100 years of Romanian Education: Failures and Achievements

Romanians tend to define themselves as a nation of “education lovers”. Despite this positive self-perception, it is no secret that the educational system is incapable of improving the potential of the Romanian society. Recently, in December 2018, the Presidential Administration of Romania launched a public debate regarding the way in which education should develop in the next 20 to 50 years. Entitled “România Educată”, the initiative hasn’t succeeded in generating a national debate regarding this issue. In other words, the Romanian society and political class are not convinced and aware of the fact that education can indeed be a mechanism of social change and of economic development. Nevertheless, in order to “contextualize” and to emphasize an apocalyptical image upon the current system of education in Romania, critics usually tend to uncritically praise previous systems of education from Greater Romania or from the communist regime. The result is a sort of antithetic discourse that offers little incentives for the present debate. For this reason, the main challenge of this study is to find out if the Romanian system of education of the last century was, indeed, conceived as a true investment in the human capital. No matter how vast the subject may sound, the authors would focus on the evolution of the educational ideal in the last century, while contextualizing the performance of the educational systems with statistical and comparative data.

Keywords: Romania, 20th century, education, human capital

Archives

International Labour Organization Archive, Fund ROM/67/502

Periodicals

Anuarul statistic al României / Romania Yearbook 1996, 2002, 2012, 2016, 2017

Forum. Revista învățământului superior, Bucharest, year XII-XIV, 1970-1972

Revista generală a învățământului, year XXVIII, 1940

Books

*** Copiii care nu merg la școală. O analiză a participării la educație în învățământul primar și gimnazial / Children who do not go to school. An analysis of participation in primary and secondary education, UNICEF România, Buzău, Alpha MDN, 2012

*** Enciclopedia României. Vol. 1 Statul / Romanian Encyclopedia. Vol. 1: The State, București, Imprimeria Națională, 1938

Acemoglu, Daron, Robinson, James A. De ce eșuează națiunile? Originile puterii, ale prosperității și ale sărăciei / Why nations fail? The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty, București, Litera, 2016

Andrei, Petre, Opere sociologice. Vol. 2: Sociologia politicii și a culturii / Sociological works. Vol. 2: Sociology of politics and culture, edited by Mircea Mâciu, București, Editura Academiei RSR, 1975

Andrei, Tudorel, Iagăr, Elena Mihaela (coord.), Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 20 octombrie 2011, vol. 1: Populație stabilă (rezidentă) / Population and Housing Census from 20^th of October 2011, vol.1: Rezident Population, București, 2013.

Barro, Robert J., Lee, Jong-Wha, Education Matters. Global Schooling Gains from the 19^th to the 21^st Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015

Cazacu, Honorina, Mobilitate socială / Social Mobility, București, Academia RSR Publishing House, 1974

Gusti, Dimitrie, Un an de activitate la Ministerul Instrucției, Cultelor și Artelor / A year of activity at the Minister of Public Instruction, Cults and Arts, București, 1934

Harari, Yuval Noah, 21 Lessons for the 21^st Century, London, Penguin Books, 2018

Harari, Yuval Noah, Sapiens. A brief history of humankind,  London, Vintage Publishing House, 2014

Malița, Mircea, Cronica anului 2000 / Chronicle of 2000, 2nd edition, București, Editura Politică, 1975

Miroiu, Adrian, Fuga de competiție. O perspectivă instituțională asupra societății românești / Running away from competition. An institutional perspective on Romanian society, Iași, Polirom, 2016

Murgescu, Bogdan, România și Europa. Acumularea decalajelor economice / Romania and Europe. The Accumulation of Economic Gaps, Iași, Polirom, 2010

Nadin, Mihai, Civilizația analfabetismului / The Civilization of Illiteracy, București, Spandugino, 2016

Pavelescu, Florin Marius, Evoluția cadrului instituțional și dinamica sistemului educațional al României în secolul al XX-lea / Evolution of the Institutional Framework and Dynamics of Romania’s Educational System in the 20^th Century, București, Expert, 2016

Piketty, Thomas, Capitalul în secolul XXI / The Capital in the 21^st Century, București, Litera, 2015

Trancu-Iași, Grigore, Oameni și năzuințe / People and Hopes, Craiova, Tiparul Scrisul Românesc, [1937]

Trebici, Vladimir, Populația României și creșterea economică. Studii de demografie economică / Romania Population and Economic Growth. Studies on Economic Demography, București, Politica Publishing House, 1971

The Human Capital of the Kurdish Region of Iraq. Kurdish Returnee(s) as a Possible Agent for a State-Building Process Solution

The region of Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI) has undergone to a great change in the economic and social aspects in the last 10 years, the reason and the determinants that brought this modifications has been slightly explored by past scholars. One of the new aspect that touched the region has been the increasing number of returnees, which started after a specific date, the 2013, year of the economic boom in the KRI. This article analyzes how in the region of Iraqi Kurdistan, the improvement of the economic sectors and number of returnees are interconnected, and how when these two data grow, the condition of quasi-state and independence (mainly economic) from the central government also increases. While, when these two data fall, the condition of quasi-state and the conflictual condition with Baghdad stabilized, transforming the situation into a prolonged conflict. For this research four key factors have been analyzed in the period from 2013 till mid-2017: 1) number of returnees, 2) economic growth, 3) business in the energy sector and 4) quasi-state condition. The peculiarity of this article is that thanks to this specific analysis we can understand why and when the KRI reached an higher level of independence from the Iraqi state and why and how this dependence failed. In this article we can see how the condition of quasi-state stopped to improve not because of the September Referendum (which is not mentioned in the study because the time frame detected do not take it into consideration), but because the Kurdish Regional Government made a decisional mistake regarding its economic vision. The results helps us in obtaining a more detailed idea of how the Iraqi Kurds reality can change based on a triadic model: returnees, economic investments and quasi-state condition.

Keywords: Iraqi Kurdistan, returnees, economy, actors, quasi-state, human capital.

The Last Five Weeks of Hasburg Imperial Austria (October – November)

In just five weeks’ time, the imperial Habsburg Austria underwent a quick dissolution process and ceased to exist. The Slavs in the south started this process aiming to create Yugoslavia, but the Czechs contributed significantly to it in their attempt to create Czechoslovakia. In both cases, Hungarian territories were also targeted. Under these circumstances, the Imperial Court in Vienna initiated negotiations with Hungarian politicians to gain their support for an administrative reform to be enforced throughout the monarchy. Hungarian politicians refused with obstinately, so that ultimately the planned reform could only cover the territories of the former dualist Austria. While the imperial Manifesto dated October 16, but issued on October 18, stipulated the federalisation of Austria, the Hungarian Parliament voted Hungary’s independence from Austria. However, four independent states were simultaneously established on 19 October in Zagreb, Prague, Vienna and Lviv: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austrian and Ukrainian, all with territorial claims on Hungary and with Ukrainian claims on Bucovina. In October 27, Romanians in Cernăuți organised themselves and decided to unite with Romania. Three days later, an Austrian government was set up in Vienna, so between October 31 and November 11 there were two parallel governments, one for the establishment of the new Austrian state and the other for the winding-up of the old Austrian state. On November 11, since he was left with neither territory under his rule nor subjects, Emperor Karl I signed in pencil his declaration of renouncing the exercise of his prerogatives, refusing to use the term abdication.

Keywords: the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Ukraine, Zagreb, Lviv, Bucovina, Constantin Isopescu – the Greek, the Romanian constituent assembly of Bucovina.

Afflerbach, Holger, Auf Messers Schneide: Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor, München, C.H.Beck, 2018, Kindle-Version.

Calic, Marie-Janine, Geschichte Jugoslawiens im 20. Jahrhundert, München, C.H.Beck, 2014.

Gerwarth, Robert, Die Besiegten: Das blutige Erbe des Ersten Weltkriegs, München, Siedler Verlag, 2017.

Glenny, Misha, The Balkans. Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999, Londra, Penguin Books 1999.

Fromkin, David, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, New York, Henry Holt and Co., 1989.

Kinder, Hermann, Werner Hilgemann, Dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, ed. XXII, 1987.

Knipp, Kersten, Im Taumel: 1918: Europas Sturz und Neubeginn, ed. wbg Theiss 2018.

Leonhard, Jörn, Der überforderte Frieden: Versailles und die Welt 1918-1923, München, C.H.Beck, 2018.

Lukowski, Jerzy, A Concise History of Poland (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Rauchensteiner, Manfried, Der Erste Weltkrieg und das Ende der Habsburgermonarchie 1914-1918. In aller Kürze, Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2015

Reinerth, Karl M., Zur politischen Entwicklung der Deutschen in Rumänien. 1918-1928, Innsbruck, Wort-und-Welt-Verlag, 1993.

Teutsch, Friedrich, Geschichte der Siebenbürger Sachsen für das sächsische Volk, vol. IV, Sibiu, 1926.

Schüßler, Wilhelm, Das Verfassungsproblem im Habsburgerreich, Stuttgart, Berlin, 1918.

Zamoyski, Adam, Poland: A history, Londra, HarperCollins Publishers, 2009.

Sporting activities at Gheorghe Lazăr State High School of Sibiu between the two World Wars

This article focuses on the sports activities carried out by the students attending “Gheorghe Lazăr” State High School from Sibiu, during the inter-war period. The activities displayed there were both from the scouting area (field trips, socials) and from the sports area (ice-skating, sled riding, swimming, football, volleyball, athleticism and gymnastic) and were executed in connection with the analytical curriculum, but also within the already created bodies („Sunrise” sports society and „Negoiul” scout cohort). The high school students did not miss the inter-school competitions from Blaj held with the occasion of the celebrations of 3/15 May 1923, 1924 and 1934, where they received various distinctions (fourth place with reward, bronze statue given by the Ministry of National Education). In addition to the “gymnastic performances” held on various occasions during this period, other manifestations are worth mentioning, such as the national competition of oina (1928), the regional inter-school championships of athletics and volleyball (1932) and the sport festivity of 20th May 1934. The attention given to physical education was possible as a result of the dedication and involvement of elite professors such as C. M. Ionescu, Dumitru Branga and Octavian Salvan.

Keywords: Sibiu, Transylvania, contests, sport, gymnastic, education system.

https://atlasbetr.com

Anuarul I al Liceului de Stat Gheorghe Lazăr din Sibiu 1919-1920. Publicat de Dr. I. Bunea, director, Tiparul Tiprografiei „Carpații”, Sibiiu, 1920, p. 25./ The First Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr” State High School from Sibiu 1919-1920. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of the „Carpathians Printing House”, Sibiu, 1920, p. 25.

Anuarul II al Liceului de Stat Gheorghe Lazăr din Sibiu 1920-1921. Publicat de Dr. I. Bunea, director, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiu, 1921, p.  36sqq./ The Second Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr” State High School from Sibiu 1920-1921. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1921, p. 36 sqq.

Anuarul IV al Liceului de Stat Gheorghe Lazăr din Sibiu 1922-1923. Publicat de Dr. I. Bunea, director, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiu, 1924, p. 90, 92, 103./ The Fourth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1922-1923. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1924, p. 90, 92, 103.

Anuarul V al Liceului de Stat Gheorghe Lazăr din Sibiu 1923-1924. Publicat de Dr. I. Bunea, director, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiu, 1925, p. 76, 92./ The Fifth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1923-1924. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1925, p. 76, 92.

Anuarul VI  al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr” din Sibiiu 1924-1925, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1926, p. 76, 85./ The Sixth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1924-1925. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1926, p. 76, 85.

Anuarul VII al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1925-1926, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1927, p.  42sqq, 55./ The Seventh Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1925-1926. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1927, p. 42 sqq, 55.

Anuarul VIII al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1926-1927, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1928, p.  66, 69./ The Eighth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1926-1927. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1928, p. 66, 69.

Anuarul IX al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1927-1928, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1929, p. 48, 60, 63./ The Ninth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1927-1928. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1929, p. 48, 60, 63.

Anuarul X al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1928-1929, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1930, p. 61, 73./ The Tenth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1928-1929. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1930, p. 61, 73.

Anuarul XI al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1929-1930, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1931, p. 53, 62./ „The Eleventh Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1929-1930. Published by director Dr. I. Bunea, the Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1931, p. 53, 62.

Anuarul XII al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1930-1931, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1932, p. 55./ The Twelfth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr” State High School from Sibiu 1930-1931. Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1932, p. 55.

Anuarul XIII al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1931-1932, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1933, p. 48sq./ „The Thirteenth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr” State High School from Sibiu 19231-1932.” Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1933, p. 48 sq.

Anuarul XV al Liceului de Stat „Gheorghe Lazăr”– din Sibiiu 1933-1934, Tiparul institutului de arte grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiiu, 1935, p. 54sq./ The Fifteenth Yearbook of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  State High School from Sibiu 1933-1934.” Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1935, p. 54 sq.

Anuarul Institutelor de învățământ gr. cat. din Blaj. Liceul de băeți, Liceul și școala primară de fete, Școala normală, Școala de aplicație, Școala învățăceilor de meserii și negustorii pe anul școlar 1922-1923, Tipografia Seminarului Teologic gr. cat., Blaj, 1923, p. XVIII./ The Annual of the Education Institutes gr. cat. from Blaj. High School for Boys, High School and Secondary School for Girls, Normal School, Active Application School, School for the Apprentices and Merchants on the school year 1922-1923, Typography of the Theological Seminary gr. cat., Blaj, 1923, p. XVIII.

Cosmin-Crăciun Cruciat, Istoria  Colegiului Național „Gheorghe Lazăr” din Sibiu de la origini până în anul 2017, Editura Andreiana, Sibiu, 2017, p. 277./ Cosmin-Crăciun Cruciat, The History of „Gheorghe Lazăr”  National College of Sibiu from its origins to the year 2017, Andreiană Publishing House, Sibiu, 2017, p. 277.

Ioan Stanciu, Istoricul Liceului Gheorghe Lazăr din Sibiu. 250 ani de la întemeierea lui 1692-1942, Institutul de Arte Grafice „Dacia Traiană”, Sibiu, 1943./ Ioan Stanciu, History of the „Gheorghe Lazăr” High School in Sibiu. 250 years since its foundation 1692-1942, Typography of „Dacia Traiană” Institute of Graphic Arts, Sibiu, 1943.

„Unirea Poporului”, Anul V, Nr. 20, Blaj, la 27 mai 1923, p. 2; Anul VI, Nr. 20, Blaj, Duminică, la 18 Mai 1924, p. 1sq; Anul XVI, Nr. 20, Blaj, la 20 Maiu 1934, p. 1-5./ „The Union of the People”, V, No. 20, Blaj, 27^th May 1923, p. 2; VI, No. 20, Blaj, Sunday, 18^thMay 1924, p. 1 sq; XVI, No. 20, Blaj, 20^th May 1934, p. 1-5.

„Unirea. Foaie bisericească politică”, Anul XXXIII, Nr. 20, Blaj, Sâmbătă, 19 Maiu 1923, p. 1, 3; Anul XXXIV, Nr. 20, Blaj, Sâmbătă, 17 Maiu 1924, p. 2./lista școlilor participante; Anul XLIV, Nr. 20, Blaj, Sâmbătă, 19 Maiu 1934, p. 2./ „Unirea. Political Church Sheet”, XXXIII, No. 20, Blaj, Saturday, 19^th May 1923, p. 1, 3; XXXIV, No. 20, Blaj, Saturday, 17^th May 1924, p. 2; XLIV, No. 20, Blaj, Saturday, 19^th May 1934, p. 2.

The Role of Dual Citizenship in the Life of Transnational Families in the Republic of Moldova

The Republic of Moldova is a country with a high emigration rate.  The history of migration from the Republic of Moldova has a certain age and this influences the structure of transnational families lives which have their roots in this country. The migration of work force is not a new process but a common practice as during the soviet period and, as the recent studies show, with a high increase during the past 20 years. Today the society from the Republic of Moldova is divided between those who practice migration towards the Russian Federation – especially Moscow area – and those who leave for Romania. Those who choose Romania as their destination, face some challenges of transnational family life and this is the subject of this article. Sooner or later, their aim is to regain or obtain the Romanian citizenship – different processes but with the same finality. The article analyzes the way in which the Moldovan family life is modeled by regaining or obtaining the Romanian citizenship.

Keywords: family, transnational, migration, dual citizenship, Republic of Moldova

Abiala, K. Young Moldovan Women at the Crossroads: Between Patriarchy and Transnational Labour Markets. În N. Götz (ed.) The Sea of Identities. A Century of Baltic and East European Experiences with Nationality, Class, and Gender (269-289). Huddinge, Södertörn University, 2014.

Baldassar, L. Visits home: migration experiences between Italy and Australia. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 2001.

Baldassar, L.; Baldock, C. Linking migration and family studies: transnational migrants and the care of ageing parents. În B. Agozino (Ed.), Theoretical and methodological issues in migration research: interdisciplinary, intergenerational and international perspectives (pp. 61–89). Aldershot, Ashgate, 2000.

Baldock, C. V. ”Migrants and Their Parents: Caregiving from a Distance”, în Journal of Family Issues, 21(2), 2000, p. 205-224 . doi: 10.1177/019251300021002004.

Bauböck, R. ”Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism”, în International Migration Review, 37, 2003, p. 700–723. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00155.x.

Cheianu-Andrei, D.; Gramma, R.; Milicenco, S. Necesităţile specifice ale copiilor şi vârstnicilor lăsaţi fără îngrijirea membrilor de familie plecaţi la muncă peste hotare. Chișinău, CEP USM, 2011.

Cuc, M.; Lundbäck, E.; Ruggiero E. Migration and Remittances in Moldova. Washington, D.C., International Monetary Fund, 2005.

Culic, I. ”Eluding Exit and Entry Controls: Romanian and Moldovan Immigrants in the European Union”, în East European Politics and Societies, 22(1), 2008, p. 145-170. doi: 10.1177/0888325407311795.

Dressler, W. ”Between Empires and Europe: The Tragic Fate of Moldova”, în Diogenes 210, 53(2), 2006, p. 29-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192106065970.

Dumbravă, C. ”Reproducing the nation: reproduction, citizenship and ethno-demographic survival in post-communist Romania” în Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2016, p. 1490-1507. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2016.1221335.

Gagauz, O. (coord.). Population Situation Analysis in the Republic of Moldova (PSA), 2016. http://moldova.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PSA_engleza.pdf [Accesat în ianuarie 2019].

Ghencea, B.; Gudumac, I. Labour Migration and Remittances in the Republic of Moldova (Report). Chișinău, Moldova Microfinance Alliance, 2004. http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002327/01/Raport_Migration_Remittances_2.pdf [Accesat în februarie 2019].

Grant, G., Falkingham; J., Evandrou, M. The Impact of Adult Children’s Migration on Wellbeing in Later Life: Voices from Moldova. CRA Discussion Paper no. 0902 CRA DP/0902. UK, University of Southampton, 2009. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b4340f0b652dd000bbe/60432_Migrants_Moldova.pdf. [Accesat în februarie 2019].

Görlich, D.; Trebesch, C. Seasonal Migration and Networks—Evidence on Moldova’s Labour Exodus. Review of World Economics, 144(1), 2008, p. 107-133. doi: 10.1007/s10290-008-0139-y.

Harpaz, Y. ”Rooted Cosmopolitans: Israelis with a European Passport – History, Property, Identity”, în International Migration Review, 2013, 47 (1), p. 166–206. doi:10.1111/imre.12017.

Harpaz, Y. ”Ancestry into Opportunity: How Global Inequality Drives Demand for Long-distance European Union Citizenship”, în Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41 (13), 2015, p.  2081-2104 . doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1037258.

Hegarty, T.J. The Politics of Language in Moldova. În O’Reilly C.C. (eds) Language, Ethnicity and the State. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, p. 123-154. doi: 10.1057/9781403914187_6.

Horváth, I.; Anghel, R.G. Migration and its consequences for Romania. Südosteuropa, 57(4), 2009, p.  386–403.

Horváth, I. ”Romania and Moldova, Migration mid-19th Century to Present, with Special Focus on Minorities Migration/ Migraţia din România şi Republica Moldova de la mijlocul secolului XIX până în prezent, cu accent pe migraţia minorităţilor”, în Studii de atelier ISPMN, 40. Cluj-Napoca, Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităților Naționale, 2011.

Iordachi, C. Country Report: Romania. EUDO Citizenship Observatory. Revised and updated April 2013. http://eudo-citizenship.eu/admin/?p=file&appl=countryProfiles&f=2013-19-Romania.pdf. [Accesat în februarie 2019].

Iordachi, C. (coord.) Redobândirea cetățeniei române: Perspective istorice, comparative și aplicate/Reacquiring Romanian Citizenship: Historical, Comparative and Applied Perspectives, bilingual edition. București, Curtea Veche, 2012.

Knott, E. ”What Does it Mean to Be a Kin Majority? Analyzing Romanian Identity in Moldova and Russian Identity in Crimea from Below”, în Social Science Quarterly, 96, 2015, p. 830–859. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12193.

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Lücke, M.; Omar Mahmoud, T.; Steinmayr, A. Labor Migration and Remittances in Moldova: Is the Boom Over?” Trends and Preliminary Findings from the IOM‐CBSAXA Panel Household Survey 2006-2008, prepared for International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2009.

Marcu, S. ”Between migration and cross-border mobility: return for development and Europeanization among Moldavian immigrants”, în Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(1), p. 83-107, 2014. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2014.882086.

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Mosneaga, V. Republic of Moldova: Diaspora and Diaspora Policy. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 14(2), 2014, p. 149-172. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjps-2014-0007.

Pinger, P. ”Come Back or Stay? Spend Here or There? Return and Remittances: The Case of Moldova”, în International Migration, 4, 2010, p. 142–173. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00562.x.

Ruggiero, E. ”Migration and Remittances” în Problems of Economic Transition, 48(3), 2005, p. 54-83.

Toderiţă, A., Silaghi C., Ghinea, C. Redobândirea cetățeniei românești: cine, când, cum, unde și de ce? În Redobândirea cetățeniei române: Perspective istorice, comparative și aplicate/Reacquiring Romanian Citizenship: Historical, Comparative and Applied Perspectives, bilingual edition. București, Curtea Veche, 2012.

Pagini web:

Guvernul României: http://gov.ro/ro/guvernul/sedinte-guvern/romania-i-republica-moldova-continua-colaborarea-in-domeniul-educatiei-in-perioada-2016-2019

Articole de ziar:

Eduard Pascu, Cetățeni cu termen de valabilitate; 13 august 2017, articol accesibil la adresa: https://www.cotidianul.ro/cetateni-cu-termen-de-valabilitate/.

Mariana Creangă, Mii de moldoveni cu paşaport românesc, anunţaţi că, de fapt, nu sunt cetăţeni români, iulie 2016, articol disponibil la adresa:

http://www.traduzionirumeno.it/mii-de-moldoveni-cu-pasaport-romanesc-anuntati-ca-de-fapt-nu-sunt-cetateni-romani/.

Drama miilor de moldoveni cu pașapoarte românești anunțați, din senin, că nu mai au cetățenie, 7 decembrie 2016, articol disponibil la adresa:

https://reportaje.moldova.org/drama-miilor-de-moldoveni-cu-pasapoarte-romanesti-anuntati-din-senin-ca-nu-mai-au-cetatenie/