Globalization of public policy models and investment forms.
The case of the Education of Information in France and Romania

Information literacy is a major policy concern in the digital age and an emerging scientific issue. It is at the heart of the concerns of educators and one of the main activities within school libraries, documentation and information centres
(CDI) and Learning Centres. We propose an analysis that questions the dynamic range by international organizations (OECD, UNESCO, Europe). Therefore, we have made a comparative study between France and Romania emphasizing the transformations
of the relationships between documentary policies and training of users in the info-documentary structures. The transfer of «users’ approaches», of trainings by skills and cultural paradigms are the elements that have focused our attention in the analysis of a survey conducted in Romanian schools, to capture the process of unification of
educations on information literacy in educational systems.
Keywords: Information literacy, public policies, education, documentation, globalization of models, educational
policies, UNESCO, documentary policy, education system

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Anthropocene an Anthropoceny – A few Details from a Chnging World

What influence man has had on the climate? We think mainly of major technological options, the stages of its history, the “Seals” negative global environmental crisis (not just CO2 emissions). Only “modernity” can be accused of harming the environment today, tomorrow? The process is more complicated, involving for centuries the economic and social, politics, biology, geography, demography and others. Such issues dealing “Anthropocene” and “Anthropocene”. We will refer below.
Keywords: development, influence, effects, environmental crisis, human footprints on the planet.

Countryside and Communism in Eastern Europe: Perceptions, Attitudes, Propaganda
– Problems, Interpretations and Perspectives

Generally, studies on communism in Eastern Europe have focused mainly on various political history topics – the establishment of the new totalitarian regimes, the elimination of democratic order, the repression, the anticommunist resistance – while disregarding the many aspects of social and cultural history in general and, in particular, the
transformations in the rural world. Among the latter, the collectivization of agriculture holds a central position. The need for historiographical betterment in this sphere of knowledge is all the more urgent as many impressive theoretical and methodological surveys have been published in recent years, dedicated to social and cultural history, and, at the
same time, the opening of important archive collections related to the early history of communism in the states of the former “cordon sanitaire” provides the documentary material required for applied research. This study plans to be an
analysis of the main research directions of the countryside from the East European countries during the communist regime, presented in historiography and classified as following: Agrarian Reforms After WWII and Their Impact on the Rural World; Collectivization and Communization in the Rural World; The Stalinist Repression and the Resistance
Against Communism in the Countryside; The Rural World and Local Elites in Communism. Also, the study focuses on some insufficiently researched themes or unapproached which can explain properly the impact of communism above the countryside and especially how the totalitarian regime had influenced the vilage and the people of the “Socialist Bloc”.
Keywords: “Socialist Bloc”, the peasant societies, communization, countryside, communist ideologie

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McDermott, Kevin, Stibbe, Mattew (Eds.), Revolution and Resistance in Eastern Europe: Challenges to Communist Rule, Oxford, New York, Berg, 2006.
Melvin, Neil J., Soviet Power and the Countryside: Policy Innovation and Institutional Decay, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Murgescu, Bogdan, România și Europa. Acumularea decalajelor economice (1500-2010) [Romania and Europe. The Accumulation of Economic Gaps (1500-2010)], Iași, Polirom, 2010.
Nigel Swain, “A Framework for Comparing Social Change in the Post-socialist Countryside,” Eastern European Countryside 4 (1998), 5-19.
Idem, Collective Farms Which Work?, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Idem, “Co-operative Elites in Hungary after 1945,” in Eduard Kubů, Torsten Lorenz, Uwe Müller, Jiři Šouša (Eds.), Agrarismus und Agrareliten in Ostmitteleuropa, Berlin-Praha, Dokořán Verlag, BWV Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2013.
Papp, István, “The Unrealiable Fellow – Traveller – Péter Veres, Chairman of the National Peasant Party and the Hungarian Political Police,” in Peter Jašek (Ed.), Protikomunistický odboj v strednej a východnej Európe / Anti-Communist Resistance in Central and Eastern Europe, Bratislava, Ústav Pamäti Národa, 2012.
Radu, Sorin, “«Tovarăși de drum»: Frontul Plugarilor și Partidul Comunist în anii 1944-1947,” Revista istorică, XXIII / 1-2 (2012), 107-38;
Idem, “The Political Organisation of the Peasantry in Communist Romania: the Ploughmen’s Front (1945-1953),” Bulgarian Historical Review, 1-2 (2013), 79-101;
Scott, James, Weapons of the Week: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, New Haven, Yalle University Press, 1985.
Siegrist, Hannes, Müller, Dietmar (Eds.), Property in East Central Europe. Notions, Institutions and Practices of Landownership in the Twentieth Century, New York, Oxford, Berghahn, 2015.
Shearer, David R., Policing Stalin’s Socialism. Repression and Social Order in the Soviet Union, 1924-1953, New Haven, London, Yale University Press, 2009.
Thorniley, Daniel, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Rural Communist Party, 1927-39, Houdmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, London, Macmillan Press LTD, 1988.
Viola Lynne, Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Colectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996, 60-61.
Viola, Lynne (Ed), Contending with Stalinism: Soviet Power and Popular Resistance in the 1930s, New York – Ithaca, London, Cornell University Press, 2002.

R.W. Seton-Watson and the Hungarian Pragmatic Revisionism (1933-1940)

The perspective of the completion of the Hungarian revisionist plans entered a new more favorable phase in the beginning of the year 1933, when in Germany the Nazi party took over the power. As the Nazis had consolidated their power in Germany and switched over to violating international treaties, Hungary increasingly geared towards Hitler, whom it perceived as its main support for its revisionist goals. The close collaboration with Nazi Germany constituted a permanent mark in the Hungarian foreign policy starting with the year 1933 and until the end of World War II.
However, the orientation towards Nazi Germany did not mean that Hungary abandoned its revisionist action, which was taken over after 1920 in Western states and especially in England, but on the contrary, it experienced a revival in 1933.
The publicist and historian R. W. Seton-Watson had an important role in the advancement of countermeasures by the Romanian State against the actions led by the Hungarian State in England towards the revision of the Treaty of Trianon.
Remaining the same constant and valuable friend of the Romanians, Seton-Watson acted as a determined and active adversary through a wide range of events, scientific papers, essays, lectures, radio shows and reports addressed to the English political circles against the revisionism promoted by Horthy’s Hungary. Seton condemned the dismantling of Transylvania by the second Vienna Dictate of August 30th 1940, also after Romania had entered World War II on the side of Nazi Germany.
Keywords: Vienna Dictate, Transylvania, Treaty Revision, Hungarian frontiers, Trianon

Arhivele Naționale ale României, fond Direcția Generală a Poliției / National Archives of Romania, fund General Directorate of Police.
Arhivele Naționale ale României, fond Liga Antirevizionistă Română / National Archives of Romania, fund Romanian Antirevisionist Liga.
Arhivele Naționale ale României, fond Microfilme Anglia, rola 403 / National Archives of Romania, fund England Microfilm, roll 403.
Arhivele Naționale ale României, fond Ministerul Propagandei Naționale / National Archives of Romania, fund Ministry of National Propaganda:
Presa externă / Foreign Press,
Propaganda / Propaganda,
Studii şi documentare / Studies and Documentation.
România. Arhivele Ministerului Afacerilor Externe, fond 71 Anglia / Romania, Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, fund 71 England.
România. Arhivele Ministerului Apărării Naţionale, fond 5417 / Romania, Archives of the Ministry of National Defence, fund 5417.
Bardoşi, Caius, M. Seton-Watson et le révisionnisme hongrois, în Revue de Transylvanie, I, 1934, nr. 2 / M. Seton-Watson and the Hungarian Revisionism, in Revue de Transylvanie, I, 1934, nr. 2.
Dascălu, Nicolae, Cooperarea româno-cehoslovacă în domeniul propagandei antirevizioniste în perioada interbelică / Romanian-Czechoslovak cooperation in anti-revisionist propaganda in the interwar period, în Anuarul Institutului de Istorie şi Arheologie “A.D. Xenopol” / Yearbook of the Institute of History and Archaeology “A.D. Xenopol”, XXIV, 1, 1987, Iaşi, p. 279-295.
Giurescu, Dinu C., Le Pacte à quatre, în Revue Roumaine d’Histoire, tome XIII (1969), p. 77-102.
Lazăr, Liviu, Mişcarea antirevizionistă din Transilvania în perioada interbelică / Anti-revisionist movement in Transylvania during the interwar period, Deva, Editura Călăuza, 2003.
Paşcalău, Gheorghe, Relaţii politice româno-engleze (1929-1933) / Romanian-British political relations (1929-1933), Bucureşti, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1995.
Idem, România şi Marea Britanie. Relaţii politico-diplomatice 1933-1939 / Romania and the Great Britain. Political and Diplomatic Relations 1933-1939, Bucureşti, Editura Albatros, 2001.
Popescu-Optaşi, N., Istoria Transilvaniei în preocupările ştiinţifice ale lui R.W. Seton-Watson / Transylvania’s History in scientific concerns of R.W. Seton-Watson, în Revista de Istorie / Review of History, XXXIII, 1980, p.171-176.
Retegan, Mihai, Războiul undelor. Aspecte ale radiopropagandei britanice în România (1944) / War waves. Aspects of British Radiopropaganda in Romania, în Revista Arhivelor / Archive’s Review, an LXIII, vol. XLVIII, nr. 2/1986, p. 168-180.
Seton-Watson, Hugh şi Christopher, The Making of a New Europe. R. W. Seton-Watson and the last years of Austria-Hungary, Methuen-London, 1981.
Seton-Watson, Robert William, Danubian clues to European peace, London, 1935.
Idem, Transilvania, o problemă fundamentală / Transylvania, a key problem, Oxford, 1943.
“Adevărul”, 1933.
“Cuvântul”, 1933, 1937.
“Dimineaţa”, 1933.
“Facla”, 1933.
“Ordinea”, 26 octombrie 1933.
Revue de Transylvanie, tome II, no. 2, decembrie 1935.
“Universul”, 1933-1934.
“Viitorul”, 1933.

Georges Duby and the rural economy in Western Middle Ages

The contrast between advanced urban economy of the Islam and the backward rural Western European economy during Early Middle Ages is sharp. Whereas Islam covers the large part of the known world, bridging up Western Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean, the Western economy retrenches inside ancient city walls and in rural, remote areas. While Muslim cities prosper due to large scale trade, the Western towns and villages thrive to survive the shrinking economy, heading towards autarchy. One of the most important actors of the economic take-off of the late Middle Ages in Western Europe are to be found among various abbeys, which manage to reconnect the former trade roads and to supply with coins the pale rural economy.
Keywords: Middle Ages, Western Europe, rural economy, abbeys.

Duby, Georges, Anul 1000 / The Year 1000, Iaşi, Polirom,
1996.
Duby, Georges, Cele trei ordine sau imaginarul
feudalismului / The Three Orders: Feudal Society
Imagined, București, Editura Meridiane, 1998.
Duby, Georges, Saint Bernard. L’art cistercien / Saint
Bernard. Cistercian Art, Paris, Flammarion, 1979.
Duby, Georges, Seigneurs et paysans. Hommes et structures
du Moyen Age (II) / Lords and Peasants, Paris,
Flammarion, 1988.
Huizinga, Johan, Amurgul Evului Mediu. Studiu despre
formele de viață și de gândire din secolele al XIV-lea și
al XV-lea în Franța și Țările de Jos / The Waning of the
Middle Ages, București, Humanitas, 2002.
Lombard, Maurice, L’islam dans sa première grandeur
(VIIIe – XIe siècle) / Islam in its First Grandeur, Paris,
Flammarion, 2014.
Pirenne, Henri, Mahomed și Carol cel Mare / Mohammed
and Charlemagne, București, Editura Meridiane, 1996.