitutive a] Institutul[ui] social românesc” [Report of the Constitutive Assembly of the Romanian Social Institute] in „Buletinul Asociaţiei pentru Studiul şi Reforma Socială” [Bulletin of the Association for Social Study and Reform], Arhiva pentru ştiinţa şi reforma socială [The Archive for Social Science and Reform], anul I, nr. 4/ ianuarie 1920, pp. 865-867.
• * * * „Secţia de studii feminine” [Women’s Studies Section], Arhiva pentru ştiinţa şi reforma socială [The Archive for Social Science and Reform], anul IV, nr. 3-4/ 1927, pp. 525-527.
• * * * „Statutele Asociaţiei pentru emanciparea civilă şi politică a femeilor române” [Legal Status of the Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women], Asociaţia pentru emanciparea civilă şi politică a femeilor române. Statutele şi programul [Association for the Civil and Political Emancipation of Romanian Women. The Legal Status and the Program] Iaşi: Tipografia Dacia, 1918, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Antologie de texte. Vol. I, 1815-1918 [Romanian Woman’s Emanciation. An Anthology. Vol. I, 1815-1918], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2001, pp. 509-513.
• Arbore, Ecaterina, Industria şi sănătatea lucrătoarelor [Women Workers’ Industry and Health], Bucureşti, 1907.
• Arbore, Ecaterina, Dr., „Cum s-a înfiinţat şi ce a făcut Asociaţia femeilor române «Sprijinul»”, Unirea femeilor române [How Romanian Women’s Association “The Support” Was Established and What Has It Done], anul V, nr. 11-12/ noiembrie-decembrie 1913, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Antologie de texte. Vol. I, 1815-1918 [Romanian Woman’s Emanciation. An Anthology. Vol. I, 1815-1918], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2001, pp. 435-437.
• Femina, „Asociaţia feministă” [The Feminist Association], Acţiunea feministă [Feminist Action], anul I, nr. 1/ 30 aprilie 1919, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Studiu şi antologie de texte. Vol. II (1919-1948) [Romanian Woman’s Emancipation. Study and Anthology. Vol. II (1919-1948)], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2004, p. 73.
• Focşa, Valentina, „Asociaţia Cercurilor de gospodine” [Housewives’ Circles Association], Acţiunea feministă [Feminist Action], nr. 50-51/ decembrie 1921 – ianuarie 1922, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Studiu şi antologie de texte. Vol. II (1919-1948) [Romanian Woman’s Emancipation. Study and Anthology. Vol. II (1919-1948)], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2004, pp. 125-127.
• Hodoş, Constanţa, „Primul cuvânt” [The First Word], Revista noastră [Our Journal], anul I, nr. 1/ 15 martie 1905, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Antologie de texte. Vol. I, 1815-1918 [Romanian Woman’s Emanciation. An Anthology. Vol. I, 1815-1918], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2001, pp. 343-344.
• Nădejde, Sofia, „Ce voim” [What We Want], Revista noastră [Our Journal], anul I, nr. 1/ 15 martie 1905, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Antologie de texte. Vol. I, 1815-1918 [Romanian Woman’s Emanciation. An Anthology. Vol. I, 1815-1918], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2001, pp. 344-345.
• Stratilescu, Eleonora, „[Asociaţia femeilor române «Sprijinul»]” în cadrul articolului „Societăţi de binefacere şi culturale din Bucureşti” [“Romanian Women’s Association «The Support»” discussed in the article “Philantropical and Cultural Societies in Bucharest”], Unirea Femeilor Române [Romanian Women’s Union], anul II, nr. 1, Iaşi, 24 ianuarie 1910, reprodus în Ştefania Mihăilescu, Emanciparea femeii române. Antologie de texte. Vol. I, 1815-1918 [Romanian Woman’s Emanciation. An Anthology. Vol. I, 1815-1918], Bucureşti: Editura Ecumenică, 2001, pp. 380-381.

Was „Sociologie românească” Published Informally?

H.H. Stahl has repeatedly spoken about the informal, joint editing of the journal “Sociologie românească.” S. Golopenţia points to the facts that (a) from the beginning and until its last issue, the journal was published under the care of a number of editors, comprised of O. Neamţu and T. Herseni in 1936, A. Golopenţia in 1937–1942 (helped by F. Florescu, D. Dogaru, S. Popescu, and with a major interruption caused by the war), and G. Focşa in 1943; (b) A. Golopenţia’s editorial activity is richly documented: he drafted an ambitious Program, wrote numerous editorial letters and spoke of his editorial work in personal letters sent to many members of the Gusti School; (c) the examination of the journal reveals progressive contents and format innovations that could not have been obtained via improvisation; (d) even before more material is discovered with respect to the work of the 1936 and 1943 editors, we can still answer in the negative the question above. “Sociologie românească” was professionally edited, by a number of sociologists, whose names and editorial responsibilities were explicitly mentioned and well known among the members of the Gusti School.

Keywords: Sociology; professional journal; informal editing; improvisation

• Anton Golopenţia, Opere complete/Complete works, Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică, I. Sociologie/ Sociology (2002), II. Statistică, demografie şi geopolitică/ Statistics, demography and geopolitics (1999).
• ***, Proiect de Sumar pentru un număr special din „Sociologie românească” (an. V, nr. 1–2)/ Summary project for a special issue of Sociologie românească, în Românii de la est de Bug (= Bug), Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică, II, 2006, 7–8.
• ***, Rapsodia epistolară (= RE). Scrisori primite şi trimise de A.G. (1923–1950)/ The Epistolary rhapsody. Letters received and sent by A.G. (1923–1950), Bucureşti: I (Albatros, 2004), II (Editura Enciclopedică, 2010), III (sub tipar).
• Ştefania Golopenţia, Un dar postum/ A posthumous gift. Introducere la A. Golopenţia, Ceasul misiunilor reale, Bucureşti: Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, 1999, 7–49.
• Zoltan Rostas, Monografia ca utopie. Interviuri cu Henri H. Stahl/ Monograph as utopia. Interviews with H.H. Stahl. Bucureşti: Paideia, 2000.
• Henri H. Stahl, Amintiri şi gânduri din vechea şcoală a „monografiilor sociologice”/ Memories and thoughts from the old school of ‚sociological monographs’. Bucureşti: Minerva, 1981.
• Ion Dan Trestieni, Cercetarea de teren în perspectiva Şcolii Sociologice de la Bucureşti. Analiza conţinutului studiilor publicate în revista Sociologie Românească (1936–1943)/ Field research from the perspective of the Sociological School of Bucharest. A contents analysis of the studies published in the review Sociologie românească, in Septimiu Chelcea, Semnificaţia documentelor sociale, 241–42. Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1985.

The Master and the Disciple. Hypostases of the relations between two coryphaei of Romanian sociology: Dimitrie Gusti and Petre Andrei

There are four personalities in the history of Romanian sociology who are almost unanimously recognized as representative for its identity. The four names that stand out through their written works as well as sociological research activities are Dimitrie Gusti, Petre Andrei, Traian Herseni and Henri. H. Stahl. As Dimitrie Gusti has been a professor to the other persons mentioned above, it can be affirmed that he represents a genuine “spiritus vector” for the entire Romanian sociology.

This article outlines the particularities of the intellectual relationship between Dimitrie Gusti – the professor – and his most valued disciple: Petre Andrei. The attractiveness of this article derives from the fact that it mentions both the elements that have allied the professor and the disciple, as well as the elements that have irremediably separated them.

Keywords: Dimitie Gusti, Petre Andrei, intellectual relationship, professor, disciple, academic sociology, history of sociology, sociologia militans, sociologia cogitans, action – investigation, sociological monograph.

• Andrei, Petre, Sociologie generală, Editura Scrisul Românesc, Craiova, 1936.
• Andrei, Petre, Dialoguri parlamentare, Editura Ankarom, Iaşi, 1996.
• Costea, Ştefan (coord.), Sociologi români. Mică enciclopedie, Editura Expert, Bucureşti, 2001.
• Diaconu, Marin, Constantinescu, Constantin, Herseni, Ioana, Traian Herseni în critica vremii, Editura Universităţii din Piteşti, Piteşti, 2007.
• Gusti, Dimitrie, La science de la realite sociale, Alcan, Paris, 1941.
• Gusti, Dimitrie, Sociologia monografică. Introducere la lucrarea lui Traian Herseni „Teoria monografiei sociologice”, Bucureşti, 1934.
• Herseni, Traian, Istoria sociologiei româneşti, Editura Renaissance, Bucureşti, 2007.
• Mâciu, Mircea, Petre Andrei: activitatea-concepţia-opera, Editura ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1986.
• Merton, Robert, The Matthew Effect in Science, în revista „Science”, nr. 3810, 1968.
• Petrişor, Diana, Confesiuni. Petru P. Andrei, Editura Ankarom, Iaşi,1997.
• Rostas, Zoltan, , Atelierul gustian – o arbordare organizaţională, Editura Tritonic, Bucureşti, 2005.

The Interwar Perspective of the School of Cluj on the Sociological School of Bucharest

The sociological school of Bucharest was the pinnacle of interwar Romanian sociology. While on the face of it, the Romanian sociology of the period under discussion was almost entirely identified with monographic sociology, inside its field there were several “schools, groups or trends” advocating irreconcilable theories and unwilling to collaborate. This explains in part the dim impact of D.Gusti’s monographic school on the other Romanian, chiefly academic, centers.

In the case of Cluj, the response of academic sociology to D. Gusti and his sociological school oscillated between almost complete disregard (Virgil I. Bărbat) and critical analysis of sociological monograph in its twofold aspect of theory and method (George Em. Marica), accompanied by E. Sperantia’s rather balanced perspective. The latter valued Gusti’s extensive program of understanding social reality, emphasizing the new elements it contained in relation to the previous trends in sociological research, but also “recorded” the criticism of the method, and concluded that Gusti’s work was “manifold useful socially and nationally”.

1. Gusti and his monographic school enjoyed a better reception among some intellectual circles of Cluj involved in sociological research. One of them, the “group around “Societatea de mâine” journal”, distinguished itself by a sociographic approach and certain scientifically noteworthy results in the field of rural social research. Sociographic research was conceived as an approach adjacent to monographic sociology. In spite of the fact that I. Clopoţel, the mentor of the group, applauded the monographic paradigm, he suggested and practiced another research approach with a purposely-asserted applied objective. Thus, according to the “group of “Societatea de mâine” journal”, far from being a “preamble” to sociology, sociography was in fact an autonomous discipline, at the crossroads of sociology and politics. Whereas this group wished to be independent of D. Gusti’s school, the group around the journal “Gând Românesc” (edited by “Astra”) explicitly adhered to the monographic trend. The group distinguished itself in the field of sociology by the monographic campaign of Măguri (Cluj county), carried on following an agreement between D. Gusti and Iuliu Haţieganu, the president of the Cluj department of “Astra” Society. Other less ample researches of the group around “Gând Românesc” were the campaigns of Borlovenii Vechi and Pătaş (Caraş county), where Gusti’s monographic “pattern” was not entirely pursued due to objective reasons, as well as the “field trips” in the Apuseni Mountains, with the view to investigate the social, economic and cultural situation of their inhabitants. Later on, the Social Service Bill integrated this group in the Cluj Branch of the Social Research Institute of Romania.

In conclusion, we believe that whereas in what concerns his doctrine D. Gusti was perceived differently in various cultural-scientific centers of our country or even within the same center, the impact of his personality and his monographic school on social research in the interwar age was obviously positive.

Keywords: D. Gusti, monographic sociology, interwar sociology in Cluj, sociography, “Societatea de mâine” research group, the group around “Gând Românesc”.

• Clopoţel, Satele răzleţe ale României. Habitatul răsfirat din munţii transilvani şi bănăţeni. Studii de sociologie rurală (The scattered Romanian Villages.The Scattered Habitat in Tansylvanian and the Banat Mountains. Studies of Rural Sociology), Alba Iulia, Editura „Alba”, 1939.
• Dungaciu, Portrete şi controverse (Portraits and Controversies), Bucureşti, Editura Tritonic, 2008.
• Gusti, Tr. Herseni, H.H. Stahl, Monografia – teorie şi metodă (Monography – Theory and Method), Bucureşti, Editura Paideia, 1999.
• Tr. Herseni, Istoria sociologiei româneşti. Sociologia academică (The History of Romanian Sociology. Academic Sociology), (Ediţie îngrijită de Marin Diaconu şi Ioana Herseni), Bucureşti, Editura Renaissance, 2007.
• Maria Larionescu, Istoria sociologiei româneşti (The History of Romanian Sociology), Bucureşti, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2007.
• George Em. Marica, Studii sociologice (Sociological Studies), (Editori: Gh. Cordoş şi Tr. Rotariu), Cluj-Napoca, Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundaţia Culturală Română, 1997,
• George Em. Marica, Satul ca structură psihică şi socială. Curs de sociologie rurală (Village as Psychological and Social Structure. Course in Rural Sociology), (Editor: A. Negru), Cluj-Napoca, Editura Argonaut, 2004.
• Mâciu, Interpretări. Din istoria sociologiei româneşti (Idei, evenimente, personalităţi), (Interpretations. From the History of Romanian Sociology – ideas, events, personalities), Iaşi, Editura Junimea, 1980.
• Negru, E. Pop., Florenţa Stavarache, Salánki Z., Silviu. G. Totelecan, Sociologia clujeană interbelică. Repere teoretice şi empirice (Cluj Interwar Sociology. Empirical and Theoretical Highlights), Cluj-Napoca, Editura Argonaut, 2002
• Zoltán Rostás, Sala luminoasă. Primii monografişti ai Şcolii gustiene (The Bright Room.The First Monographists of Gusti’s School), Bucureşti, Editura Paideia, 2003.
• Sperantia, Introducere în sociologie (Introduction to Sociology), vol. I. Istoria concepţiilor sociologice (The History of Sociological Conceptions), ed. a II-a, revăzută şi adăugită, Bucureşti, Casa Şcoalelor, 1944.

Mircea Vulcănescu: a polemist monographist

This paper capitalize on the lesser known side of Mircea Vulcanescu’s activity, namely as monographist controversialist, caught in a moment of general effervescence of the young interwar generation from the beginning of the fourth decade, when the main monographists were trying to assert themselves in a distinct way and with programmatic articles in newspapers written for a mass audience, not only accessible to a limited academic research. It is about the polemics caused by his articles published in Dreapta, whose ideas were perceived as too “ruraliste” by both Peter Comarnescu, representative of the humanist left, and Mihail Polihronide, akin to the Legionary Movement. The exchange of ideas between these figures is interesting not only for Romanian interwar history, but also because they touch generally valid and current topics of social sciences: to what extent one can speak about a linear evolution of human society, or rather, about a plurality of forms of social existence; which is the difference between the sociological and ethical point of view. The article also brings new data about Vulcanescu’s attempt to find a middle way, “a rural way”, between Marxism and fascism.

Keywords: monographists, ruralism, young interwar generation, fascism, marxism, gandhism

• Boia, Lucian (2011), Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 şi 1945/ History Traps. Romanian intelectual elit between 1930 and 1945, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti.
• Comarnescu, Petru (1933), ”O confuzie periculoasă. Unitate umană şi romantism rural” / ”A dangerous confusion. Human unity and rural romanticism”, Stânga, an II, nr. 12, p. 7.
• Cuza, A.C. (1933), Studii economico-politice (1890-1930) / Economic and political studies (1890-1930), Ed. Casei Şcoalelor, Bucureşti.
• Livezeanu, Irina (1998), Cultură şi naţionalism în România Mare: 1918-1930 / Culture and nationalism in Greater Reomania: 1918-1930, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti.
• Polihroniade, Mihail (1932), ”O anumită stângă… dar şi o anumită dreaptă” / ”A certain left and also a certain right”, Axa, an I, nr. 4, p. 1,2.
• Polihroniade, Mihail (1933), ”Generaţia tânără şi ritmul mondial” / ”Young generation and the global rhythm”, Azi, an II, nr. 1, p. 467-483.
• Popper, Karl R. (1993), Societatea deschisă şi duşmanii săi. Vol. II. Epoca marilor profeţi: Hegel şi Marx / The Open Society and Its Enemies. Volume 2: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the Aftermath, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti.
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (1932), ”În al unsprezecelea ceas” / ”At the eleventh hour”, Dreapta, anul II, nr. 1, p. 1-2.
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (1932), „Cele două Românii” / ”The two Romania’s”, Dreapta, an II, nr. 2, p. 1, 3.
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (1932), ”Puţină sociologie” / „Some sociology”, Dreapta, an II, nr. 4, p. 1, 3.
• Vulcănescu, Mircea, (2005), Opere. Chipuri spirituale. Prolegomene sociologice / Works. Spiritual faces. Sociological prolegomena, Vol. II, Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti.
• Vulcănescu, Mircea, Statul ţărănesc (1933) / The peasent state , note nepublicate, Arhiva Vulcănescu.
• Zane, G. (1936), Ţărănismul şi organizarea statului român / Agrarianism and the organization of the romanian state, PNŢ, Biblioteca de Educaţie Ţărănească.

Recovery attempt: the state of health of Fundul Moldovei (Bucovina) in the summer of 1928 

Very little is known today about the monographic campaign that took place in the summer of 1928 at Fundul Moldovei, Bucovina. Only a few researchers from Dimitrie Gusti’s team wrote and published small studies concerning the campaign in the scientifical journals and magazines of the time: Traian Herseni signed an article about „Person and society at Fundul Moldovei” in „Arhiva pentru ştiinţa şi reforma socială”, the same magazine hosted a few pages written by Floria Capsali about „Dances from Fundul Moldovei” and Henri H. Stahl published in „Sociologie românească” an article about a „A visionary from Bucovina”. A dense and serious contribution, belonging to the anthropologist Francisc Rainer and including the results of the anthropological study carried out at Fundul Moldovei, was published in 1937, as a tribute to the International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistorical Archeology, hosted by Bucharest in September that year. In other words, only four researchers – from those 60 who were at Fundul Moldovei in 1928 – left written traces about this campaign. Apart from them – nothing, zero, vacuum. One thing is sure, though: research had been done at Fundul Moldovei, as long as the campaign lasted for a whole month and as long as the patrimony of Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum in Bucharest includes two files with documents, belonging to the researchers taking part at this particular campaign. These are partial, fragmentary files, remainders of what had been studied in the summer of 1928, which only through a miracol could be saved from the attempt of the communist regime to make them disappear. In 2008, National Village Museum decided to publish the recuperated documents – all of them – in a volume: Fundu Moldovei. 80 de ani de la prima campanie monografică 1928-2008. Given our attempt to identify what had been studied in the monographic campaigns which took place in the 1920’s and 1930’s when it came to rural health, these two files (and, consequently, the volume published in 2008) are a real gold mine. They don’t include datasheets written by the members of the biological team – a team with this name existed among the researchers – but they do include equally important documents signed by the entire group of researchers; and those documents contain numerous pieces of sanitary information. We retrace – by means of these archive documents – the state of health of Fundul Moldovei (Bucovina) in the summer of 1928.

Keywords: monographic campaigns, Sociological School of Bucharest, Francisc Rainer, syphilis, rural health, peasant household, latrines, water supply

• Banu, Sănătatea poporului român /Romanian people’s health, Bucureşti, Fundaţia pentru Literatură şi Artă „Regele Carol II”, Bucureşti, 1935.
• Ernest Bernea, „Eu eram mai puţin năist decât alţii”, în Zoltán Rostás, Sala luminoasă. Primii monografişti ai Şcolii gustiene /The bright hall. First monographists of Gusti’s School, Editura Paideia, Bucureşti, 2003.
• Biblioteca Academiei Române, Manuscrise, Arhiva Dr. Rainer, XI varia 3, Copiile scrisorilor trimise de dr. Francisc Rainer soţiei sale dr. Marta Francisc Rainer între anii 1898-1939/Transcripts of the letters sent by dr. Francisc Rainer to his wife dr. Marta Francisc Rainer between 1898-1939, scrisoarea 319.
• Biblioteca Academiei Române, Manuscrise, Arhiva Dr. Rainer, XI varia 3, Copiile scrisorilor trimise de dr. Francisc Rainer soţiei sale dr. Marta Francisc Rainer între anii 1898-1939/Transcripts of the letters sent by dr. Francisc Rainer to his wife dr. Marta Francisc Rainer between 1898-1939, scrisoarea 320.
• Catalogul materialului sociologic privitor la cercetările întreprinse în comuna Fundul Moldovei din Bucovina, în anul 1928, cu referinţe la cercetările anterioare din 1925 (Goicea Mare), 1926 (Ruşeţu) şi 1927 (Nereju)/Catalogue of the sociological material regarding the investigation made at Fundul Moldovei, Bucovina, 1928, with references to the previous campaigns: 1925 (Goicea Mare), 1926 (Ruşeţu) and 1927 (Nereju), s.n., Bucureşti, 1928
• Enquêtes anthropologiques dans trois villages roumains des Carpathes. Avec 34 planches, dont 20 photographiques/Anthropological investigation in three Romanian villages in the Carpathians, Faculté de Médecine de Bucarest. Travaux de l’Institut d’Anatomie et d’Embryologie. Directeur Prof. Fr. I. Rainer, Imprimeria Centrală, Bucureşti, 1937.
• Gospodăria lui Gheorghe Bârsan. Fişă realizată de Hersenie Traian, Gabrea Gheorghe, Dosarul I, în Dr. Paula Popoiu, Fundu Moldovei. 80 de ani de la prima campanie monografică 1928-2008/Fundu Moldovei. 80 years after the first monographic campaign 1928-2008, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2008.
• Mihai Pop, „Arhiva de folclor… la şura de fân”, în Zoltán Rostás, Sala luminoasă… /The bright hall…
• Marcela Focşa, „Pe vremea mea fiecare era altfel”, în Zoltán Rostás, Sala luminoasă… / The bright hall…
• Mihai Pop, „Arhiva de folclor… la şura de fân”, în Zoltán Rostás, Sala luminoasă… /The bright hall…,
• Paula Popoiu, Drăguş după 80 de ani de la prima campanie monografică /Drăguş. 80 years after the first monographic campaign, volumul 1, Editura Universitaria, Craiova, 2009.
• Paula Popoiu, Fundu Moldovei. 80 de ani de la prima campanie monografică 1928-2008 / Fundu Moldovei. 80 years after the first monographic campaign 1928-2008, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2008.
• Zoltán Rostás, Monografia ca utopie. Interviuri cu Henri H. Stahl (1985-1987) /The monography as  utopia: interviews with Henri H. Stahl (1985-1987), Editura Paidea, Bucureşti, 2000.
• Zoltán Rostás, Strada Latină nr. 8. Monografişti şi echipieri gustieni la Fundaţia Culturală Regală „Principele Carol” /Latin Street number 8. Gustian monographists and team workers at the Royal Foundation „Prince Carol”, Editura Curtea Veche, Bucureşti, 2009.
• Henri H. Stahl, Amintiri şi gânduri din vechea şcoală a „monografiilor sociologice” /Memories and thoughts from the old school of „sociological monographs”, Editura Minerva, Bucureşti, 1981.

On Modernity and Technologies of Nation-Building in the Projects of the Bucharest Sociological School

This article tackles the responses to the crises of modernity and technologies of nation building through the focalizing lens afforded by the Romanian sociologist Dimitrie Gusti (1880-1956) and the Bucharest Sociological School. Gusti’s “scientific” investigations of Romania’s “true,” organic culture as the basis for directing the country’s subsequent development illuminates broader phenomena during the first half of the 20^th century. First, the endeavors of the Bucharest Sociological School were part of the widespread quest for the resources and energies of popular mobilization. Second, the project of bolstering national ideologies with the epistemic apparatus of the social sciences marks a fundamental transition in the frames of references informing nationalist discourses throughout Europe and a shift towards more sociologically savvy strategies of nation-building. The cultural integration of the masses into unified nation-states would be justified by the “universal” truths of science. My analysis employs a transnational perspective focusing on the village as a privileged site of nation-building and social reform. The guiding premise is that notions of delayed economic or political development do not point towards historical exceptionalism. Rather, they are a constitutive feature of the modern condition. I thus deploy Gusti’s intellectual and political project as a means of interrogating a longstanding trope of Western scholarship on Romania: the notion of partial or delayed modernization.

Keywords: Bucharest Sociological School; modernity; interwar Eastern Europe; nation-building; epistemic regimes.

• * * * 1930. Recensămîntul general al populaţiei României din 29 Decemvrie 1930: Neam, limbă maternă, religie [General Census of the Romanian Population – December 29, 1930: Folk, Maternal language, Religion] (Vol. 2). Bucureşti: Institutul Central de Statistică.
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• Gusti, Dimitrie. 1939. Considerations on the Social Service Law in Romania. Morningside Heights: Columbia University Press.
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• Rostás, Zoltán. 2009. Strada Latină nr. 8. Monografişti şi echipieri gustieni la Fundaţia Culturală Regală „Principele Carol” [Gustian Monographers and Team Members at the Royal Cultural Foundation “Prince Carol”]. București: Ed. Curtea Veche.
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Rehabilitating Romanian Sociology – An Unembellished History

The author of the article analyzes the myth of re-establishing Romanian sociology in 1965. After a short review of the conditions and consequences of distruction of sociology, which followed after a set of measures introduced in 1948 by the new communist authorities, the author shows and proves that there has actually been two processes of rehabilitation. During the first (1954-1959) they tried to prudently reinstate monograhism, without exposing too strongly its founder, professor Dimitrie Gusti and his school of sociology. The author also examines the retrieve of the fieldwork, following after treading down the first initiative, started by the Institute of Philosophy of the Romanian Academy, in 1962, a process that has never been blocked again. The author shows that the year 1965 marked the rehabilitation of sociology in Romania, because that is the year when Nicolae Ceauşescu came to power, and needed this additional source of legitimacy.

Keywords: Dimitrie Gusti, monographic sociology, fieldwork, institutionalization of sociology, sociological education, mythologizing

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• Gulian, C.I. coord. (1964). Istoria gândirii sociale şi filosofice în România [The History of Social and Philosophical Thinking in Romania]. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei RPR.
• Gusti, Dimitrie (1996) Opere. Despre cultură [Collected Works. On Culture], Texte stabilite, organizate, adnotate, prefaţă, studiu introductiv, note şi comentarii de prof. univ. dr. doc. Ovidiu Bădina, Fundaţia „Dimitrie Gusti”, Biblioteca judeţeană Buzău.
• Gusti, Dimitrie. (1968-1993). Opere [Collected Works], vol. I-VII. Texte stabilite, note şi comentarii de prof. univ. dr. Bădina, Ovidiu şi Neamţu, Octavian. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei Române.
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