The Encyclopaedia of Romania and Sociological Gusti’s School

The Encyclopaedia of Romania, scheduled for publication in six volumes, of which only four were eventually published because of the beginning of World War II, represented an outstanding intellectual exploit, which wouldn’t have been accomplished without the contribution of the Sociological School of Bucharest, led by Dimitrie Gusti. The process of elaborating the conception of the encyclopaedia and organizing the collaborators’ work unfolded in the context of political tensions at home and abroad, which eventually lead to the beginning of World War II. This project was facilitated by the fact that Gusti’s school had reached maturity and was given the honor of organizing the 14th International Congress of Sociology, in Bucharest, precisely in 1939. The four volumes published from 1938 onwards and the documents of the two unfinished volumes bear witness of the Gustian School’s capacity to orient and mobilize the interwar Romanian intelligentsia for an essentially interdisciplinary work, a natural perspective for the monographic sociological framework. This introductory study, as well as the following analyses of the different aspects of this encyclopaedia, aims to bring light on several aspects of the Romanian interbellum which have been frequently omitted in the post-Decembrist intellectual discourse.
Keywords: The Encyclopaedia of Romania, Sociological School of Bucharest, political crises, International Congress of Sociology

The Enciclopaedia as a power strategy.
A snap-shot of a precarious domination and an unfinnished project: Vulcănescu and the national character

In this article I will analyze the Encyclopaedia seen as a manifestation of Gustian School’s domination within the scientific and cultural field of the interwar period. Given the type of power strategy used by D. Gusti and by monographists, as well as the context, this dominance has not morphed, however, in a cultural hegemony, meaning that it has not structured the intellectual world, nor has generated major narratives of interwar’s Romania. I will also show the key role played by Mircea Vulcănescu in ensuring full control on the writing of Encyclopaedia’s volumes by the Gustian School in coordinating the 3rd and 4th volumes dedicated to the national economy and, last but not least, his role in the development of important studies in the economy of the cultural challenges pursued by the monographists.
Keywords: Mircea Vulcănescu, Gustian School, Encyclopaedia of Romania, national character, scientific field

• Bourdieu, Pierre (1976), « Le champ scientifique » [“The scientific field”], în Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Vol. 2, nr. 2-3, pp. 88-104;
• Costinescu, Ion Matei, (2013), “The Nation as Epistemic Regime: On the Bucharest Sociological School, State Consolidation, and Interethnic Relations”, Sfera Politicii, no. 175, pp. 70-76;
• Golopenţia, Anton (2012), Rapsodia epistolară: Scrisori primite şi trimise de Anton Golopenţia (1923-1950), vol. III (Radu Crutzescu – Sabin Manuilă)[The Epistolary rhapsody. Letters received and sent by A.G. (1923-1950)], Ed. Enciclopedică;
• Momoc, Antonio (2012), Capcanele politice ale sociologiei interbelice. Şcoala Gustiană între carlism şi legionarism [The political traps of the interwar sociology. Gusti’s School betweenKing Karl II and the legionaries], Ed. Curtea Veche;
• Momoc, Antonio (2013), “Engineering a Good Society. The Sociological School of Bucharest National Project for Building Romania”, European Journal of Science and Theology, June 2013, Vol. 9, Supplement 2
• Müller, Dietmar (2013), „Instituţionalizarea cunoaşterii ştiinţelor sociale în perioada interbelică: Institutul Social Român şi Asociaţia de Politică Socială” [The Institutionalization of Social Sciences in Interwar Romania: The Romanian Institute of Social Sciences and the Asocciation of Social Politics], în Lucian Nastasă, Dragoş Sdrobiş (coord.), Politici culturale şi modele intelectuale în România, Ed. Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2013
• Stahl, H.H. (1983), Eseuri critice despre cultura populară românească [Critical essays on the Romanian popular culture],Ed. Minerva;
• Rostás, Zoltán (2013), „Criză şi/sau tranziţie la şcoala gustiană – 1932-1934. Din perspectiva corespondenţei lui Anton Golopenţia” [“Crisis and/or transition within the Gusti School – 1932-1934. From Anton Golopenţia’s correspondence point of view”], în Sfera Politicii, nr. 175, pp. 3-12;
• Rostás, Zoltán (2005), Atelierul Gustian [The Gustian Workshop], Ed. Tritonic;
• Rostás, Zoltán (2009), Strada Latină nr. 8 [Latin Street no. 8], Ed. Curtea Veche;
• Verdery, Katherine (1995), “National ideology and national character in interwar Romania”, în Banac, Ivo şi Verdery, K. (ed.), National character and national ideology in interwar Eastern Europe, New Haven, National character and national ideology in interwar Eastern Europe, New Haven;
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (1938), „Răsboiul pentru întregirea neamului” [The War for unifying the nation], în Enciclopedia României, Vol. I, pp. 883-936;
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (1939), „Sinteza economiei naţionale” [The synthesis of the national economy], Enciclopedia României, Vol. III, pp. V-VIII;
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (2004), Tânăra generaţie. Crize vechi în haine noi. Cine sunt şi ce vor tinerii români? [ The Young Generation. Old crisis in new habits. Who are the Romanian youngsters and what they want?], Ed. Compania;
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (2005), Opere I. Dimensiunea românească a existenţei [Works I. The Romanian dimension of existence], Ed. Fundaţiei Naţionale pentru Ştiinţă şi Artă, Ed. Univers Enciclopedic;
• Vulcănescu, Mircea (2005), Opere II. Chipuri spirituale. Prolegomene sociologice [Works II. Spiritual faces. Sociological prolegomena,], Ed. Fundaţiei Naţionale pentru Ştiinţă şi Artă, Ed. Univers Enciclopedic.

The Shrewd Ecumenicism of the Encyclopaedia of Romania: Biopolitics, Ethnic Cooperativism, and the Peasant State

The thesis of this article is that The Encyclopaedia of Romania was embedded within, as well as helped to define, a large and shifting biopolitical field of human sciences and governmentality. The cognitive interest of this field resided in searching for a template of national subject-making cum citizenship creation. Crucial to this undertaking was the diagnosis of blockages hindering the transformation of the Romanian peasants, seen irrespective of ideological bent as the putative bearers of “nationhood”, into active political subjects, insofar as, like in any nationalist endeavor, said citizen-subjects were preferred over purely autonomous political agents. I substantiate these arguments by focusing on two contributors to the Encyclopaedia, namely the philosopher Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (1868-1957) and the economist Gromoslav Mladenatz (1891-1958).The cross-disciplinary intersection of Rădulescu-Motru’s philosophy of culture with Mladenatz’s cooperativist ideas makes manifest the biopolitical presuppositions of the intellectual and ideological field structuring the Encyclopaedia of Romania.
Keywords: Encyclopaedia of Romania, biopolitics, Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, Gromoslav Mladenatz, cooperativism,
nationalism, citizenship

• Costinescu, Ion Matei, (2012), “On Modernity and Nation-Building in the Projects of the Bucharest Sociological School”, Revista Transilvania, no.11-12, pp. 79-85;
• Costinescu, Ion Matei, (2013), “The Nation as Epistemic Regime: On the Bucharest Sociological School, State Consolidation, and Interethnic Relations”, Sfera Politicii, no. 175, pp. 70-76;
• Dragomir, Elena, (2010), “Development Characteristics of Interwar European Periphery: The Case of Romania and Lithuania’s Agriculture”, Revista Română Pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice, Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 60-62.
• Finţescu, Ion N., (1943), „Legislaţia Cooperativă”/ “Cooperative Legislation”, in Dimitrie Gusti, C. Orghidan et al. (eds.), Enciclopedia României, Vol. 4. Economia Naţională – Circulaţie, Distribuţie, Consum / The Encyclopaedia of Romania, Vol. 4. The National Economy – Circulation, Distribution, Consumption, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională, pp. 621-627;
• Foucault, Michel, “Governmentality”, in G. Burchell, Gordon & P Miller (eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 87-104;
• Foucault, Michel, (2008), The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978-1979, trans. G. Burchell, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-22;
• Gusti, Dimitrie, (1938), „O Enciclopedie Românească”/ “A Romanian Encyclopaedia”, in Dimitrie Gusti, C. Orghidan et al. (eds.), Enciclopedia României, Vol. 1. Statul / The Encyclopaedia of Romania, Vol.1. The State, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională, pp. VII-IX;
• Hitchins, Keith, (1994), Rumania, 1866-1947, Oxford: Clarendon Press;
• Hunyadi, Attila Gábor, (2012), “National Economic Self-Organization Models”, in Attila Gábor Hunyadi (ed.), State and Minority in Transylvania. Studies on the History of the Hungarian Community, 1918-1989, trans. M. Caples, New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press, pp. 27-59;
• Larionescu, Maria, (2013), „Economia Socială şi Cooperaţia în România. O Perspectivă Socioistoică Comparată”/ “Social Economy and Cooperativism in Romania. A Socio-Historical Comparative Perspective”, Revista Calitatea Vieţii, Vol. XXIV, no. 2, pp. 109-136;
• Livezeanu, Irina (1995), Cultural Politics in Greater Romania, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press;
• Love, Joseph, (1996), Crafting the Third World: Theorizing Underdevelopment on Romania and Brazil, Stanford: Stanford University Press;
• Madgearu, Virgil, (1924), „Doctrina Ţărănistă”/ “The Peasantist Doctrine”, in Dimitrie Gusti, Nicolae Iorga et al., Doctrinele Partidelor Politice. 19 Prelegei Publice Organizate De Institutul Social Român, Bucureşti: Cultura Naţională, pp. 65-88;
• Manoilescu, Mihail,(1934), Filozofia şi Doctrina Corporatistă/ The Philosophy and Doctrine of Corporatism, Bucureşti: Tipografia ziarului „Universul”;
• Manuilă, Sabin and D.C. Georgescu, (1938), „Populaţia României”/ “The Population of Romania”, in Enciclopedia României, Vol.1. Statul, pp. 133-160;
• Mladenatz, Gromoslav, (1926), „Problemele Actuale ale Mişcării Cooperative Mondiale” / “The Current Problems of the World Cooperativist Movement”, Arhiva Pentru Ştiinţa şi Reforma Socială, Anul VI, no. 1-2, pp. 75-103;
• Mladenatz, Gromoslav, (1937), „Posibilităţile şi Dificultăţile Cooperaţiei în Satele Româneşti” / “The Possibilities and Challenges of Cooperation in the Romanian Villages”, Sociologie Românească, Anul II, no.2-3, pp. 108-111;
• Mladenatz, Gromoslav, (1943), „Politica Cooperativă” / “Cooperatist Policy”, in Enciclopedia României, Vol. 4. Economia Naţională – Circulaţie, Distribuţie, Consum, pp. 628-633;
• Mladenatz, Gromoslav, (1943), „Întrepinderi Cooperative”/ “Cooperative Enterpises”, in Enciclopedia României, Vol. 4. Economia Naţională – Circulaţie, Distribuţie, Consum, pp.
  633-670;
• Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin (1904), Cultura Română Şi Politicianismul / Romanian Culture and Politicianism, Bucureşti: Librăria Socecu;
• Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin (1934), Ideologia Statului Român / The Ideology of the Romanian State, Bucureşti: Tipografia Bucovina;
• Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin, (1936), Românismul. Catehismul Unei Noi Spiritualităţi / Romanianism. The Catechism of a New Spirituality, (Bucureşti: Fundaţia Pentru Literatură Şi Artă “Regele Carol II”;
• Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin, (1938), „Psihologia Poporului Român”/ “The Psychology of the Romanian People”, in Enciclopedia României, Vol.1. Statul, pp. 161-168;
• Turda, Marius, (2008), “The Nation as Object: Race, Blood, and Biopolitics in Interwar ”, Slavic Review, Vol. 66, no., pp. 413-441.

Gusti’s Monograph of the Nation, a Model for the Encyclopaedia of Romania (1938-1943)

The Encyclopaedia of Romania (1938-1943), an illustrative work of the Romanian spirituality, is ascribed to the sphere of influence of the Bucharest School of Sociology due to its initiative “father”, Dimitrie Gusti, professor and founder of the school, as well as due to the model of the sociological communities’ monograph which it followed. The imprint of the Gusti school of monographs was powerful enough in order to influence the motivation for the elaboration of the Encyclopaedia of Romania – its theoretical and methodological orientation, the solutions agreed for problems identification and solving, the negotiations of the different points of view, the overcoming of the obstacles encountered during the approach, etc. In the following article the author lists some relevant aspects showing how the system of Gusti’s school of sociology decisively influenced the identity of the Encyclopaedia of Romania.
Keywords: Encyclopaedia of Romania, The Bucharest school of sociology, Dimitrie Gusti, theoretical and methodological orientation

• Angelescu, N. C. 1943. Renta solului / The rent of the soil, in Enciclopedia României, vol. IV, Economia Naţională. Circulaţie, Distribuţie şi Consum / National economy. Circulation, distribution and consumership. Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Bădina, Ovidiu. 1965. Cercetarea sociologică concretă. Tradiţii româneşti / Concrete sociological research. Romanian traditions, Bucureşti: Editura ştiinţifică.
• Garoflid, C şi N. Cornăţeanu, 1939. Politica agricolă / Agricultural policy, in Enciclopedia României,vol. III, Economia Naţională. Cadre şi Producţie / National economy. Frames and production, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Georgescu, Mitu, 1939. Populaţia în viaţa economică a României / The population in Romania’s economic life, in Enciclopedia României, vol. III, Economia Naţională. Cadre şi Producţie / National economy. Frames and production, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Gusti, Dimitrie. 1938. Ştiinţa Naţiunii / Science of nation, in Enciclopedia României, vol. I, Statul / The State, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Giurescu, Const., C. 1938. Istoria Românilor / The History of Romanians, in Enciclopedia României, vol. I, Statul / The State, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Herseni, Tr. 1934. Teoria monografiei sociologice / The Theory of the sociological monograph, Bucureşti: Institutul Social Român.
• Ionescu-Şişeşti, C. 1939. Agricultura României / The Agriculture of Romania, in Enciclopedia României, vol. III, Economia Naţională. Cadre şi Producţie / National economy. Frames and production, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Iorga, Nicolae. 1938. Originea, Firea şi Destinul Neamului Românesc / The Origin, nature, and destiny of the Romanian people, in Enciclopedia României, vol. I, Statul / The State, Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Larionescu, Maria, Mărginean, Ioan, Neagu, Gabriela. 2006. Constituirea clasei mijlocii în România / The Formation of the middle class in Romania, Bucureşti: Editura Economică.
• Larionescu, Maria, 2007. Istoria sociologiei româneşti / History of Romanian sociology, Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti.
• Manoilescu, M. 1939. Evoluţia economiei industriale / The Evolution of industrial economy, in Enciclopedia României, vol. III, Economia Naţională / National economy. Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Mihăilescu, Vintilă. 1938. Geografia României / Geography of Romania, in Enciclopedia României, vol. I, Statul / The State. Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.
• Mladenatz, Gr. 1943. Politica cooperativă / The Cooperative policy, in Enciclopedia României, vol. IV, Economia Naţională. Circulaţie, Distribuţie şi Consum / National economy. Circulation, distribution and consumership. Bucureşti: Imprimeria Naţională.

Plans and Projects for Volume V
of the „Encyploclopaedia of Romania”

The prezent paper contains information from Anton Golopenţia’s personal archive consening the unpulished volume V anVI of the Encyclopaedia of Romania. The volumes were dedicated to Romanian culture. Among the materials that we discuss figures an ample proiect for volum V of the Encyclopaedia autored by A. Golopenţia.
Keywords: Encyclopaedia of Romania vol.V – Anton Golopenţia – project for vol. V of the Encyclopaedia

Henri H. Stahl, Constantin Garoflid and “rural question” near 1938

The following paper is an attempt to integrate two articles, written by Henri H. Stahl and Constantin Garoflid for the first volume of „Enciclopedia României”, with the context in which they were written and published, that of the year 1938 and its recent past. Both articles deal with Romania’s peasantry, its social history, social classes and rural property, state interventions, policies and reforms and the country’s predominant agrarian economy. Beyond the fact that each of the two articles has as a main focus a rather different interval of time and social change, what sets them strongly appart is their polemic view on the above topics and issues. Moreover, as we explore their contents, dealing mostly with the past, we find that they are strongly connected with the context in which they were written and published, giving and receiving meanings in relation to it. We thus find that the articles offer threads of meaning connecting internal and external politics and economical contexts, the state’s social and economic policies, individual and group stakes and actions, the past with the present and their authors with their personal and social backgrounds.
Keywords: Henri H. Stahl, Constantin Garoflid, „Enciclopedia României”, peasants, social history, Bucharest School of Sociology, rural development, state, social classes, rural property, 1938, social context

• *** 1938, Lege privitoare la Organizarea şi Încurajarea Agriculturii / Law regarding the organization and stimulation of agriculture (Promulgată cu înaltul decret regal Nr. 1361 din 19 Martie 1937 şi publicată în Monitorul Oficial Nr. 67, partea I din 22 Martie 1937, cu modificarea art. 48, alin. a), publicată în Monitorul Oficial Nr. 219, partea I din 22 Septembrie 1937), Bucureşti, Monitorul Oficial şi Imprimeriile Statului – Imprimeria Centrală
• ***, 1938, Însemnătatea proprietătii mari şi mijlocii – rolul ei în economia ţării: Conferinţa d-lui Const. Garoflid, preşedintele “Uniunii Sindicatelor agricole” / The significance of the high and middle property – its role in the economy of the country: Conference of Mr. Const. Garoflid, president of the „Unuin of Agrarian Syndicates”, in Universul, an 55, nr. 91, Saturday 2 April
• Filloti, M., Angelescu, D., ed., 1938, L’Agriculture en Roumanie, Atlas Statistique: Publie par le Ministere de L’Agriculture et des Domaines / Agriculture in Romania, Statistic Atlas: Published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Domains, Bucureşti, Monitorul Oficial şi Imprimeriile Statului
• Galitzi, Chr., 1938, Economia dirijată în regiunile rurale ale Statelor Unite / The directive economy in the rural regions of the United States, in „Sociologie Românească”, Bucureşti, Institutul Social Român, an III, nr. 7-9
• Georgescu, D. C., Golopenţia, A., 1941, 60 de sate româneşti: cercetate de echipele studenţeşti în vara 1938 – Anchetă sociologică condusă de Anton Golopenţia şi Dr. D. C. Georgescu: Situaţia economică / 60 Romanian villages: researched by student teams in the summer of 1938 – A sociological inquiry run by Anton Golopenţia and Dr. D.C. Georgescu: The Economical situation, vol. II, Bucureşti, Institutul de Ştiinţe Sociale al României
• Gusti, Dimitrie, 1938, Participarea satelor la organizarea ţării / The Participation of the villages in the organization of the country, in „Sociologie Românească”, Bucureşti, Institutul Social Român, an III, nr. 4-6
• Gusti, Dimitrie, 1938a, Serviciul Social / Social Service, in „Sociologie Românească”, Bucureşti, Institutul Social Român, an III, nr. 7-9
• Gusti, Dimitrie, 1938b, Starea de azi a satului românesc / The Current state of the Romanian village, in „Sociologie Românească” Bucureşti, Institutul Social Român, an III, nr. 10-12
• Hillgruber, A., 2007, Hitler, regele Carol şi mareşalul Antonescu / Hitler, King Charles and Marshal Antonescu, Bucureşti, Humanitas
• Larionescu, M., 2013, Economia socială şi cooperaţia. O perspectivă socioistorică comparată / Social economy and cooperation. A soicio, Iaşi, Polirom
• Momoc, A., 2012, Capcanele politice ale sociologiei interbelice: Şcoala gustiană între carlism şi legionarism / The political traps of inter-war sociology: The Gusti school between King Charles and the Iron Guard, Bucureşti, Curtea Veche
• Rostas, Zoltán, 2003, Sala luminoasă: Primii monografişti ai Şcolii gustiene / The lightsome hall: The first monographists of the Gusti school, Bucureşti, Paideia
• Rostas, Zoltán, 2009, Strada Latină, nr. 8: Monografişti şi echipieri gustieni la Fundaţia Culturală Regală „Principele Carol” / Latin Street 8: Gusti school monographists and team-workers at the King Charkes Royal Foundation, Bucureşti, Curtea Veche
• Scurtu, Ioan, 2003, Ideologie şi formaţiuni de dreapta în România / Rith-wing formations and ideology in Romania, vol. IV, 1934-1938, Bucureşti, Academia Română – Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismului
• Şandru, Dumitru, 2000, Reforma agrară din 1945 în România / The 1945 agrarian reform in Romania, Bucureşti, Institutul Naţional pentru Studiul Totalitarismuluii

Grigore Trancu-Iaşi and the “National” Labour. Interwar Social Policy between Nationalism and Fighting Unemployment

Romania’s political situation after the World War I, the Soviet neighborhood promising a dictatorship of the proletariat, the increasing number of people employed in industry and transport were sufficient grounds to establish a national policy to regulate labour in Greater Romania. However, international obligations undertaken by signing the Treaty of Versailles and admission to the International Labour Office were the immediate causes which led to the establishment of the first public structure: the Ministry of Labour. Labour regime in the interwar period was not even once modified by social pressure. Official interest varied according to economic conditions, government ideology and the personality of the holder of the office. The founder was Grigore Trancu-Iaşi, a radical statemen. Of humble extraction, he imagined himself as a sort of protector of Romanian workers. His vision was “national”: employers and employees were in the service of the motherland. The end of the democratical regime in 1938 came with a different type of policy toward the working class. The political elite, democratically elected or directly appointed by the King, employed philanthropy or offered incentives. However, solidarity never became a reality.
Keywords: Social History, Labour History, Social Policy, Greater Romania, Nationalism, Antisemitism

• Anton, Iuliana. Viaţa şi opera lui Grigore Trancu-Iaşi / Life and Work of Grigore Trancu-Iaşi. F.l., Editura Ararat, 1998.
• Barasch, Marco I. Legislaţia muncii în cadrul politicii sociale / Labour Legislation as Social Policy. În: G. Taşcă, G. Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930.
• Constituţia Regatului României (1923) / Constitution of the Kingdom of Romania (1923) – accesibilă pe pagina de internet a Camerei Deputaţilor, http://www.cdep.ro/ pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=1517
• Constituţia Regatului României (1938) / Constitution of the Kingdom of Romania (1938), – accesibilă pe pagina de internet a Camerei Deputaţilor, http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=9206
• Enciclopedia României / Encyclopaedia of Romania, vol. I: Statul. Bucureşti, Imprimeria Naţională, 1936-1938.
• Gîlcă, Costel. Noi teorii în dreptul muncii, II: prezentarea şi analiza legii din 1912 – primul cod al muncii român / New Theories in Labour Law, II: Presentation and analysis of the Law of 1912 – the First Romanian Labour Code – accesibil la http://www.dreptonline.ro/articole/articol.php?id_articol=64
• Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi văzut de contimporani / Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi seen by Contemporaries. Sub îngrijirea lui Mihail Alfandary şi R. Joil, Craiova, Scrisul Românesc, [1935].
• Ioaniţescu, D.R. Partidele politice şi politica socială / Political Parties and the Social Policy. În: G. Taşcă, G. Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930.
• Lespinet-Moret, Isabelle şi Liebeskind-Sauthier, Ingrid. Albert Thomas, le BIT et le chômage: expertise, catégorisation et action politique internationale / Albert Thomas, ILO and the Unemployment: Appraisal, Categorization and International Political Action – accesibilă la http://irice.univ-paris1.fr/spip.php?article376
• Manoilescu, Mihail. La classe patronale et la politique sociale / The Capitalists and the Social Policy. În: G. Taşcă, G. Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930.
• Ralea, Mihail. Munca în noul regim / Labour under the New Regime. În: Pentru rege, naţiune şi cultură/For the King, Nation, and Culture. Lucrare apărută sub îngrijirea dr. Florin Codrescu, f.l., A[sociaţia] P[ubliciştilor] R[omâni], 1938.
• Răducanu, Ion. Ministerul Muncii – importanţa sa în organizaţia de stat a poporului român / Ministry of Labour – Its Importance to the Institutional Organization of the Romanian People. În: G. Taşcă, G.
• Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930. Strat, George. Evoluţia dreptului de asociaţiune în cei zece ani de politică socială în România / The Evolution of the Right of Association in a Decade of Romanian Social Policy. În: G. Taşcă, G. Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930.
• Trancu-Iaşi, Grigore L. România şi Biroul Internaţional al Muncii / Romania and the International Labour Office. În: G. Taşcă, G. Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930.
• Trancu-Iaşi, Grigore. Memorii politice (1921-1938) / Political Memoirs (1921-1938). Ediţie îngrijită de Fabian Anton, Bucureşti, Curtea Veche, 2001.
• Trancu-Iaşi, Grigore. Munca românească şi viitorul ei sub domnia Maiestăţii Sale regelui Carol al II-lea / Romanian Labour and its Future under the Reign of His Majesty King Carol II. În: Pentru rege, naţiune şi cultură / For the King, Nation, and Culture. Lucrare apărută sub îngrijirea dr. Florin Codrescu, f.l., A[sociaţia] P[ubliciştilor] R[omâni], 1938.
• Trancu-Iaşi, Grigore. Ţara mea. Memorii, 1916-1920 / My Country. Memoirs, 1916-1920. Ediţie îngrijită de Fabian Anton, Bucureşti, Editura Ararat, 1998.
• Trancu-Iaşi, Grigore. Un deceniu de la înfiinţarea Ministerului Muncii / A Decade after the Establishment of the Ministry of Labour. În: G. Taşcă, G. Strat, D.R. Ioaniţescu, Albert Thomas, M. Manoilescu, C. Titel-Petrescu, Stavri C. Cunescu, I. Răducanu, Caterina Cerkez, M.I. Barasch, Gr.L. Trancu-Iaşi, Un deceniu de politică socială românească / A Decade of Social Policy in Romania, [Bucureşti], Asociaţia Română pentru Progresul Social, 1930.
• Tratatul de la Versailles / Treaty of Versailles, titlul XIII, art. 427, 1 – accesibil pe pagina de internet a Universităţii din Perpignan, http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/traites/1919versailles13.htm#XIII
• Voinescu, Alice. Jurnal / Diary. Ediţie îngrijită, evocare, tabel biobibliografic şi note de Maria Ana Murnu, Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 2002.

The Encyclopaedia of Romania as a political propaganda mechanism.
Cezar Petrescu about the “Savior” of Romania

The aim of this paper is to “contextualize” the contribution of Cezar Petrescu to the first volume of Encyclopaedia of Romania. In the chapter entitled The Reign of Carol 2nd, Petrescu tried to emphasize the positive aspects of the reforms implemented by the Romanian king until 1938, in domains such as education, administration, the development and the research of the rural side or the strengthen of the defensive capacities of Romania. Despite the propagandistic sides of this demarche, the issues approached by Petrescu were, in fact, previous concerns in his journalistic activity. The overcrowding of the universities, the intellectual unemployment (which he used to call “university dumping”) or the underdevelopment of the Romanian village (as depicted in many of his novels) proved to be the symptoms of an inert society. From the point of view of the “intellectual deontology”, Cezar Petrescu failed to remain an equidistant observer. In fact, as director of the daily newspaper Romania, he played an important role in sustaining the dictatorial regime of Carol 2nd. But, if it is to compare him with some other intellectuals, Petrescu remains one of those who – interested or not – believed that Carol 2nd could have represented a new way for the Romanian society.
Keywords: Cezar Petrescu, Encyclopaedia of Romania, propaganda, the reign of Carol 2nd, intellectual unemployment, Romanian youth

• Felix Aderca (editor), Mărturia unei generaţii / The testimony of a generationi, Bucureşti, Casa de Editură S. Ciornei, 1929.
• Ion Bălu, Cezar Petrescu, Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 1972.
• Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei (elita intelectuală românească între 1930 şi 1950) / The traps of history (Romanian intellectual elite between 1930 and 1950), Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 2011
• George Călinescu, Istoria literaturii române (de la origini până în prezent) / The history of Romanian literature (from its origins to the present), Bucureşti, Fundaţia Regală pentru Literatură şi Artă, 1941.
• Enciclopedia României, vol. I: Statul / The State, Bucureşti, Imprimeria Naţională, 1938.
• Dimitrie Gusti, Plan de acţiune pentru 1938 / Action plan for 1938, in Sociologie românească, an III, 1-3/1938.
• Ştefan Ionescu (editor), Corespondenţa lui Cezar Petrescu / The Correspondence of Cezar Petrescu, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1986.
• Jacques Julliard, Michel Winock (coord.), Dictionnaire des intellectuels francais / Dictionary of French intellectuals, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 2009.
• Mihail Sebastian, Jurnal 1935-1944 / Diary 1935-1944, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 1996.

The Country Watch in the “Encyclopaedia of Romania”

Probably the only institution created by King Carol II which is still remembered, the Country Watch was inspired by youth movements created by the totalitarian regimes during the interwar. Having the cult of the sovereign as its focal point, this organisation tried to integrate all the other youth organisations in Romania, in order to counterbalance the rise of the extreme right. In this article, I aim to investigate the small chapter dedicated to the Country Watch (Straja Ţării) in the 1938 Encyclopaedia of Romania. I intend to discuss the structure of the text, its authors, and the images chosen to illustrate the chapter. Nevertheless, I intend to place the text in the context of its era. However, my conclusion is that for the present day scholar, the chapter from the 1938 “Encyclopaedia of Romania” is rather an introduction, and not the ultimate resource for the investigation of this de-famed, yet complex youth organisation.
Keywords: Straja Ţării/Country Watch, Encyclopaedia of Romania, youth, education, mass-organisation

• Decret-lege pentru organizarea şi funcţionarea „Straja Ţării” din 8 Octombrie 1937 / Law-decree for the organization and functioning of the “Country Guard” from October 8, 1937, Bucureşti, Universala Alcalay & Co., [1937].
• Filaret V. Doboş, Arcaşii. Gânduri şi fapte din Ţara de Sus 1905-1940 / The Archmen. Thoughts and deeds from the Upper Country 1905-1940, Cernăuţi, Tipografia Cernăuţeanu Teodot, 1940.
• Enciclopedia României, I, Bucureşti, 1938.
• Ion Manolescu, „Începuturile Străjeriei” / “The Beginnings of the Guard”, in Straja Ţării. Cinci ani de activitate 1935-1940 / The Country Guard. Five years of activity 1935-1940, Bucureşti: Vremea, [1940?].
• Mirela-Luminiţa Murgescu, Silvana Rachieru (ed.), Copilăria şi adolescenţa altădată. Tinerii de azi cercetează istoria de ieri. Concursul ISTORIA MEA – EUSTORY, ediţia I, 2000 / Childhood and adolescence of yore. Today’s youth searches yesterday’s history. The competition MY HISTORY – ISTORY, Bucureşti, Dominor, 2003.
• Cezar Petrescu, Domnia Regelui Carol al II-lea / The Reign of King Charles II, in Enciclopedia României, I, Bucureşti, 1938.
• Straja Ţării. Cinci ani de activitate 1935-1940 / The Country Guard. Five years of activity 1935-1940, Bucureşti: Vremea, [1940].

Minutes, memoranda of association and projects for the fifth volume of Romania’s Encyclopaedia

Archival materials below were published by Marin Diaconu, along with other original documents in “Romanian Journal of Sociology” (2004, new series, year XV, no. 1-4), a number dedicated to the centennial commemoration of Mircea Vulcănescu. The documents come from Vulcănescu’s family archive and consist of two minutes of the Editorial Board of Romania’s Encyclopaedia, the Article of Incorporation of the Scientific Association for Romania’s Encyclopaedia and several summary drafts for the last volume, the one devoted to Culture. The minutes, from year 1937, show how the “gustists” managed the crisis of authority between the Management Board and the Editorial Board of the Encyclopaedia of Romania; the formation of the Scientific Association for Romania’s Encyclopaedia (ASPERA) led by D. Gusti being the optimum solution for maintaining editorial independence. The couple of summary plans of the final volume of the Encyclopaedia are very important because they show who would have been the collaborators that the Gustian School would have been based on and, also, what kind of theoretical objectives were assumed by its members in order to put their mark on “Romanian Culture”.
Keywords: Romania’s Encyclopaedia, romanian culture, Mircea Vulcănescu, Gustian School

Abstract:

The letters below, published here for the first time, are very important for at least two reasons. First, they reflect in a new and richer manner the personal relations between two key members of the Gustian School. Thus, we discover that the two were bonded, at a certain time, by a more profound friendship than assumed before. Secondly, the letters present us a Herseni which diverges slightly from the consecrated image of a researcher – that is, focused exclusively on science and academic career – a curious Herseni, using vivid and colorful language and describing little Berlin adventures.
Keywords: letters, Traian Herseni, Henri H. Stahl, Gustian School