Consideration regarding the intellectual background of the bishops of Transylvania in the Middle Ages up to the year 1526.
The present study aims at proving the fact that the bishops of Transylvania were men of notable culture acquired in the great European universities of the time. The knowledge they acquired was of scholastic nature and eventually humanist, two specific trends of that epoch. The fact that some of the prelates had undertaken academic studies was to be a catalyst of their social and ecclesiastic ascension, which culminated with the ownership of the bishopric. Up to 1526, there existed 14 bishops of Transylvania with academic studies (mentioning that three bishops shepherded both at Oradea and at Alba Iulia). The most attended universities were on the Italian Peninsula, especially Bologna and Padua. This situation accounts for the relative closeness to Rome, the religious centre of the Catholic world, as well as to the specialization in canon law of the Italian universities, their fame of these academic institutions, to the strong bounds between the Italian territory and the Hungarian one, especially during the times of Matthias Corvinus. It is important to consider that the academic studies that the ecclesiastical personalities happened as a major factor of their religious and secular ascension. Many of the bishops were notable humanists, contributing decisively to the outspread of the Renaissance ideas and spirit throughout Hungary and Transylvania. The activity of the academic bishops placed the ecclesiastic life of Hungary in the European pattern of the epoch.
Keywords: Transylvania, bishop, university, diecese, career.
1. Jean Gaudemet, Le Gouvernement de l’Eglise a l’Époque classique, II’e partie Le Gouvernement Local, Paris, Editions Cujas, 1979, p. 46.
2. Wilfried Hartmann, Kenneyh Pennington, The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period 1140-1234. From Gratian to the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, Washington, The Catholic Universty of America Press, 2008, p. 335.
3. Jean Gaudemet, op. cit., p. 93.
4. Sintagma doctor in utroque se referă la faptul că posesorul acestui titlu era doctor atât în drept civil, cât şi în drept canonic.
5. Jean Guademet, op. cit., p. 94.
6. Temesváry János, Erdély Középkori Püspőkei. Levéltári Kutatásai Alapján, Cluj-Kolozsvár, 1922, p. 12-13; Zoltan Kosztolnyik, The Influence of Canon law on Royal Legislation and the Education of Churchmen in Hungary During the XIIXIII Centuries în Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Medieval Canon Law Catania, 30 July-6 August 2000 edited by Manlio Bellomo and Orazio Condorelli, Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2006, p. 599-600, 603; Jakubinyi György, Romániai Katolikus, Erdélyi Protestáns és Izraelita Vallási Archontológia, Kolozsvár, Verbum, 2010, p. 23;
7. Documente privind istoria României, veacul XIV, seria C. Transilvania, vol. I (1301-1320), Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, 1953, p. 74. (în continuare DIR C, XIV, I).
8. Bossányi Árpád, Regesta Supplicationum. A Pápai Kérvénykönyvek Magyar Vonatkozásu Okmányai Avignoni Korszak, I. Kötet, VI. Kelemen Pápa 1342-1352, Budapest, Stephaneum Nyomda, 1916, p. 288; DIR C, XIV, I, p. 361.
9. Gyula Kristó, Ardealul timpuriu (895-1324), Szeged, 2004, p. 312.
10. Jakubinyi György, op. cit., p. 25, 91.
11. Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi sive Sumorum Pontificum , S.R.E. Cardinalium Ecclesiarum Antistitum Series Ab Anno 1198 Usque Ad Annum 1431 Perducta E Documentis Tabularii Praesertim Vaticani Collecta, Digesta, Edita Per Conradum Eubel, Monasterii Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913, p. 492 (în continuare Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi I).
12. Monumenta Romana Episcopatus Vesprimiensis, tomus II 1276-1415, Budapest, 1899, p. 204-205 (în continuare MREV II).
13. Tóth Péter, A csanádi székeskáptalan kanonokjainak egyetemjárása a későközépkorban în Magyar Egyháztörténeti Vázlatok. Essays in church history in Hungary, 1-2/2007, p. 44, 50.
14. Veress Endre, Olasz Egyetemeken Járt Magyarországi Tanulók Anyakönyve és Iratai 1221-1864, Budapest, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1941, p. 397; Fedeles Tamás, Pécsi Kanonokok Egyetemlátogatása a Későközépkorban (13541526) în Magyar Egyháztörténeti Vázlatok Regnum. Essays in Church History in Hungary,1-2/2005, p. 68.
15. MREV II, p. 205.
16. Jakubinyi György, op. cit., p. 25, 91. Pentru detalii suplimentare asupra vieţii şi activităţii acestui ierarh a se consulta studiul nostru: Cariera politică şi ecleziastică a unui important episcop al Transilvaniei din secolul al XIVlea: Emeric Czudar în Marisia. Studii şi materiale XXXIIXXXIII Istorie, 2013, p. 9-15.
17. Engel Pál, Magyarország Világi Archontológiája 1301-1457, CD-ROM, Budapest, 2001, (în continuare Magyarország Világi Archontológiája).
18. Feher György, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, X/1, Budae, 1834, p. 598.
19. Temesváry János, op. cit., p. 281, nota 7.
20. Fügedi Erik, A XV. századi magyar püspökök în Történelmi Szemle, VIII, évfolyam 4. szám, 1965, p. 491.
21. Ioan Haţegan, Filippo Scolari. Un condotier Italian pe meleaguri dunărene, Timişoara, Editura Mirton, 1997, p. 29.
22. Veress Endre, op. cit., p. 4-5; Tonk, Sándor, Erdélyiek egyetemjárása a középkorban, Bukarest, Kriterion Könyvkiado, 1979, p. 249.
23. Magyarország Világi Archontológiája.
24. Album Studiosorum Universitatis Cracoviensis, Tomus I (ab Anno 1400 ad Annum 1489), Cracoviae, 1887, p. 27; Temesváry János, op. cit., p. 314; Tüskés Anna, Magyarországi Diákok a Bécsi Egyetemen 1365 és 1526 Között (Students from Hungary at the University of Vienna between 1365-1526), Budapest, 2008, p. 79.
25. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 489.
26. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 487; Magyarország Világi Archontológiája.
27. Temesváry János, op. cit., p. 322; Tonk Sándor, op. cit., p. 215; Costin Feneşan, Studenţi din Banat la universităţile străine până la 1552 în Revista de Istorie nr. 12/tom 29/1976, p. 1956; Tüskés Anna, op. cit., p. 104.
28. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 487.
29. Magyarország Világi Archontológiája.
30. Tonk Sándor, op. cit., p. 232; Tüskés Anna, op. cit., p. 63.
31. Istoria Românilor, vol. IV De la universalitatea creştină către Europa patriilor, Bucureşti, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001, p. 342.
32. Camil Mureşan, Iancu de Hunedoara, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968, p. 76; Istoria militară a poporului roman, Bucureşti, Editura Militară, 1986, p. 225; Octavian Tătar, Consideraţii privind bătălia de la Sântimbru (1442) în Corviniana, 2/1996, p. 52-53.
33. Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi sive Sumorum Pontificum , S.R.E. Cardinalium Ecclesiarum Antistitum Series Ab Anno 1431 Usque Ad Annum 1503 Perducta E Documentis Tabularii Praesertim Vaticani Collecta, Digesta, Edita Per Conradum Eubel, Monasterii Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1914, p. 254, 261 (în continuare Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi II); Temesváry János, op. cit., p. 360-361; Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 48; Tonk Sándor, op. cit., p. 314; Jakubinyi György, op. cit., p. 26.
34. Veress Endre, op. cit., p. 366; Tonk Sándor, op. cit., p. 274.
35. Vasile Mărculeţ, Ioan Mărculeţ, Umanişti şi cercuri umaniste din Transilvania în secolele XV-XVI în Patrimonium Apulense, X-XI/2011, p. 65.
36. Adrian Andrei Rusu, Alba Iulia între fondarea eparhiei şi capitala principatului Transilvaniei, Ghimbav, Editura Haco International, 2009, p. 37.
37. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 488.
38. Tüskés Anna, op. cit., p. 182.
39. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 488.
40. Jakó Zsigmond, Philobiblon Transilvan, Bucureşti, Editura Kriterion, 1977, p. 58.
41. Jakubinyi György, op. cit., p. 27.
42. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 490.
43. Jakó Zsigmond, op. cit., p. 59-60; Maria Holban, Călători străini despre Ţările Române, vol. I, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968, p. 495
44. Veress Endre, op. cit., p. 256-257.
45. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 491; Tonk Sándor, op. cit., p. 190, nota 222.
46. Fügedi Erik, op. cit., p. 488; Jakubinyi György, op. cit., p. 27; Tüskés Anna, op. cit., p. 268.
Album Studiosorum Universitatis Cracoviensis, Tomus I (ab Anno 1400 ad Annum 1489), Cracoviae, 1887, 701 p.
Bossányi Árpád, Regesta Supplicationum. A Pápai Kérvénykönyvek Magyar Vonatkozásu Okmányai Avignoni Korszak, I. Kötet, VI. Kelemen Pápa 13421352 [Regesta Supplicationum. The Hungarian Related Documents of the papal Books of Petitions in the Avignon Period, vol. I Pope Clement VI 1342-1352], Budapest, Stephaneum Nyomda, 1916, 324 p.
Documente privind istoria României, veacul XIV, seria C. Transilvania, vol. I (1301-1320) [Documents regarding the Romanian History, the Fourteenth Century, Series C Transylvania], Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, 1953, 444 p.
Eubel, Konrad, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi sive Sumorum Pontificum, S.R.E. Cardinalium Ecclesiarum Antistitum Series Ab Anno 1198 Usque Ad Annum 1431 Perducta E Documentis Tabularii Praesertim Vaticani Collecta, Digesta, Edita Per Conradum Eubel, Monasterii Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1913, 563 p.
Eubel, Konrad, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi sive Sumorum Pontificum, S.R.E. Cardinalium Ecclesiarum Antistitum Series Ab Anno 1431 Usque Ad Annum 1503 Perducta E Documentis Tabularii Praesertim Vaticani Collecta, Digesta, Edita Per Conradum Eubel, Monasterii Sumptibus et Typis Librariae Regensbergianae, 1914, 333 p.
Engel Pál, Magyarország Világi Archontológiája 1301– 1457, [The Secular Archontology from Hungary], CDROM, Budapest, 1996.
Engel Pál, Regatul Sfântului Stefan. Istoria Ungariei medievale 895-1526 [Saint Stephen Kingdom. The History of Medieval Hungary], Cluj-Napoca, Editura Mega, 2006, 402 p.
Fedeles Tamás, Pécsi Kanonokok Egyetemlátogatása a Későközépkorban (1354-1526)[Canons of Pécs at the Universities in Late Middle Ages 1354-1526] în Magyar Egyháztörténeti Vázlatok Regnum Essays in Church History in Hungary, 1-2/2005, p. 51-83.
Feher György, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, X/1, Budae, 1834, 760 p.
Feneşan, Costin, Studenţi din Banat la universităţile străine până la 1552 [Students from Banat at the Foreign Universities until 1552] în Revista de Istorie nr. 12/tom 29/1976, p. 1945-1965.
Fügedi Erik, A XV. századi magyar püspökök [The XV century Hungarian Bishops] în Történelmi Szemle, 1965, VIII, évfolyam 4. szám, p. 477-498.
Gaudemet, Jean, Le Gouvernement de l’Eglise a l’Époque classique, II’e partie Le Gouvernement Local, Editions Cujas, Paris, 1979, 347 p.
Haţegan, Ioan, Filippo Scolari. Un condotier Italian pe meleaguri dunărene [Filippo Scolari. An Italian Condottiero on Danubian Lands], Timişoara, Editura Mirton, 1997, 214 p.
Hartmann, Wilfried, Pennington, Kenneth, The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period 11401234. From Gratian to the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX, Washington, The Catholic University of America Press, 2008, 442 p.
Holban Maria, Călători străini despre Ţările Române [Foreign Travelers about the Romanian Countries], vol. I, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968, 588 p.
Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. II [The Military History of the Romanian People, volume II], Bucureşti, Editura Militară, 1986, 638 p.
Istoria Românilor, vol. IV De la universalitatea creştină către Europa patriilor [The History of the Romanians, volume IV From Christian Universality to Europe Homelands], Bucureşti, Editura Enciclopedică, 2001, 878 p.
Jakó, Zsigmond, Philobiblon Transilvan [Transylvanian Philobiblon], Bucureşti, Editura Kriterion, 1977, 512 p.
Jakubinyi György, Romániai Katolikus, Erdélyi Protestáns és Izraelita Vallási Archontológia [The Catholic, Transylvanian Protestant and Israelite Religious Archontology from Romania], Kolozsvár,Verbum, 2010, 154 p.
Kosztolnyik, Zoltan, The Influence of Canon law on Royal Legislation and the Education of Churchmen in Hungary During the XII-XIII Centuries în Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Medieval Canon Law Catania, 30 July-6 August 2000 edited by Manlio Bellomo and Orazio Condorelli, Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2006, p. 593604.
Kristó Gyula, Ardealul timpuriu (895-1324) [The Early Transylvania 895-1324], Szeged, 2004, 400 p.
Markó László, A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól nap jainkig, [The Hungarian Head of State and Dignitaries from St. Stephan to Present Day], Helikon, Budapest, 2006, 487 p.
Mărculeţ, Vasile, Mărculeţ, Ioan, Umanişti şi cercuri umaniste din Transilvania în secolele XV-XVI [Humanists and Humanist Circles from Transylvania in the XV-XVI Centuries] în Patrimonium Apulense, X-XI, 2011, p. 61-70.
Monumenta Romana Episcopatus Vesprimiensis, tomus II 1276-1415, Budapest, 1899, 467 p.
Mureşan, Camil, Iancu de Hunedoara [John Hunyadi], Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968, 247 p.
Neagu, Răzvan Mihai, Cariera politică şi ecleziastică a unui important episcop al Transilvaniei din secolul al XIVlea: Emeric Czudar [Political and ecclesiastical career of an important bishop of Transylvania in the fourteenth century: Emeric Czudar] în Marisia. Studii şi materiale XXXII-XXXIII Istorie, 2013, p. 9-15.
Rusu, Adrian Andrei, Alba Iulia între fondarea eparhiei şi capitala principatului Transilvaniei [Alba Iulia between the foundation of the Diocese and the capital of the Principality of Transylvania], Ghimbav, Editura Haco International 2009, 115 p.
Tătar, Octavian, Consideraţii privind bătălia de la Sântimbru (1442)[Considerations regarding the Battle of Sântimbru 1442 ] în Corviniana, 2/ 1996, p. 47-55.
Temesváry János, Erdély Középkori Püspőkei: Levéltári Kutatásai Alapján [The Medieval Bishops of Transylvania: Based on Archival Research], ClujKolozsvár, 1922, 476 p.
Tonk, Sándor, Erdélyiek egyetemjárása a középkorban [Transylvanian University Men in the Middle Ages], Bukarest, Kriterion Könyvkiado, 1979, 399 p.
Tóth Péter, A csanádi székeskáptalan kanonokjainak egyetemjárása a későközépkorban [Canons of Csanád at Universities in the Late Middle Ages] în Magyar Egyháztörténeti Vázlatok. Essays in church history in Hungary 1-2/2007, p. 37-59.
Tüskés Anna, Magyarországi Diákok a Bécsi Egyetemen 1365 és 1526 Között (Students from Hungary at the University of Vienna between 1365-1526), Budapest, 2008, 486 p.
Veress Endre, Olasz Egyetemeken Járt Magyarországi Tanulók Anyakönyve és Iratai 1221-1864 [The Matriculation Register and Study Documents of Hungarian Students Who Studied at Italian Universities 1221-1864], Budapest, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, 1941, 704 p.
