The Sociological School of Bucharest between Apogee and Suppression

1939 marks the apogee of the Sociological School of Bucharest, led by Dimitrie Gusti. The School has published a proeminent and innovative Encyclopedia of Romania in four volumes, it has initiated a Museum of the Romanian Village and Gusti has functioned as Commissary General for the Romanian Pavilions at the Universal Expositions in Paris and New York. The Romanian Social Institute has become the nucleus of a federation of 50 institutions under the global name of Romania’s Institute for Social Research. The Royal Foundations, also directed by Gusti, send student teams that combine social research with concrete action in various villages and towns of Romania. Bucharest has been chosen to host the XIVth International Congress of Sociology and, to this effect, the extensive monographs initiated by Gusti in Nerej (1927) and Drăguş (1929, 1932) are in the process of being finalized and published with respectively H. H. Stahl and Traian Herseni as coordinators. A typological series in five volumes entitled Sixty Romanian Villages, coordinated by Anton Golopentia and D. C. Georgescu, and a new monograph of the village of Clopotiva are in the making, as well as a volume assembling all the questionnaires developed by members of the monographic teams along the years and a Bibliography of the Romanian Village. The communications sent to the organizing committee are published in five volumes (with a plan for five additional ones after the Congress). Over one hundred Romanian communications are in preparation. And then, all of a sudden, the war leads to the postponement of the Congress (first for the Spring of 1940 and later on sine die) while Romania’s Institute for Social Research has to return to the initial format of the Romanian Social Institute. After a brief interlude during which D. Gusti, is President of the Romanian Academy for a while and travels to New York to present a project for an International Social Institute first to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and later on to colleague sociologists from Columbia University, the postwar installation of the communist regime will ban sociology from universities and schools and suppress the Romanian Social Institute. Some of the School’s members will be arrested. In 1950, despite organizer’s Corrado Gini insistent and repeated invitations, Gusti will not be allowed to participate in the XIVth International Congress of Sociology finally held in Rome. Derealized, the Congress that had mobilized the efforts and energies of the Bucharest School during two long years does no more have a numerical designation. The last years of D. Gusti are chronicled in A. Golopenţia’s letter exchanges (with Philip Mosely as well as with a former student in Sociology now member of the nomenklatura, Miron Constantinescu) and in prison declarations.
Keywords: Sociological School of Bucharest, Romania’s Instit

Anton Golopentia, Planning and Publications Director: Reports, 1939-1940

A. Golopentia, Director of Planning and Publications at Romania’s Institute for Social Research led by D. Gusti, reports on the volumes that were to be published in connection with the XIVth International Congress for Sociology. These included a number of Romanian monographs (on the villages of Nerej, Dragus, Clopotiva), a typological series in five volumes (60 Romanian Villages), a methodological volume containing questionnaires that had been used in the Sociological School’s monographic campaigns, the School’s two journals – Sociologie românească and Archives pour la science et la réforme sociale, as well as five volumes of Travaux containing the communications already sent by the participants. After the Congress was postponed due to WWII, some of these volumes had to be resubmitted to censorship, in view of their publication for the Spring of 1940, when it was believed that the Congress would take place.
Keywords: Romania’s Institute for Social Research, Direction for Planning and Publications, Anton Golopenţia

D. Gusti: Foreword to the Five XIV-th International Congres of Sociology Travaux Volumes Published in 1939 and 1940

250 participants from 21 countries were expected to come to Bucharest for the XIVth International Congress of Sociology to be held between August 29 and September 14, 1939. By the August 10 deadline, the Organizing Committee had already received 82 communications dealing with the themes of Town and Village, Sociological Research and Teaching Sociology. Although, due to WWII, the Congress was postponed (first for the Spring of 1940 and later on sine die), the Romanian organizing committee undertook the publication of all papers received in several series, as follows: A. Social Units; B. Villages;
C. Towns; D. Villages and Towns; Sociological Methods; F. Institutes for Social Research; G. Teaching Sociology; H. Varia.

Keywords: XIVth International Congress of Sociology, Romanian organizing committee, Social Units, Village, Town, Sociological methods, Institutes for Social Research, Teaching Sociology

Romanian Communications for the XIVth International Congress of Sociology

In addition to the special issue of Archives pour la science et la réforme sociale (in which 18 Romanian communications and 17 reports were published in 1943), the discovery of two documents (one listing 83 Romanian communications and the other enumerating 34 Romanian reports to be presented at the Congress) allows us to conclude that rather than representing only the monographic research of the twenties, the 132 papers were meant to account for the activity of Romania’s Institute for Social Research, which concentrated a number of 50 federated institutions and, as such, were intended to give an image of the whole Romanian sociological movement developed around D. Gusti at the end of the thirties. By isolating the Romanian communications from the foreign ones and by postponing their publication for a later moment, the Sociological School of Bucharest missed the opportunity to illustrate a further moment of its development, that which followed the monographic one.
Keywords: Romanian communications, XIVth International Congress of Sociology, monographic sociology, D. Gusti

Benefits of a Congress That Did Not Take Place

This paper addresses an important period in the existence of the Bucharest Sociological School—the preparations for an international congress of sociology, which was eventually cancelled because of the beginning of World War II. The author shows that the process of preparing this event planned for the end of August 1939 re-launched the sociological monographic research of Romanian villages, while also mobilizing an unprecedented number of sociologists for the congress. The fact that a part of the papers sent were published in advance left the impression that the meeting did actually take place.
Keywords: monographic sociology, international congress of sociology, Dimitrie Gusti, urban and rural sociology

American Sociology in the Publications of the Sociological School of Bucharest

This article analyzes the American presence in two journals of the Bucharest School of Sociology, as well as the information provided in these journals with regard to the American sociological models and their evolution. The data reviewed demonstrate not only a strong academic connection, but also an active cooperation and consistent exchange of academic knowledge between the two countries. The paper builds on a quantitative study of the full archives of the two journals – Arhiva pentru Ştiinţa şi Reforma Socială (Archive for Science and Social Reform) and Sociologie Românească (Romanian Sociology); its final part is dedicated to the Romanian monographic activity of the U.S. sociologist Ph. Mosely. The conclusion is that the development of the Romanian school of sociology was in line not only with what was happening in the greatest schools of sociology in Europe, but also with the theoretical developments of the American sociology.
Keywords: Bucharest School of Sociology, Arhiva pentru Ştiinţa şi Reforma Socială, Sociologie Românească, American sociology, international scientific relations, Ph. Mosely

• Comarnescu, Petru. 1932a. „Franklin Henry Giddings (1855-1931).” Arhiva 1-4: 892-94.
  Comarnescu, Petru. 1932b. Rubrica „Buletinul sălii de lectură”: recenzie Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, vol. I, II, III, IV. Arhiva 1-4: 953-54.
• Comarnescu, Petru. 1933. Rubrica „Buletinul sălii de lectură”: recenzie „Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, vol. IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.” Arhiva 1-4: 364-65.
• Comarnescu, Petru. 1935. „O încercare americană de constituire a unui monografii sociale.” Arhiva 3-4: 475-95.
• Galitzi, Christina. 1938a. „Sociologia americană şi rolul ei în organizarea Statelor-Unite.” Soc. Rom. 1-3: 56-61.
• Galitzi, Christina. 1938b. „Studii americane despre sociologia Şcolii dela Bucureşti.” Soc. Rom. 1-3: 95-97.
• Galitzi, Christina. 1938c. „Economia dirijată în regiunile rurale ale Statelor Unite.” Soc. Rom. 7-9: 299-307.
• Galitzi, Christina. 1938d. Recenzie – Sociologie teoretică: „Pitirim, A. Sorokin: Social and cultural dynamics (Evoluţia socială şi culturală) 3. Vol. American Book Company, New York, 1937.” Soc. Rom. 10-12: 574-77.
• Golopenţia, Anton. 1931. „Noua Arhivă”, in Golopenţia Anton, Opere complete, vol. I, Sociologie. Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică, p. 463-65.
• Golopenţia, Anton. 1946a. „Copie scrisoare Anton Golopenţia-Philip Mosely (vara 1946)”, in UC, p. 356-60.
• Golopenţia, Anton. 1946b, „Ciornă de scrisoare Anton Golopenţia-Philip Mosely (august 1946)”, in UC., p. 360-61.
• Golopenţia, Anton. 2001, Ultima carte (UC), Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică.
• Golopenţia. Anton. 2002. Opere complete, vol. I, Sociologie, Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică
• Golopenţia, Sanda. 2002. „Marginalii la cuprinsul numărului de faţă [al „Soc. Rom.”]”, in Golopenţia. Anton. Opere complete, vol. I, p. 645-53
• Golopenţia, Sanda. 2008. „Începuturile imigraţiei româneşti în Statele Unite: Christina Galitzi”, in Emigranţii Carter. Bucureşti: Editura Paideia, p. 147-68.
• Gusti, Dimitrie. 1968, Opere. vol. I. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei.
• Gusti, Dimitrie. 1970, Opere. vol. III. Bucureşti: Editura Academiei.
• Mosely, Philip E. 1936. „Lumea psihologică a unui „american” din Şanţ.” Soc. Rom. 7-9: 75-78.
• Mosely, Philip. 1946, „Scrisoare Philip Mosely-Anton Golopenţia (26.09.1946)”, in UC, p. 370-72 Bucureşti: Editura Enciclopedică.
• Mosely, Philip. 1947, „C.p.-tip Philip Mosely-Institutul Central de Statistică”, in UC, p. 390-91.
• Petrescu, Nicolae. 1921a. „Concepţiunile sociologilor americani.” Arhiva 2-3: 324-34.
• Petrescu, Nicolae. 1921b. „Învăţământul superior în Statele-Unite.” Arhiva 4: 471-77.
• Petrescu, Nicolae. 1927. „A.W. Small (1854-1926).” Arhiva 3-4: 514-15.
• Pricopie, Valentina. 2004. Recunoaşterea internaţională a Şcolii Gusti. Bucureşti: Tritonic.
• Rhoades, Lawrence J. 1981. A Hystory of the American Sociological Association 1905-1981. American Sociological Association. Retrieved January 17, 2012 (http://www.asanet.org/ about/Rhoades_History.cfm).
• Rostas, Zoltan. 2000. Monografia ca utopie. Interviuri cu Henri H. Stahl. Bucureşti: Paideia.
• Schiller, F.C.S. 1931. „Eugenics as a moral ideal, the beginnings of a progressive reform.” Arhiva 4: 489-97.
• Shotwell, J. T. 1927. „L`organisation de la paix.” Arhiva 3-4: 231-40.
• Stahl, Henri H. 1981. Amintiri şi gânduri din vechea şcoală a „monografiilor sociologice”. Bucureşti: Minerva.
• Trestieni, Ion Dan. 1985. „Cercetarea de teren în perspectiva Şcolii Sociologice de la Bucureşti. Analiza conţinutului studiilor publicate în revista Sociologie Românească (1936-1943)”, in Chelcea, Septimiu. Semnificaţia documentelor sociale, p. 241-42. Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică.
  **** 1936.1. Rubrica „Însemnări”. Soc. Rom. 1: 62-63.
  **** 1936.6. Rubrica „Însemnări”. Soc. Rom. 6: 47-48.

From New York to Cleveland – Mac Constantinescu’s Frieze of Romanian History

This article describes and interprets some of the scenes on Mac Constantinescu’s frieze entitled Romanian History. It identifies a number of emblematic images and their functions, and discusses them from a comparative art historical perspective: the oak tree, the child carrying a lamb on his shoulders, other symbols of faith, symbols of tradition and new technology, etc. The article also briefly addresses the context surrounding Romania’s participation at the World’s Fair, the Romanian Pavilion designed by G.M. Cantacuzino, and the history of the frieze as an art object which stayed in the U.S. after the Fair and was eventually exhibited in the social hall of St. Mary’s Orthodox Cathedral in Cleveland, USA, where it remains today.
Keywords: World’s Fairs, Romanian Pavilions, G.M. Cantacuzino, Mac Constantinescu, The Frieze of the Romanian History

• Cantacuzino, G.M., Pavilionul Oficial la Expoziţia din New-York, 1939, pp. 166-69 în „Arhitectura” (1/VIII), ian.-mar. 1941.
•  Cernovodeanu, Dan, Ştiinţa şi arta heraldică în România, Bucureşti, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1977 (accesibilă pe http://www.dacoromanica.ro).
• Cernovodeanu, Paul, „Coordonatele politicii externe a lui Constantin Brâncoveanu”, în Cernovodeanu, Paul şi Florin Constantiniu (coord.), Constantin Brâncoveanu, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei R.S.R., 1989 (accesibilă pehttp://www.dacoromanica.ro).
• Chevalier, Jean şi Alain Gheerbrant, Dicţionar de simboluri, 3 vol., Bucureşti, Ed. Artemis, 1995.
• Daicoviciu, Constantin şi Hadrian Daicoviciu, Columna lui Traian, Bucureşti, Ed. Meridiane, 1966.
• Del Chiaro, Anton Maria, Storia delle moderne rivoluzioni della Valachia, Veneţia, 1718.
• Evseev, Ivan, Enciclopedia semnelor şi simbolurilor culturale, Timişoara, Ed. Amarcord, 1999.
• Giurescu, Constantin C., Istoria românilor, 3 vol., Bucureşti, Ed. Bic All, 2007.
• Golopenţia, Anton, Informaţie cu privire la expoziţia Deutschland şi propuneri în privinţa pavilionului românesc de la Expoziţia internaţională din 1937. Textul a fost publicat, cu o Introducere de Sanda Golopenţia, în „Buletinul Bibliotecii Române” (Freiburg i. Br.), Vol. X (XIV), Serie nouă, 1983, p. 421-448.
• Grama, Remus, The Copper Frieze of the Romanian Nation, in Cleveland, pp. 21-37 în Calendarul ziarului America, 2000 (cu fotografii realizate de Louis Marin), text accesibil şi pe http://www.smroc.org/culture.php
• Grozdea, Mircea, Mac Constantinescu, Bucureşti, Ed. Meridiane, 1972.
• Hategan, Vasile, The Historical Frieze in St. Mary’s Social Hall [in] Cleveland, Ohio, broşură publicată de St. Mary’s, s.a.
• Ioan, Narcis Dorin, Palatele Brâncoveneşti. Ghid istoric. Mogoşoaia, Centrul Cultural Palatele Brâncoveneşti, 2004.]
• Rostás, Zoltán, Monografia ca utopie. Interviuri cu Henri H. Stahl (1985-1987). Bucureşti, Paideia, 2000, p. 277.

Stahl, Henri H., Amintiri şi gânduri din vechea şcoală a „monografiilor sociologice”, Bucureşti, Ed. Minerva, 1981.

Alte resurse pe Internet
http://octavdoicescu.blogspot.com [Blog dedicat arh. Octav Doicescu de fiul acestuia, Andrei Doicescu]
http://fineartamerica.com/products/romanian-pavilion-at-1939-worlds-fair-david-halperin-poster.html [„Romanian Pavilion at 1939 World’s Fair”, fotografie de Jacob Halperin, postată de David Halperin]

The Village Museum in the first communist decades and the transformations of the Gusti legacy

The article examines the postwar transformations of one particular legacy of the Bucharest School of Sociology, the Village Museum, now the Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum. It argues that in new political context of the late 1940s and 1950s, the open-air museum radically changed its mission and approach to the collection and display of folk architecture
and artifacts. The article also explores the relationship between the museum and two central policies of the socialist state: the collectivization of rural property and the construction of vast modern housing districts for the urban population.
Keywords: open-air museum, folk architecture, collectivization, modernization, model village.

One Year of Activity Outside Romania

In a lecture given before the Romanian Academy on July 11, 1947, D. Gusti reports on his endeavors to found a Social Institute of the United Nations during 1946-1947. We mainly reproduced here excerpts concerning his initiatives in the U.S.A., where Gusti chose as a discussion partner the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (with friend émile Laugier and Laugier’s associates Alfred Métraux and Georges Day as main interlocutors). While Gusti’s proposals for a Social Institute of the United Nations (written jointly with Métraux and Day) were embraced with interest, budget considerations did not allow their implementation. As a result, Gusti rewrote his project and presented it to his colleagues
in Social Sciences at Columbia University. A Social Institute of Nations was founded in 1947, with Robert Mac Iver as President, D. Gusti and Boris Mirkine-Guetzévich as Vice-Presidents and Ruth Benedict as Secretary General. The headquarters of the new Institute were established at the Woochefee Institute in New York.
Keywords: D. Gusti, Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, International Social Institute, Alfred Métraux, Georges Day, Columbia University, Robert Mac Iver, Boris Mirkine-Guetzévich, Ruth Benedict

Creating an International Institute for the Knowledge of the World’s Nations

As its title suggests, Métraux’s rendition of the main lines of Gusti’s proposal underlines its merit and its call for an increased global understanding and cooperation but presents rather vaguely the structure and functioning of the International Social Institute Gusti envisioned.
Keywords: global understanding, cooperation, International Institute, D. Gusti

Project for the Creation of the Social and Economic Institute of the United Nations

In contradistinction to Métraux, in his rendition Georges Day underlines how Gusti’s roposed Institute would fit into the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and the project’s feasibility. This can be seen from the name chosen to designate the new institution – Social and Economic Institute of the United Nations – and from the many practical details Day gives concerning the envisioned Institute’s mode of functioning.
Keywords: Social and Economic Institute of the United Nations, D. Gusti

Gusti’s New York Letters to Martha Neag

In these two letters, first published here, D. Gusti asks Romanian-American Martha Neag to help with translating his International Social Institute project from Romanian into English.
Keywords: D. Gusti, Martha Neag, New York

Excerpts from the Correspondence between A. Golopenţia and Philip Mosely

In a letter exchange dating from 1946, A. Golopenţia details the latest developments in the activities of the Sociological School of Bucharest and reflects together with Ph. Mosely on how to continue its cooperation with the American sociologists. Mosely also comments on D. Gusti’s project of a Social Institute of Nations, underlining the American reluctance towards collective undertakings.
Keywords: Philip Mosely, A. Golopenţia, The Sociological School of Bucharest, International Social Institute

Excerpts from a Letter Exchange between Miron Constantinescu and A. Golopentia (1947)

A. Golopentia, at the time director of the Institute for Statistics in Bucharest, requests the help of his former student become member of the emergent communist nomenklatura Miron Constantinescu in order to ensure the survival of D. Gusti’s Romanian Social Institute (a reduced version of Romania’s Institute for Social Science, itself a smaller format of
the Romania’s Institute for Social Research).
Keywords: Miron Constantinescu, D. Gusti, A. Golopenţia, Romanian Social Institute

Letter of M. Constantinescu to D. Gusti (1947)

This is an authoritative letter in which M. Constantinescu promises to financially help the Romanian Social Institute on condition that it completely reorganizes its research priorities. It can be viewed as connected to A. Golopenţia’s former request above.
Keywords: social research, communist Romania, D. Gusti, Institute for Social Research

On D. Gusti and H.H. Stahl – Memories of a Former Student (1944-1948)

P. Cornea was a student of both D. Gusti and H.H. Stahl in the years immediately preceding the suppression of the Sociological School of Sociology. These were the years in which D. Gusti visited the Soviet Union (in his quality of President of the Romanian Academy) and vaguely tried to teach courses in accordance with the communist stipulations of the moment. Both Gusti and Stahl were eliminated from the University shortly after the former proposed Paul Cornea to become an assistant in his department. Sociology ceased to be taught in Romanian universities until the end of the sixties.
Keywords: D. Gusti, H. H. Stahl, sociology, Bucharest University

“Sociologia Militans”: Serving Development Through Social Science”

This paper is excerpted from the “Malinowski Award Lecture”, delivered by the author at the fifty-fifth annual conference of the international Society for Applied Anthropology, upon his acceptance of the Malinowski Prize conferred “in recognition of scholarly efforts to understand and serve the needs of the world through social science”. The paper outlines the author’s understanding of “sociology as vocation” and of its corollary and purpose: the production and application of sociological knowledge for transformative social action. In accounting for his own intellectual biography and professional work, initially in Romania
and later as the first sociologist and Senior Social Policy Adviser of the World Bank in Washington, the author reflects on the difficulties, foibles, and high satisfactions of practicing a theoretically informed applied sociology and anthropology. He points to the early influence on his own formation of Romania’s “sociological school”, developed around Dimitrie Gusti, which manifestly directed its field research to wards “social action and reform” (“ac?iune ?i reformă socială”). This idea, iconoclastic at that time and encapsulated in the daring Latin motto “Sociologia Militans”, proved to be a worthy life
compass in crafting public social policies, designing programs for inducing, accelerating, and democratizing development, and in preventing or fighting social pathologies. In this perspective, the author further discusses a set of theoretical, gnoseological, and institutional issues confronted at the World Bank in applying sociological/anthropological knowledge or tools, likely to surface in other agencies and organizations as well. The paper criticizes three widespread but distorting development paradigms characterized as
“econocentric”, “technocentric”, and commodocentric”, and concludes by arguing for the involvement of sociologists next to economists not only in designing discreet project-type interventions but also in formulating the policies that guide induced development.

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