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8 / 2024

Transilvania featured 8.2024
Revista: 8 / 2024
Anul Publicarii:2024
Print ISSN: 0255-0539

Științe socio-umane

Arte vizuale

Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

Sociologie

Științe politice & juridice

Istorie & Antropologie

Studii culturale

Autor: Luminița Dumănescu
Email: luminita.dumanescu@ubbcluj.ro

Abstract: The enactment of the Sanitary Regulation in 1770 and the subsequent attempts to organise a health system designed to fulfil the needs of the population even in times of normality and not just in times of crisis, entailed the emergence of a network of health services which, right from the very beginning, emphasised the formation of a professional category playing an active role in the communities: midwives. In this article, the focus is on the exploration of this emerging professional segment in 1875, based on a health statistic produced by the Hungarian authorities shortly before the implementation of the 1876 Health Act. According to our knowledge it is the first of this reports that also captures the category of midwives for historical Transylvania. The data provided by the source allow both the socio-demographic characteristics of this professional category as well as an overview of the spread of medical provision of this type in the province. This work also offers a diachronic perspective on the act of medicalization of childbirth in Transylvania.

Keywords: midwives, Transylvania, childbirth, health policies, medicalization

Bernasconi, Sara. “The Material Side of Modernity: The Midwife’s Bag in Bosnia and Herzegovina around the Turn of the Century.” In From the Midwife’s Bag to the Patient’s File. Public Health in Eastern Europe, edited by Heike Karge, Friederike Kind-Kovács, and Sara Bernasconi. Budapest & New York: CEU Press, 2017.

Dumănescu, Luminița, and Ioan Bolovan. “Medicalisation of Birth in Transylvania in the Second Half of the 19th Century. A Subject to be Investigated.” Historical Life Course Studies, no. 3 (2021): 91–95.

Dumănescu, Luminița, and Marius Eppel. “The Politics of Birth in Composite States: Midwives in Transylvania (19th – 20th Century).” Romanian Journal of Population Studies 13, no. 1 (2019): 7-28.

Farkas, Ignat. Emerkungen zur chronologie de Hebammenkunst in Grossfürsthentum Siebenbürgen bey dem Anfang des Unterrichts im zweiten Curs für Dorfhrbammen. Elisabethstadt, 1803.

Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.

Lange, Martin. “Plan zur Verbesserung der Hebammen-Anstalten im Burzenländischen Distrikte; übergeben dem Kronstädter Magistrate 1791 den 12 Februar von Martin Lange weiland Burzenländischen Distrikts Physikus.” Siebenbürgische Quartalschrift 3, no. 2 (1793): 114–119.

Linzbauer, Ferencz. Statistik des Medicinal-Standes der Kranken- und Humanitäts-Anstalten, der Mineralwässer, Bäder, Trink- und Gesundbrunnen von Ungarn. Wien, 1859.

Maizner, János. A Kolozsvári orvos sebészi tanintézet történeti vázlata 1775-1872. Koloszsvár: Ajtai K. Albert Kőnvynyomdája, 1890.

Olah Gyula. Magyarország közegészségügyi statistikája. I. kötet I. füzet. Az egészségügyi személyzet és a gyógyszertárak statisztikája Magyarországban 1875.

Pârvulescu, Anca, and Manuela Boatcă. Creolizing the Modern: Transylvania across Empires. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2022.

Parvulescu, Anca, and Manuela Boatcă. Creolizarea modernului. Transilvania la răscrucea imperiilor, translated by Ciprian Șiulea (Sibiu: Editura ULBS, 2024).

Petrescu, G. Z. Hermannstädter Hebammen in 18. Jahrhundert. Drucck der Krafft & Drotleff A.G. Hermannstadt, 1931.

Sechel, Teodora Daniela, ed. Medicine within and between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, 18th-19th Centuries. Bochum: Dr. Winkler Publishers, 2011.

Szokefalvy, Nagy Z., and I. Spielmann. “Contribuții la istoricul primelor decenii ale institutului medico-chirurgical din Cluj.” Revista Medicală, no. 2 (1967): 216–225.

van Teijlingen, Edwin, George Lewis, Peter McCaffery, and Maureen Porters, eds. Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspective. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2004.

Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru. Memorii [Memories]. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 1994.

Autor: Dinu Guțu
Email: guzzu.dinu@gmail.com

Abstract: During recent years, leisure can no longer be strictly associated with the concepts of ‘good’ and ‘pleasure’: a critical perspective offered by the recent theory of ‘deviant leisure’(Smith and Raymen, 2016; Ayres, 2019) shows how the relationship between leisure, freedom and pleasure is no longer clear, and how, in the context of late capitalism consumption, a part of leisure activities imply harm, exploitation and vulnerability. Throughout the article I tried to follow the deviant cultural component of the drug use leisure activity in the context of clubbing, going through the concept of depressive hedonia (Fisher, 2009). The depressive hedonism scene among Bucharest clubbers is defined by extended club ‘marathons,’ FOMO (‘fear of missing out’), and the ‘injunction to enjoy,’ where harm and hedonism go hand in hand. For Romanian youth, recreational drug use becomes an element of subcultural capital which is different from their parents’ culture, as well as an (experience) consumption marker of class distinction, Western and trendy.

 

Keywords: deviant leisure, depressive hedonia, clubbing, recreational drugs, rominimal

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Biblioteconomie

Științele limbii

Științele economice

Antropologie. Studii filozofice

Teologie

Studii literare

Autor: Andreea Mironescu, Cosmin Borza, Mihai Iovănel, Adriana Stan
Email: andreea.mironescu@yahoo.com

The Novels of Memory: New Subgenres for Contemporary Romanian Literature

Abstract: This article argues for a rethinking of how we label the diversity of subgenres that have emerged in the postcolonial and post-Cold War world within the global genre of the novel, with the so-called memory turn and its aftermath. We identify the memory novel as one of the most important genres in contemporary global literature, and we zoom in on its forms and dynamics in post-communist Romania. Drawing on a corpus of over 200 novels published in Romania between 1990 and 2022, we propose a new set of subgenre labels that have the potential to more accurately capture the formal, thematic, and political characteristics of contemporary novels from Romania and beyond. These labels are: testimonial novel, post-testimonial novel, coming-of-age novel, transgenerational novel, and historiographical metafiction.

Keywords: novel of memory, subgenres, postcolonialism, postcommunism, world literature, Romania

Acknowledgement: Acest articol a fost finanțat printr-un grant al Ministerului Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării, CNCS – UEFISCDI, număr de proiect PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1429, prin PNCDI III. Autorii îi mulțumesc Alinei Moroșanu, membră a proiectului MEMORO, pentru suportul oferit în prelucrarea datelor.

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Autor: Francesca De Agnoi
Email: francesca.deagnoi@unimi.it

Abstract: Negative empathy is a destabilizing aesthetic experience which consists in empathizing with immoral and seductive characters portrayed in a fascinating, yet disturbing fashion. Drawing from cognitive, philosophical and narrative theories, this paper identifies the protective distance provided by aesthetic representation as a prerequisite for the conversion of the tragic or unsettling emotions stirred by negative empathy into aesthetic enjoyment. As a result, I argue that the cathartic potential enabled by literary negative empathy with fictional characters or atmospheres allows for the aesthetization and consequent sublimation of the otherwise repressed major taboos described by Freud in Totem and Taboo. Through analysis of some excerpts from Ágota Kristóf’s The Notebook, The Proof, The Third Lie and Angela Carter’s short story “The Snow Child,” the paper shows how narratives involving parricide and incest possibly allow readers to confront repression, and how the literary presentation of these narratives contributes to readers’ emotional engagement and aesthetic enjoyment of what would otherwise be deeply disturbing subject matter.

Keywords: negative empathy, catharsis, taboos, parricide, incest.

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Lee, Alison. Angela Carter. Twayne’s English Authors Series, no. 540. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.

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Lowe, Simon. “Ágota Kristóf’s ‘The Notebook’ is a tale of twisted morality and survival during wartime.” The Calvert Journal, June 11, 2021. https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/12848/agota-kristofs-the-notebook-bleak-novel-war-review-calvert-reads.

Masschelein, Anneleen. The Unconcept: The Freudian Uncanny in Late-Twentieth-Century Theory. Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 2012.

Menninghaus, Winfried, Valentin Wagner, Julian Hanich, Eugen Wassiliwizky, Thomas Jacobsen, and Stefan Koelsch. “The Distancing-Embracing Model of the Enjoyment of Negative Emotions in Art Reception.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 40 (2017): e347. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X17000309.

Simpson, Helen. “Femme fatale: Angela Carter’s The Bloody Chamber.” The Guardian, June 24, 2006. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/24/classics.angelacarter.

Žižek, Slavoj. “Ágota Kristóf’s The Notebook awoke in me a cold and cruel passion.” The Guardian, August 12, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/12/agota-kristof-the-notebook-slavoj-zizek.

Autor: Bogdan Popa
Email: george.popa@unitbv.ro

Why Queer Theory Cannot Eliminate the Tragic: The Conflict of Methods in Comparative Literature

Abstract: The idea of tragic is a battlefield, which is fiercely disputed in recent contemporary debates in comparative literature. Two methods are fighting over conceptual supremacy, given that both share a common goal of eliminating tragic conditions from our social life. The first method, which I call Lacan+, sees the tragic as an unavoidable effect of our desires, which struggle for recognition and transformation. The second method, which I call Foucault +, is rather skeptical of the first method aim to preserve the impossibility associated with desires and seeks to change the social to limit its tragical negative effects. At the heart of the debate is the role of impossibility, which for the first school functions as its condition of possibility while for the second serves as a fantasy that needs to wither away. This article analyzes the debate as it is articulated in several works in queer theory and concludes that the idea of tragic is best served by anchoring it in impossible desires.

Keywords: methods, comparative literature, Foucault, Lacan, queer theory.

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Edelman, Lee. No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2004.

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Autor: Alexandra Iana Arsene
Email: alexandra.arsene@unitbv.ro

Vasile Ernu: An Archaeology of Marginal Communities

Abstract: Immersion in a narrative provides readers a practice in roles that helps them to understand and sympathize with others and in this way, they receive the opportunity to have different experiences, to feel, and to broaden the perspective upon that specific event or experience. Vasile Ernu, through his work offers readers an avenue to access the experiences of a lost or marginalized community. The author assumes the role of a cultural anthropologist and realizes a social inquiry. His writing exhibits a set of properties that go beyond the fictional dimension into the non-fictional. Through a combination of personal experiences and gathered data, Ernu creates a text-document and facilitates the reader’s understanding of what it means to be part of a lost or marginalized community. Thus, literature can offer access to something more than an experience; it can be seen as a documentary that brings to life people and communities which are unknown to us. Furthermore, literature presents perspectives different from those of historians, but, at the same time, plays the role of an adjunct to history.

Keywords: Vasile Ernu, non-fictional literature, marginality, text-document, reader’s experience, anthropology, social inquiry.

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Ernu, Vasile. Născut în URSS [Born in USSR]. Iași: Polirom, 2006.

Ernu, Vasile. Sectanții [The Sectarians]. Iași: Polirom, 2015.

Ernu, Vasile. Bandiții [The Bandits]. Iași: Polirom, 2016.

Ernu, Vasile. Izgoniții [The Outcasts]. Iași: Polirom, 2019.

Ernu, Vasile. Sălbaticii copii dingo [The wild dingo children]. Iași: Polirom, 2021.

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Jablonka, Ivan. Le Troisième Continent Ou la littérature du réel [The Third Continent Or the Literature of Reality]. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2024.

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Pițoiu, Ion. “Literatura de teren. O perspectivă diacronică și revificări contemporane” [Fieldwork Literature: A Diacronic Perspective and Contemporary Revifications].  Transilvania, no. 6 (2020): 63–72.

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Varga, Dragoș, and Ștefan Baghiu. “Mirrored Otherness and Microhistory in Post-Soviet Literature, The Estranged Milieus in Vasile Ernu’s Essays and Fiction.” Transylvanian Review 31, Supplement no. 1 (2022): 225–226.

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Zavarzadeh, Mas’ud. The Mythopoeic Reality – The Postwar American Nonfiction Novel. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1976.

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Autor: Stelian Popescu
Email: stelian.popescu03@e-uvt.ro

Abstract: Representations of the periphery in contemporary Romanian literature appear in various forms. The novels I’m an Old Communist Hag by Dan Lungu (2007) and Voices from Afar by Gabriela Adameșteanu (2022) are based on a less obvious representation of two types of peripheries. Containing the reflections of two female characters on the communist period in Romania and, in the latter case, also on the pandemic situation in recent years, the structure of the two novels is configured by relating the narrative essences to peripheral frames. In Dan Lungu’s writing, the periphery suggests the self-exclusion of the female character from the natural course of post-December society due to deeply rooted beliefs in the protagonist’s mentality. The peripheral space is significant not for examining the communist regime but for shaping a complex image of the transition to another world, hindered by nostalgia for security and, ultimately, by an identity crisis. In Gabriela Adameșteanu’s text, the periphery takes on different valences: it becomes a space that offers the protagonist the opportunity to distance herself from the daily life disrupted by the pandemic, to contemplate the present and, in the second part of the novel, the last decade of communism. On the other hand, the structure of the two novels is synonymous through the identification of another common element, complementary to the peripheries. Voices constitute an important coordinate of the narrative fabric in both cases, as the protagonists dialogue with other characters from various types of distances, spatial or mental. These distances between the voices of the characters finalize the outlining of the peripheries as spaces from the midst of which the structure of the novels is built. In other words, this paper aims to draw a parallel between the two novels, considering the relationship created between their peripheral spaces and the voices that not only dialogue but become a constitutive aspect of the mechanisms through which the authors provide images of the transition and evolution of post-December Romanian society.

Keywords: periphery, transition, (post)communism, narrative voice, self-exclusion

Adameșteanu, Gabriela. Voci la distanță [Voices from Afar]. Iași: Polirom, 2022.

Anițoi, Galina. “Paradoxurile tranziției. Personajele lui Dan Lungu, Iulian Ciocan și Dumitru Crudu între nostalgie și schimbare” [The Paradoxes of Transition: The Characters of Dan Lungu, Iulian Ciocan, and Dumitru Crudu between Nostalgia and Change]. Philologia 63, no. 2 (2021): 45–53.

Betea, Lavinia. Ceaușescu și epoca sa [Ceaușescu and His Era]. Bucharest: Corint, 2022.

Bâlici, Mihnea. “World-literature and the Bessarabian literary system. Combined and uneven development in the semiperiphery.” Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory 8, no. 1 (2022): 84-104. https://doi.org/10.24193/mjcst.2022.13.05.

Bomher, Noemi. Șapte întrebări fără răspuns definitiv privitoare la Teoria literaturii [Seven Unanswered Questions Regarding Literary Theory] Iași: Demiurg, 2004.

Iorga, Alina. “Memoria ‘Epocii de Aur’ în romanele lui Dan Lungu: între ‘(n)ostalgie’ și melancolie” [The Memory of the ‘Golden Age’ in Dan Lungu’s Novels: Between ‘(n)ostalgia’ and Melancholy]. Studia Universitatis Petru Maior.  Philologia 25 (2018): 11–21.

Lungu, Dan. Sînt o babă comunistă! [I’m an Old Communist Hag!]. Iași: Polirom, 2011.

Mironescu, Andreea. “Literatura ca memorie culturală: romanul românesc în postcomunism” [Literature as Cultural Memory: The Romanian Novel in Postcommunism], Iași: Philologica Jassyensia 22 (2015): 93–101.

Naumescu, Valentin. Politica marilor puteri în Europa centrală și de Est. 30 de ani de la sfârșitul Războiului Rece [The Policy of the Great Powers in Central and Eastern Europe: 30 Years After the End of the Cold War]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2019.

Parvulescu Anca, and Manuela Boatcă. Creolizarea Modernului. Transilvania la răscrucea imperiilor [Creolizing the Modern: Transylvania Across Empires]. Translated by Ciprian Șiulea. Sibiu: Editura ULBS, 2024.

Sîrbu, Ion D. Râs-cu-plânsul nostru valah [Our Wallachian Laughing-Through-Tears]. Petroșani: Cultural Foundation “Ion D. Sîrbu,” 1999.

Stan, Adriana, and Claudiu Turcuș. “Geographies of Capitalism in Romanian Postcommunist Literature and Film: Villages, Cities, Markets.” Transilvania, no. 5 (2022): 90–96.

Șăran, Mirela. “World Literature și ‘romanul pașaport’: Sînt o babă comunistă!” [World Literature and the Passport Novel: I’m an Old Communist Hag!]. Vatra 11-12 (2017): 137–140. https://revistavatra.org/2018/01/26/mirela-saran-world-literature-si-romanul-pasaport-sint-o-baba-comunista/.

Autor: Rodica Grigore
Email: rodica.grigore@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: Often compared to Yasunari Kawabata or Yukio Mishima for her narrative art and ability to deal with complex issues concerning solitude and loss, Yōko Ogawa distinguishes within the context of Japanese contemporary fiction through her exquisite technique of suggestion and also for her unusual dystopian discourse. Her novels, from Tender Whispers (1996) or The Housekeeper and the Professor (2003) to Hotel Iris (1996) approaches delicate and unusual characters and analyze profound states of mind and tensed human relationships, in order to offer the readers a convincing image of nowadays problems and challenges. On the other hand, the writer proves her capacity of depicting a dystopian universe with all its characteristics and contradictions, her novel The Memory Police (1994) being an extraordinary example of a deep meditation on numerous contemporary situations.

Keywords: Japanese novel, contemporary fiction, suggestion, dystopia, identity, solitude, loss.

Ogawa, Yōko. Suspine tandre [Tender Whispers]. Translated by Magdalena Ciubăncan. Bucharest: Humanitas Fiction, 2019.

Ogawa, Yōko. Profesorul şi menajera [The Housekeeper and the Professor]. Translated by Anca Focşeneanu. Bucharest: Humanitas Fiction, 2015.

Ogawa, Yōko. Poliția Memoriei [The Memory Police]. Translated by Raluca Nicolae. Bucharest: Humanitas Fiction, 2022.

Keene, Donald, Modern Japanese Literature. Rutland & Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Publishers, 1977.

Keene, Donald. Five Modern Japanese Novelists. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

Overbye, Dennis. “You Must Not Remember This.” The New York Times, February 26, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/books/review/Overbye-t.html.

Tolentino, Jia. “How The Memory Police Makes You See.” The New Yorker, November 6, 2019. https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/how-the-memory-police-makes-you-see.

Thien, Madeleine. “Profound Allegory of Loss.” The Guardian, August 23, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/23/the-memory-police-yoko-ogawa-review.

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