„The strange history of Romanian communism”

The 27th anniversary of the fall of communism, the book of Lucian Boia, the History of Romanian Communism (and its unfortunate consequences), probes the particularities of the political spectrum of the communist period that have made, and still make, a unique presence in Romania The turn of the Eastern European countries marked by a totalitarian regime. Romania’s singularity in Eastern Europe will be explained by the Romanian historian through the surprising evolution of a regime which, under the sign of anonymity at the moment of its establishment, the Romanian Communist Party having neither 1,000 members in 1944. An increase in popularity even during the transition period. Thus, the author explores the features of a seemingly social Stockholm syndrome and exemplifies in the course of time the forms by which „a society barely touched by the communist ideology has been deeply communicated, so far as it has been more difficult to break communism than any other.”

Keywords: fall of communism, Eastern Europe, totalitarian regime, Stockholm syndrome

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Acest studiu este realizat în cadrul proiectului PN-IIRU-TE-2014-4-0240, finanţat de UEFISCDI 2015-2017, contract de finanţare nr 198/01.10.2015.

Ages of the Dream and Poetry

The poetry of José Marrero y Castro (Las edades, 2013) reveals the ages of love and life, flourishing from the deep truth of his inner history, which is the tale of the time who brings sorrow and ask patience, creating new paths in the labyrinth of voices and words. The teneriffean poet binds the sea and the mountains, the clear sky and the abyss of the world to create new forms of life and to conquer time.

Keywords: Spanish contemporary poetry, Canarian poetry, Pedro García Cabrera, Domingo López Torres, Emeterio Gutiérrez Albelo, José Marrero y Castro, the ages of poetry.

The distributor and the bookseller in the digital environment

The distributor and the bookseller represent, after the publisher, the second entities to intermediate in the information channel between the author and the reader. Bookshops, in their traditional form, seem to go through a difficult period caused by the evolution of the internet and of the digital documents; however, they remain the same institutional structures which are to give access to documents and information by means of a trading operation. Online distribution and sale platforms offer both printed (by means of apps for buy and sell ) and digital works.

Key-words: distributor, bookseller, information and communication technologies, digital skills

L’auteur au temps du numerique. Paris: Hadapi, Edition des Archives Contemporaines, 2010, ISBN 978.281.3000.880. pp. 3- 7. Disponibil la: http://labs. hadopi.fr/sites/default/files/ressource/4967/files/auteurtempsnumeriqueld.pdf. Disponibil pe Google books [ accesat 24.09.2016]

Bolle, Aurélia ; ROUX, Marie-Christine ; ROUXEL, Virginie . Pratique d’editeurs: 50 nuances de numerique. Etude réalisée par le MOTif et le Labo de l’édition. Paris : 2014. Disponibil la : http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/64792-pratiques-d-editeurs-50-nuances-de-numerique. pdf [accesat la 24.09.2016].

Creation et Internet. Raport au Ministre de la Culture et de la Communication, Paris, 2010, pp. 3-12. Didponibil la: http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/notices/48088-creation-et-internet [accesat la 24.09.2016].

Fiche pratique. Comprendre et connaître la chaîne du livre, Fiche créée par Rémi Gimazane, Mise à jour par Amandine Jacquet, 2013. Disponibil la: http://www.enssib. fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/1754-comprendre-et-connaitrela-chaine-du-livre.pdf, [accesat la 24.09.2016]

Lebert, Marie. Une courte histoire de l’ebook. NEF, Université de Toronto, 2009., p. 73

Disponnibil pe Internet: http://www.etudes-francaises. net/dossiers/ebookFR.pdf [accesat 24.09.2016]

Librairies dans le monde. (Allemagne, Espagne, EtatsUnis, France, Pays Bas, Royaume Uni. Etude Comparative realisee par Cecile Moscovitz et Reidiger Nischinbart avec la collaboration de Jennifer Krenn. Paris: Livre Hebdo, Cercle de la librairie, 2013. pp. 16-19. http://cercledelalibrairie.org/documents.aspx ; http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque-numerique/documents/61096-librairies-dans-le-monde.pdf [accesat 24.09.2016]

Livre numérique et terminaux de lecture, quels usages ? – note d’analyse/ Hadopi

Département Recherche, Etudes et Veille (DREV), 2015. p.1. Disponibil la :

http://www.hadopi.fr/sites/default/files/Note%20 d%27analyse%20%C3%A9tude%20livre%20Hadopi.pdf [accesat la 24.09.2016]

Jahjah, Marc. Autopublication : vers une mise à l’écart progressive des éditeurs ?

In: La chaîne du livre à l’ère du numérique. DOSSIER par La Rédaction INAGLOBAL, 2011. Disponibil la : http://www.inaglobal.fr/edition/article/autopublication-vers-une-mise-l-ecart-progressive-des-editeurs?tq=5 [accesat la 24.09.2016]

Perona, Mathieu. Plate-formes et ventes liées au royaume du livre numérique. In : La chaîne du livre à l’ère du numérique. DOSSIER par La Rédaction INAGLOBAL, 2011. Disponibil la : http://www.inaglobal.fr/edition/ article/plate-formes-et-ventes-liees-au-royaume-du-livre-numerique?tq=5 [accesat la 24.09.2016]

Tîrziman, Elena. Organizarea şi regăsirea informaţiei. Târgovişte: Editura Bibliotheca, 2016, (Colectia Universitaria – Informare si Comunicare), ISBN:978-606-772-085-3.

The expressive value of the synonym in Liviu Rebreanu`s short prose

Without claiming by far the presentation of the exhaustive lexical-semantic phenomen (synonymy), we believe that examples extracted from Rebreanu`s short prose prove the power of selection and representation of the writer on this issue.

Used for their stylistic value to avoid monotony, the synonyms in Rebreanu`s texts are subject to the intention of the writer to achieve clearer images.

The existence of synonymously structures is one of the riches of the Romanian language which Rebreanu knew how to exploit, building suggestive artistic images in rendering the characters feelings, the interaction between the characters or the period and the environment in which they are placed.

Keywords: synonym, expressiveness, short story, Liviu Rebreanu

Iordan Iorgu, Limba română contemporană, Bucureşti, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1956.

J. Mukarovsky, Despre limbajul poetic, în Poetică şi stilistică. Orientări moderne, Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1972.

Ştefan Munteanu, Limba română artistică, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1981.

Heinrich F. Plett, Ştiinţa textului şi analiza de text, Semiotică, lingvistică, retorică, Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1975.

Angela Bidu-Vrânceanu; Narcisa Forăscu, Cuvinte şi sensuri. Polisemia, sinonimia, antonimia prin exerciţii, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1988.

Analysis of connotative and denotative meanings of the bee in the Romanian phytonimy

Many Romanian phytonyms are directly involving the bee, an insect with deep cosmological implications and direct contributions in Romanian mythology. In most cases the term „bee” is associated to melliferous (honey-bearing) and scented plants. In the folk culture this insect represents the embodiment of good, it is a reliable friend and a hardworking being. Our work aims an inventory, an interpretation and a statistic on the ethnobotany Romanian lexemes implying the term „bee”.

Keywords: bee, phytonym, connotation, denotation, linguistics

Bejan, Dumitru, Nume româneşti de plante / Romanian plant names, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1991.

Bidu-Vrănceanu, A., Călăraşu, C., Ionescu Ruxăndoiu, L., Mancaş, M., Pană Dindelegan, G., Dicţionar de Ştiinţe ale Limbii / Dictionary of Sciences of Language, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1997; Bucureşti, Editura Nemira, 2001, reeditat în 2005.

Borş, Monica, Mitologii nominale în proza lui Mircea Eliade / Nominal mythologies in Mircea Eliade’s prose, Iaşi, Institutul European, 2015.

Borza, Al. Dicţionar etnobotanic / Ethnobotanical Dictionary, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei R.S.R., 1968.

Butură, V., Enciclopedie de etnobotanică românească / Encyclopedia of Romanian Ethnobotany, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1979.

Butură, V., Enciclopedie de etnobotanică românească II. Credinţe şi obiceiuri despre plante / Encyclopedia of Romanian Ethnobotany II, Paris, 1988.

Candrea, I. A., Adamescu, Gh., Dicţionarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea românească” / Ilustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, Bucureşti, Editura Cartea Românească, 1932.

Chivu, Gheorghe, Dictionarium Valachico-Latinum. Primul dicţionar al limbii române / Dictionarium Valachico-Latinum. First dictionary of Romanian language, studiu introductiv, ediţie, indici şi glosar de Gh. Chivu, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2008.

Chivu, Gheorghe, Nume de plante în Dictionarium valachico-latinum / Plant names in Dictionarium Valachico-Latinum, în Limba română. Controverse, delimitări, noi ipoteze, Actele celui de al 9-lea Colocviu al Catedrei de limba română, I, Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2010, p. 333-340.

Chivu, Gheorghe, Nume de plante în texte româneşti vechi / Plant names in Romanian old texts,

http://onomasticafelecan.ro/iconn2/proceedings/9_04_Chivu_Gheorghe_ICONN_2.pdf, accesat la 9 octombrie 2016.

Ciorănescu, Alexandru, Dicţionarul etimologic al limbii române / Etymological Dictionary of Romanian language, Bucureşti, 2002.

Dicţionarul etimologic al limbii române / Etymological Dictionary of Romanian language, I (A-B), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2010.

Dicţionarul etimologic al limbii române / Etymological Dictionary of Romanian language, II (C-cizmă), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2015.

Dicţionarul limbii române / Dictionary of Romanian language, (în XIX volume), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2010.

Dicţionarul limbii române / Dictionary of Romanian language, (în XIX volume), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2010.

Drăgulescu, Constantin, Dicţionar de fitonime româneşti / Dictionary of Romanian phytonyms, Sibiu, Editura Universităţii „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, 2014.

Drăgulescu, Constantin, Dicţionarul explicativ al fitonimelor româneşti / Explanatory Dictionary of Romanian phytonyms, Sibiu, Editura Universităţii „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, 2010.

Drăgulescu, Constantin, Radu Drăgulescu, Contribuţii la cunoaşterea limbii geto-dacilor. Denumirile dacice de plante / Contributions to Geto-Dacian language. Dacian plant names, Sibiu, Editura Universităţii „Lucian Blaga”, 2000.

Drăgulescu, Constantin, Drăgulescu, Radu, Consideraţii asupra unor lexeme daco-geto-trace Considerations on some Dacian-Getic-Tracian lexemes, Sibiu, Editura Universităţii „Lucian Blaga”, 2014.

Eliade, Mircea, Istoria credinţelor şi ideilor religioase / A history of religious ideas, vol I, Chişinău, Editura Universitas, 1994.

Gledhill, David, The Names of Plants, fourth edition, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Gorovei, A., Credinţe şi superstiţii ale poporului roman / Beliefs and superstitions of the Romanian people, Bucureşti, Editura Vestala, 2103.

Hasdeu, B.P., Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae, Bucureşti, 1894.

Marian, Simion Florea, Botanica poporană română / Romanian folk botany, vol. I Suceava, Editura Muşatinii, 2008, vol. II-III, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, 2010.

Niculiţă-Voronca, Elena, Datinile şi credinţele poporului român. Adunate şi aşezate în ordine mitologică / The customs and beliefs of the Romanian people, 2 vol., Bucureşti, Editura Saeculum Vizual, 2008.

Oişteanu, Andrei, Ordine şi Haos. Mit şi magie în cultura tradiţională românească / Order and Chaos. Myth and magic in Romanian folk culture, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2013.

Oişteanu, Andrei, Ordine şi Haos. Mit şi magie în cultura tradiţională românească / Order and Chaos. Myth and magic in Romanian folk culture, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2013.

Pamfile, Tudor, Mitologia poporului roman / Mythology of the Romanian people, 2 vol., Bucureşti, Editura Vestala, 2008.

Valerica Sporiş, Note pe marginea naturii adjectivului din perspectiva relaţiei cu substantivul, verbul şi adverbul / Notes on the nature of the adjective from the perspectives of its relations with the noun, the verb and the adverb, http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari2/Valerica%20Sporis.pdf.

Terian, Simina, Premise pentru o poetică a textemelor / Premises for a poetics of textemes, in EITM5, Târgu Mureş

http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari5/IETM5_ Part41.pdf.

Terian, Simina-Maria, Textemele româneşti. O abordare din perspectiva lingvisticii integrale / Romanian textemes. An aproach from the perspectives of the integral linguistics, Iaşi, Institutul European, 2015.

Vulcănescu, Romulus, Mitologie română / Romanian mythology, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei, 1987.

Vinereanu, M., Dicţionarul etimologic al limbii române pe baza cercetărilor de indo-europenistică / Etymological Dictionary of Romanian Language on basis of Indo-European studies, Bucureşti, Editura Alcor Edimpex, ed. a 2-a, 2009.

Slavic (Caucasian), Sanskrit and Latin etymologies in German as a language enrichment

German developed lately to a various form of reflecting reality. It presents a rich lexical heritage and a strong developing potential. It borrows heavily from other languages but itself permits lending to other languages if on a lexical or literary level. Thus, the main concern of the debate is to propose new concepts for the missing German words and to provide new prism of regarding the openness and retention potential of the German language per se.

Keywords: Weltschmerz, Mizpah, unübersetzbar, offen, reich

• Hsg.Helbig, Buscha: ,,Leitfaden der deutschen Grammatik”. Leipzig. Langenscheidt Enzyklopaed. 2000.
• http://www.huffingtonpost.de/2014/12/ 18/10-wortedie-es-nur-im-deutschen-gibt_n_6347918.html
• https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101126233953AAr4ROz
• http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=helicopter
• https://m.welt.de
• http://www.kupferspirale.info/kupferspirale/geschichte-der-kupferspirale
• http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/234472/origin-of-the-word-thesaurus
• Prothero, Stephen. Die neun Weltreligionen: Was sie eint, was sie trennt. https://books.google.de/books? id=PPhvJbdWcCMC&pg=PT150&lpg=PT150&dq=sanskritische+Einfluesse+im+Deutschen&source=bl&ots=YUTBuMpAcs&sig=0DiJoPvyLXViZHJJlN3wqFFMG-E&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjm09e5xp_LAhXiKnIKHbO2Cd0Q6AEISDAJ#v=snippet&q=sanskritisch&f=false, zugegriffen am 01.03.2016.
• https://books.google.de/books?id=0DhGeUpFyuIC&pg=PA170&lpg=PA170&dq=slawischer+einfluss+deutsche+sprache&source=bl&ots=353r9kveOE&sig=7F1WvYPEiipUA_gHEw5d98RapBo&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrt8eorKTLAhXKjiwKHdojCY8Q6AEIRTAG#v=onepage&q=slawischer%20einfluss%20deutsche%20 sprache&f=false

Francisco Ayala – a portrait of the artist in old age

In this article we emphasized the importance and the main coordinates of Francisco Ayala’s work. The writer, born in Granada, (Spain) was 100 years old in 2006, and, in his honour, a collection of short stories selected by the author himself was edited to celebrate his entire cultural activity.

Keywords: Francisco Ayala, literary activity, anthology, freedom, war.

The Image of Danube in Fănuş Neagu`s short stories

The most dedicated author of the magical space of Dobrogea, Fănuş Neagu, ”sings” the Danube and the entire S-E of the Romanian territory like no one has done it before, in our literature. He is often called the poet of Bărăgan, the writer of Danube Plain. He is also the creator of many wonderful images, idyllic spaces and worlds full of wonders. In our paper we are writing about the image and the meaning of Danube in Fănuş Neagu`s short stories and about the aspects and the situations in which”The Great River” appears in some of his writings.

Keywords: Fănuş Neagu, short story, Danube, images, magical world

• Abrudan, Elena, Structuri mitice în proza contemporană, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2003.
• Coman, Mihai, Mitos şi epos. Studii asupra transformărilor narative, Bucureşti, Editura Cartea Românească, 1985.
• Crăciun, Victor, Fănuş Neagu. 70, Bucureşti, Editura Semne, 2002.
• Grigor, Andrei, Fănuş Neagu – monografie, antologie comentată, receptare critică, Braşov, Editura Aula, 2001.
• Micu, Dumitru, Dicţionarul literaturii române, coord. Eugen Simion, Bucureşti, Editura Univers Enciclopedic Gold, 2012.
• Neagu, Fănuş, Dincolo de nisipuri, Bucureşti, Editura Curtea Veche Publishing, 2011.
• Neagu, Fănuş, Povestiri din drumul Brăilei, Bucureşti, Editura Eminescu, 1989.
• Popa, Marian, Modele şi exemple. Eseuri necritice, Bucureşti, Editura Eminescu, 1971
• Raicu, Lucian, Structuri literare, Bucureşti, Editura Cartea Românească, 1973.
• Simion, Eugen, Scriitori români de azi, vol. IV, Bucureşti, Editura DAVID & LITERA, 1998.

Allegory and Fiction in Nikos Kazantzakis’s Narrative

Often compared to the great 20th century novelists, or even with the masters of European realism (such as Tolstoy or Dostoyevsky), Nikos Kazantzakis is a unique writer, impossible to define in the strict terms of literary theory. Influenced by Bergson’s philosophy and also close to the Christian spirit, the Greek author produced several novels (Christ Recrucified and The Last Temptation of Christ) that created an important ideological and aesthetic dispute – and that were strongly rejected by the Church (either Eastern or Western!). Preoccupied with the themes of human salvation and divine revelation, Kazantzakis created a different kind of Christ and, of course, a different world to place his character into. Everything is expressed by means of allegory, these novels expressing a personal understanding of Christian issues. Besides, the author is deeply concerned with the relationship between fiction and truth, discovering that ultimately the artistic truth is the only one that may (even that must!) redeem the entire human race and each individual.

Keywords: allegory, fiction, religion, faith, philosophy, truth.

Nikos Kazantzakis, Hristos răstignit din nou (Christ Recrucified). Traducere şi note de Ion Diaconescu, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas Fiction, 2008.

Nikos Kazantzakis, Ultima ispită a lui Hristos (The Last Temptation of Christ). Traducere, postfaţă şi note de Ion Diaconescu, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas Fiction, 2011.

Maurice Cocagnac, Simbolurile biblice. Lexic teologic (Biblical Symbols). Traducere de Micaela Slăvescu, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 1997.

Th. Dimaras, Istoria literaturii neogreceşti (The History of Neo-Greek Literature), Bucureşti, Editura pentru Literatura Universală, 1968.

Patrick Ourednik, Europeana: A Brief History of the Twentieth Century. Eastern European Literature (Europeana: O scurta istorie a secolului XX. Literatura est europeana ), Dalkey Archive Press, 2005.

Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis – The Expression of the Relationship between Anthropology – Health

The paper expands upon Kafka’s “Metamorphosis” as the extreme representation of alienation neurosis caused by the arbitrary and absurd character of the individual’s life. From a methodological point of view, we will turn to good account Hawking’s concept of “time’s thermodynamic arrow” which reveals a society where the sense of disorder or entropy increases. In order to properly approach the individual disorder and the mental and spiritual dislocation of Kafka’s character, Jung’s psycho-analytical theory, Kelly’s personal construct theory, Bachelard’s aesthetics and Chira’s interdisciplinary studies will be also taken into account and closely observed in our analysis of the dramatic effects of the extreme form of alienation described in “Metamorphosis”.

Keywords: metamorphosis, alienation, time’s thermodynamic arrow, interdisciplinary, Franz Kafka.

Bachelard, Gaston. Dreptul de a visa. (Irinel Antoniu, trans.), Bucharest : Editura Univers, 2009

Chira, Vasile. Studii de pluri-, inter- şi transdisciplinaritate. Editura Universităţii Lucian Blaga, Sibiu, 2012

Hall, Calvin, Gardner, Lindsey and John Campbell. Theories of Personality, 4th Ed. Singapore: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002

Jung, Carl, Gustav. Memories, Dreams, Reflections (Ed. Anelia Jaffe, Richard and Clara Winston, Trans.), London: Flamingo, 1983

Kafka, Franz. Metamorfoza şi alte povestiri, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 2012

Simmel, Georg, The Metropolis and Mental Life (1903), în Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson, eds., The Blackwell City Reader, Oxford and Malden, MA: WileyBlackwell, 2010

Smith, Adam, Avuţia naţiunilor, cartea IV, Editura Publica, 2011

Vargas, Llosa Mario. Adevărul minciunilor. Editura Humanitas. Bucureşti, 2006

The Policy of expectation and the messianic function in “The Castle”

Kafka carved expectancy and postponement at a performative level. Kafka’s postponement and suspension are devices used in the sphere of political action; “pure means” that expose a threshold, a crack, the path of gestures. They convey a message by exposing where only dialogue is present, as a secondary fact, to a deeper reality; that of the “anomos” the messianic condition of the “land measurer” nor inside nor outside the law, on the outskirts of the castle, but still, inside the village belonging to the castle; that of the crisis concerning the borders and boundaries of the Castle and how they operate. Kafka’s time exposes the problem of messianic urgency and lateness. In this case, expectation is not only a field of stakes or a timeframe, but directly exposes the engine that feeds it: the messianic function of urgency. The administrative apparatus of the castle fastens around he, who has put in danger the borders, history and the territory, thus emerging the “land measurer’s” desire for personal justice. The fact that his justice cannot wait means, once again, that the pressing urgency is a real matter in discussion. A cease when waiting for the righteousness which was refused to K. means to participate in the continuity of criminal history and camouflaging.

Key words: waiting, emergency threshold, lateness, the messianic condition, the Anoma, desecration

Biblia sau Sfânta Scriptură, versiune diortosită după Septuaginta, redactată şi adnotată de Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania, Arhiepiscopul Clujului / NIV Study Bible, Zondervan, Michigan, US, Deluxe Edition edition, 2011

Agamben, Giorgio, Nudities, translated by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella, Palo Alto, California, Stanford University Press, 2010

Agamben, Giorgio, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness and the Archive, translated by Daniel Heller-Roazen, Brooklin, New York, Zone Books, 2002

Agamben, Giorgio, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, translated by Vincenzo Binetti amd Cesare Casarino, Minneapolis, University Of Minnesota Press, 2000

Deleuze, Gilles, Foucault, translated by Sean Hand, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press 1998

Deleuze, Gilles, Difference and Repetition, translated by Paul Patton, New York, Columbia University Press, 1995

Derrida, Jacques, Of Hospitality, translated by Anne Dufourmantelle and Rachel Bowlby, Palo Alto, California, Stanford University Press, 2000

Kafka, Franz, The Castle, translated by Anthea Bell, Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 2009

Nancy, Jean-Luc, The Inoperative Community, translated by Peter Connor, Lisa Garbus, Michael Holland and Simona Sawhney, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1991

Ponticul, Evagrie, În luptă cu gândurile. Despre cele opt gânduri ale răutăţii şi replici împotriva lor, [On How to Fight the Eight Evil Thoughts and Demons], traducere şi prezentare de diac. Ioan I. Icăr jr, comentarii de Gabriel Bunge, Sibiu, Deisis, 2006.

Contributions to support courses for adults in Alba Iulia Partition of Astra between 1934 – 1946

The courses organized for illiterate peasant and schools were two specific forms of activity of the Association, especially in the period 1902-1946. Through these tools specific activities undertaken by partitions its associations organized, aimed at raising cultural and educational-social Romanians in rural areas as a result of work by the priests of the Orthodox and Greek Catholics, teachers in rural communities concerned and the Association lecturers.

In Alba Iulia county Partitions of Astra after 1888, courses for illiterate and later schools for adults, especially after 19351936, were specific forms of cultural and educational whereby local elite was able to come into a concrete way to support the Romanian people, especially during the two terms of the management of Alba Iulia Astra exercised by Professor Eugen Hulea. Through these courses, villagers Romanian, but also those who were active in workers’ centers in different factories, deep in reading, writing and arithmetic, using priests, until 1918, then as a result of state involvement in these forms education for people with the help of teachers, and teachers after 1924.

Keywords: associations organized Astra, Alba Iulia, partition, local elite schools, adult, educational politics and custom curriculum, professor Eugen Hulea, Transylvania.

România, Direcţia Judeţeană Sibiu a Arhivelor Naţionale ale Statului (în continuare: D.J.S.A.N.), Fond ,,Astra” Acte, dos. 2 / 1909, dos. 236/1933; dos. 958/1936; doc. 2046/1946 (Romania, Sibiu County Department of National Archives of the State, Fond ,,Astra” Documents).

Matei, Pamfil, Asociaţiunea transilvană pentru literatura română şi cultura poporului roman (Astra) şi rolul ei în cultura naţională (1861- 1950), (Transylvanian Association for Romanian literature and culture of the Roman (Astra) and its role in the national culture (1861- 1950), Cluj-Napoca, Editura Dacia, 1986, 354 p. + il.

Idem, Asociaţiunea în lumina documentelor (1861 – 1950). Noi contribuţii, (Associations organized in the light of documents (1861-1950). New contributions), Sibiu, Editura Universităţii ,,Lucian Blaga”, 2005, 360 p.

Moga, Valer, Astra şi Societatea (1918-1930), (Astra and Society 1918-1930), Cluj-Napoca, Cluj University Press, 2003, p. 583.

Idem, Despărţământul Alba Iulia al Astrei (1918 – 1948), (Alba Iulia Partition of Astra between 1918 – 1948). În Apulum, XXXI, 1994, p. 440 – 491.

Nicola, Roxana, Gabriela Despărţămintele Astrei în comitatele Hunedoara şi Zarand (1873 – 1918), (Partitions of Astra in Hunedoara and Zarand counties between 1873 – 1918) Sibiu, TehnoMedia, 2009, 60 p.

Josan, Nicolae Înfiinţarea şi activitatea Despărţământului Alba Iulia al Astrei până la 1900, (The begining establishment and work of the Alba Iulia Partition of Astra to 1900). În Apulum, XVII-XXX, 1993, p. 377 – 415.

National Museum of Union in Alba Iulia, Fond ,,Documents”, inventory no. 4192/4: 7; inventory. no. 4195/8 – 13; inventory no. 4195/16; inventory no. 4196/7, 14, 15, 16.

Transylvania, L, no. 1 – 2, 1919, p. 69; Ibidem, LI, no. 5 – 9, 1920, p. 629; Ibidem,70, no. 4, 1939, p. 288-290; Ibidem, 56, no. 9-10, 1925, p. 457; Ibidem, 69, no. 2, 1938, p. 122; Ibidem, 68, no. 4, 1937, p. 279, 303; Ibidem, 69, no. 2, 1938, p. 122-124; Ibidem, 70, no. 5-6, 1939, p. 351; Transylvania, 73, Supplement to 73 year, the administrative number, 1942, p. 22-23; Ibidem, 74, supplement to year 74, administrative number, 1943, p. 29; Ibidem, 75, 75 year supplement, administrative number, 1944, p. 29-31.

Breazu, Ion, De ziua ,,Astrei”, (The day of Astra). În Transylvania 68, no. 3, 1937, p. 149-158.

Idem, Străbăţând despărţămintele, (Acrossing the Partitions of Astra). În Transylvania, 70, no. 1, 1939, p. 50-55.

Preda, Gheorghe, Activitatea ,,Astrei” în 25 de ani de la Unire (1918 – 1943) (Activity and history of Astra. In 25 years after unification between 1918-1943), Sibiu, Astra Publishing, 1944, p. 198.

Popa, Ioan, Dimensiuni etno-identitare şi national-politice în spaţiul şcolar sud-transilvănean, (Dimensions ethno-national identity and politics in South Transylvanian school space), Cluj Napoca, Argonaut, 2013, p. 37, 93 -97.

Voicu, Sebastian, Problema culturalizării maselor (The problem enlightenment of the masses). În Transylvania 59, no. January 1928, p. 1-6.

Contemporary cultural consumption – perspectives and challenges

The major aim of the authors is to undertake a reappraisal of the contemporary “story” of the book as an item of culture and commerce, in its transition from print to electronic, in addition to paper versus digital reading; thus having cultural, artistic, economic and technological characteristics. Our goal shall be attained by performing a thorough analysis of the state of reading nowadays, particularly the role of books in promoting cultural diplomacy with particular reference to Cultural Institutes (Romanian Cultural Institute) as facilitators of intercultural communication as well as renown international Book Fairs (e.g. Paris – Salon du Livre, London Book Fair, Frankfurter Buchmesse) enabling not only the survival of the book but also their travel worldwide mediated by literary translations.

Keywords: cultural consumption; cultural institutes; book fairs

References:

1. ref Eva-Nicoleta Burdusel, “Re-inventing Culture in the information society. A Sustainable Approach” in Revista Transilvania, nr. 2/2014, pp.84-88
2.https://www.ifla.org/publications/beacons-of- theinforma tion-society-the-alexandria-proclamation-oninformation-literacy
3. Denis McQuail, Media Performance. Mass Communication and the Public Interest, London: Sage Publications, 1999, p. 9
4. ref Irina Bokova, speech, Milan, Italy, 7 October 2010, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/ 001 896/189621e. pdf
5. http://en.unesco.org/themes/protecting-our-heritage-and-fostering-creativity
6. Martha Nussbaum, (2010) „Skills for Life”, TLS, April 30, p. 15
7. http://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/passeport-convention2005-web2.pdf
8. T.S.Eliot, Notes towards the Definition of Culture, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Court, 1949, pp. 19 -22
9. R. Williams, “The Analysis of Culture” in Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. A Reader, 2nd ed., edited and introduced by John Storey, The University of Georgia Press, Athens: 1998, p.48
10. Elisabeth Plum, op. cit, Middlesex University Press, London: 2008, pp. 20-21
11. Mihai Nadin, The Civilization of Illiteracy, Dresden University Press, 1998, pp. vii-viii
12. Mario Varga Llosa, Civilizatia spectacolului, Humanitas: Bucuresti, 2016
13. idem, Notes towards the Definition of Culture. Essays on Spectacle and Society, Picador, 2016, pp. 23-26
14. http://www.eurozine.com/proust-is-important-for-everyone
15. foreword to David Lodge`s Quite A Good Time To Be Born: a Memoir 1935-1975, Harvill Secker, 2015
16. http://www.londonbookfair.co.uk/Whats-On/Authorsof-the-Day/
17. www.buchmesse.de/e./fbf/www.buchmess.de/en/conferences/
18. Ibidem
19. [Irina Bokova speech, Istanbul, 19 January 2011, http:// unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001906/190649e.pdf]
20. Robert D. Kaplan, In Europe`s Shadow: Two Cold Wars and a Thirty-Year Journey through Romania and Beyond, Random House, 2016, p. xxvii-xxix, “Prologue”

Confession of guilt as a writing of „distance”

Assuming the world, in its universalisation or customization, is the effect of culpable discourse, which reflects how much of the „weight” of its signification we are willing or forced to internalize. Responsibility also has a mechanism for ordering the universe around the importance of its own actions, but above all, it is an openness to a kind of continuity that the sense of guilt perpetually repels in us. Whether they play the ways of evaluation and their possibilities in the experimentation laboratory of fiction, or put the banal of the small mistakes in the discourse, trying to capture the nude life in the mechanism of power, whether it makes us confess the other one of us or testify for Forces beyond us that made us mistake, re-hierarchizing the universe, the concept of guilt is a strong one, giving us access to all those investments with significance of actions, but especially to the openings to the distances of that „beyond of himself”, written in the name of the atonement of some guilty. Thus, the present text proposes a perspective on guilt, as it appears in the history of thought in the West, in terms of the distance that this concept places between the subject and the possibility of judgment outside the event.

Keywords: guilt, responsibility, subjectivity, distance, otherness

Badiou, Alain, Ethics-An Essay on the Understanding of Evil, trad. Peter Hallward, ed. Verso, NY, 2001

Badiou, Alain, Le Siècle, Éditions du Seuil, Paris, 2005

Blackmore, Susan, Consciousness: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005

Plotin, Enneade III-V, traducere colectivă, ed. IRI, Bucureşti, 2005

Ricoeur, Paul, „Evil, A Challenge to Philosophy and Theology”, trad. David Pellauer, în Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 53, dec., nr. 4/1985, p. 635-648

Ricoeur, Paul, Sois-même comme un autre, Éditions du Seuil, Paris, 1990

Whitehead, Anne, Memory, Routledge, New York, 2009

Aspects of Eminescu’s political imaginary

Built around certain recurrent myths (the golden age, the hero as a redeemer, otherness), Eminescu’s political imaginary reflects the attitude and political views of a journalist who constantly refuses to be enslaved by the ideological constraints imposed by the two political groups of the time. Due to his journalistic activity, conducted for over seven years, Eminescu becomes the chronicler of the social-political events of his time. The state and its structures, the administration and the social institutions, the governing system, the Romanian people’s geographic and historical background, as well as the cultural and artistic life of the nineteenth century gain enriched values in Eminescu’s publicistic works, regarded as a genuine historical document of that age. The present study aims at presenting some of the structures that substantiate Eminescu’s political imaginary, as pointed out by the articles published by the poet in the journals of his time.

Keywords: political imaginary, myth, Mihai Eminescu, journalism, journalistic discourse.

A.Surse:

• Eminescu 1980: Mihai Eminescu , Opere/ Works vol. IX, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei.
• Eminescu 1989: Mihai Eminescu, Opere/ Works vol. X, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei.
• Eminescu 1984: Mihai Eminescu , Opere/ Works vol. XI, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei.
• Eminescu 1985: Mihai Eminescu, Opere/ Works vol. XII, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei.
• Eminescu 1985: Mihai Eminescu, Opere/ Works vol. XIII, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei.

B. Literatură secundară

Baciu Rodica-Magdalena, Conştiinţă critică şi viziune tragică în publicistica eminesciană/ Critical consciousness and tragic vision in Mihai Eminescu’s journalistic works, Editura Universitaria, Craiova, 2005, p. 140.

Boia Lucian, Pentru o istorie a imaginarului/ For a history of the imaginary, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2000.

Durand Gilbert, Structurile antropologice ale imaginarului/ The Anthropological Structures of the Imaginary, traducere de Marcel Aderca, Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1998.

Eliade Mircea, Aspecte ale mitului/ Aspects of the myth, Editura Univers, Bucureşti, 1978, p.5.

Girardet Raoul, Mituri şi mitologii politice/ Political myths and mythologies, Traducere de Daniel Dimitriu, Prefaţă de Gabriela Adameşteanu, Institutul European, Iaşi, 1997 (după Raoul Girardet, Mythes et mythologies politiques, Edition du Seuil, Paris, 1986.

Ibrăileanu Garabet, Spiritul critic în cultura românească/ The Critical Spirit in the Romanian Culture, Editura Junimea, Iaşi, 1970.

Le Goff Jacques, Imaginarul medieval. Eseuri/ The Medieval Imagination. Essays , Editura Meridiane, Bucureşti, 1991.

Mocanu Mihaela, Publicistica eminesciană. Un model de analiză situaţională/ Eminescu’s Journalism. A situational analysis model , în „Philologica Jassyensia”, Anul IX, Nr. 1 (17), 2013, p. 79-88.

Mocanu Mihaela, Publicistica eminesciană în orizontul receptării/ Eminescu’s Journalism in the Horizon of Interpretation, în „Studii de Ştiinta şi Cultură”, Volumul IX – Numărul 2 (33) 2013, p. 59-68.

Mocanu Mihaela, Celălalt Eminescu/ Other Eminescu, în „Philologica Jassyensia”, An X, Nr. 2 (20), 2014, p. 69–80.

Perpessicius, Eminesciana/ Eminesciana, Junimea, Iaşi, 1983.

Platon Al. F., Imaginarul politic şi formarea identităţilor europene/ Political vision and the formation of European identities, Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Centrul de Studii Europene, Iaşi, 2005.

Sâmbotin Dan Gabriel, Anul 1600. Cenzura imaginarului ştiinţific la începutul modernităţii/ Year 1600. Censorship at the beginning of the imaginary scientific modernity, Institutul European, Iaşi, 2015.

Sereş Alexandru, Naţionalismul lui Eminescu/ Eminescu’s nationalism, în „Familia”, nr.4/ 2000, p. 7.

Spiridon Monica, Eminescu. Proza jurnalistică/ Eminescu. Proza jurnalistică, Editura Curtea Veche, Bucureşti, 2003, p. 57.

Storfa Joachim Peter, Scrierile politice ale lui Mihai Eminescu/ Political writings of Mihai Eminescu, Editura Paideia, Bucureşti, 2003, p. 107.

Wunenburger Jean-Jacques, Imaginariile politicului/ Political imaginary, Traducere din franceză de Ioan Buşe, Editura Paideia, Bucureşti, 2005.

Luther’s Open Letter on Translating

Translating the Bible has been one of the functions of the church to help meet the needs of people for personal study of God’s Word. As early as the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, there was an attempt to make the reading of the Scriptures intelligible in the language of the people-in this case orally although the first real translating of the Scriptures took place much later, namely in the production of the LXX and the Aramaic targums. In Martin Luther’s Open Letter on Translating reformer has set down the principles which he thinks are proper for translating.

Keywords: Luther, Holly Scripures, translating, open letter, Aramaic targums

The cult of St. Stanislav and the monastery of Augustinian eremits in Veľký Šariš (north border of Hungary – Slovakia)

The article deals with the history of the beginnings of a small Augustinian monastery built on the limit of former Hungarian kingdom (nowadays Slovakia). Priory established the friary of the Order of St. William and was dedicated in honor of St. Stanislav, Krakow bishop and martyr canonized in 1253. The Order of St. William acted in Hungary until 1266. These two facts are crucial for the beginnings of the monastery. Extinct monastery became an important center of the castle comitatus Veľký Šariš). At its beginnings, it was shaped as a town monastery located close to a major road leading to Poland. Estates of the monastery were very modest, so the development of the monastery buildings was relatively limited. Nevertheless, it becames the origin of expansion of Augustinians who founded the other three monasteries nearby (in Bardejov, Hrabkov and Spišské Podhradie).

Keywords: Augustinian Order. Order of St. William. Middle Ages. Slovakia. St. Stanislav. Veľký Šariš.

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