The Archives of the Romanian Novel and Digitization Possibilities

The present study assesses the existing archives that gather and preserve in digital versions the Romanian novel published in the 19 th century. Digitalization projects, both in Romania and in Europe, are the main subjects of this research. Adding to this, we share the particular and common experiences of the Astra Data Mining: The Digital Museum of the 19th Century Romanian Novel in terms of the process of digitizing the 157 novels in our corpus. Other details such as the specific editions digitized, the process of selection, as well as any difficulties met along the way are also provided. At the same time, the activities of our project are also corroborated with similar European projects. In order to address our digitization practice, we also explore a theoretical and methodological framework borrowed by Stanford Literary Lab in terms of conceptualizing what the American researchers call ”the published”, ”the archive” and ”the corpus”.

Keywords: Romanian literature, 19th century novel, canon/archive, digital humanities

***. Dicționarul cronologic al romanului românesc de la origini până în 1989. București: Editura Academiei Române, 2004.
Algee-Hewitt, Mark, Sarah Allison, Marissa Gemma, Ryan Heuser, Franco Moretti, Hannah Walser. Canon/Archive. Large-scale Dynamics in the Literary Field. January 2016. https://litlab.stanford.edu/LiteraryLabPamphlet11.pdf.
Biblioteca Digitală „RESTITUTIO”. http://restitutio.bcub.ro/.
Biblioteca Digitală a BCU Cluj. http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/?fbclid=IwAR1WqTfuxnqkSOQ7PniE_SoLwmeS6Jkj-mI3yK69pu5DiWamH178 QmQ5tpQ.
Biblioteca Județeană „Astra” Sibiu. http://bjastrasibiu.ro/biblioteca-digitala/.
Biblioteca Județeană „Panait Istrati” Brăila. https://www.bjbraila.ro/literatura-romana/.
Biblioteca Națională a României. http://www.bibnat.ro/Biblioteca-Digitala-s89-ro.html.
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Chiruță, Răzvan. “Biblioteca Digitală a României, un proiect rămas încă virtual.” Suplimentul de cultură, nr. 598 (12 martie 2018). http://suplimentuldecultura.ro/22100/biblioteca-digitala-a-romaniei-un-proiect-ramas-inca-virtual/?fbclid=IwAR 2YLehJIXk99N8zZkQLAf_
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“Ghid de digitizare – pilonul tematic Biblioteci”. http://www.bibnat.ro/dyn-doc/Ghid%20de%20digitizare_Pilonul%20tematic_Biblioteci_versiunea01_25_11_2009.pdf.
Moretti, Franco (ed.). Canon/Archive. New York: n+1 Foundation, 2017.

Digital Tools for the Analysis of the Romanian Novel

Drawing from the most recent developments in the field of Digital Humanities, the article showcases some of the most promising methods as well as some of the most useful tools for computational textual analysis. Textometry, stylometry and network analysis (alongside topic modelling or distributional semantics) are nowadays methods that, through the recent developments in digital formalism proposed by Matthew L. Jockers or the researchers from Stanford Literary Lab, are able to reveal literary and cultural patterns at a macroanalytical method. The article will delve into computational stylistics by testing the Stylo package, developed by Maciej Eder, Jan Rybicki and Mike Kestemont, on a sample corpus provided by the ASTRA Data Mining Project, attempting to explore the merits of such methods in the field of Romanian literary studies.

Keywords: digital humanities, Romanian literature, 19th century novel, stylometry, textometry, network analysis, macroanalysis

Bâlici, Mihnea. „Studii cantitative recente în spaţiul românesc. Între analiză instituţională şi problema traducerilor”. Revista Transilvania, 2 (2019): 11-18.
Baghiu, Ștefan, Vlad Pojoga, Teodora Susarenco, Radu Vancu, Emanuel Modoc. „Geografia internă a romanului românesc în secolul al XIX-lea”. Revista Transilvania, 10 (2019): 29-43
Baghiu, Ștefan. „Translating Hemispheres: Eastern Europe and the Global South Connection through Translationscapes of Poverty”. Comparative Literature Studies, 56.3 (2019): 487-503.
Baghiu, Ștefan. “Translating Novels in Romania: The Age of Socialist Realism. From an Ideological Center to Geographical Margins”. În Studia UBB Philologia, vol. LXI, nr. 1, (2016): 5-18.
Baghiu, Ștefan. “Strong Domination and Subtle Dispersion: A Distant Reading of Novel Translation in Communist Romania (1944–1989)”. În The Culture of Translation in Romania / Übersetzungskultur und Literaturübersetzen in Rumänien, 63-84, editat de Maria Sass, Ștefan Baghiu și Vlad Pojoga. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
Cohen, Margaret. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Drăgan, Ioana. Romanul popular în România – literar și paraliterar. Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2006.
Eder, M., Rybicki, J. and Kestemont, M. „Stylometry with R: a package for computational text analysis”. În R Journal, vol. 8, no. 1 (2016): 107-121, https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2016/RJ-2016-007/index.html.
Gârdan, Daiana. “The Great (Female) Unread. Romanian Women Novelists in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: A Quantitative Approach”. Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory, vol. 4, nr. 1 (2018): 109-124.
Gârdan, Daiana. „Evoluția romanului erotic din prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea. Între exercițiu și canonizare”, Revista Transilvania, nr. 7 (2018): 1-7.
Goldiș, Alex. „Digital Humanities – o nouă paradigmă teoretică?”. Revista Transilvania, 12 (2014).
Holmes, David I. “The Evolution of Styolometry in Humanities Scholarship”. În A Companion to Digital Literary Studies, editat de Ray Siemens și Susan Schreibman. New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing, 2013.
Jockers, Matthew L. Macroanalysis. Digital Methods & Literary History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
Kenny, Anthony. The Computation of Style. An Introduction to Statistics for Students of Literature and Humanities. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.
Modoc, Emanuel. “Traveling Avant-Gardes. The Case of Futurism in Romania”. În The Culture of Translation in Romania / Übersetzungskultur und Literaturübersetzen in Rumänien, editat de Maria Sass, Ștefan Baghiu și Vlad Pojoga, 45-62. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
Moretti, Franco ed. Canon/Archive. New York: n+1 Foundation, 2017).
Moretti, Franco. „Conjectures on World Literature”. New Left Review, 1 (2000).
Moretti, Franco. Graphs, maps, trees. Abstract models for a Literary History. London, New York: Verso, 2005.
Olaru, Ovio. “Translating Nordic Noir Bestsellers. Towards a Comparative View on German and Romanian markets”. În The Culture of Translation in Romania / Übersetzungskultur und Literaturübersetzen in Rumänien, 231-241, editat de Maria Sass, Ștefan Baghiu și Vlad Pojoga. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
Olaru, Ovio. “What is Digital Humanities and What’s It Doing in Romanian Departments?”. Revista Transilvania, 5-6 (2019): 30-37.
Pojoga, Vlad. “A Survey of Poetry Translations in Romanian Periodicals (1990-2015)”. În The Culture of Translation in Romania / Übersetzungskultur und Literaturübersetzen in Rumänien, 99-121, editat de Maria Sass, Ștefan Baghiu și Vlad Pojoga. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
Pojoga, Vlad. “The Change of Medium and the Medium that Changes: Narrative Literature, Networks, and the Digital”. Transylvanian Review, vol. XXVIII, Supplement 1 (2019): 203-215.
Tenen, Dennis. “Visual-Quantitative Approaches to the Intellectual History of the Field. A Close Reading”. În Futures of Comparative Literature. ACLA State of the Discipline Report, 258-266, editat de Ursula K. Heise. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.
Terian, Andrei. “Big Numbers: A Quantitative Analysis of the Development of the Novel in Romania”. Transylvanian Review, vol. XXVIII, Supplement 1 (2019): 55-71.
Ursa, Mihaela. “Is Romanian Culture Ready for the Digital Turn?”. Metacritic Journal for Comparative Studies and Theory, vol. 1, nr. 1 (2015): 80-97.

The Genres of the 19th Century Romanian Novel. A Quantitative Analysis

This article approaches a series of conceptual optimizations of the subgenres of the Romanian 19th century novels established by the Chronological Dictionary of the Romanian Novel from Origins to 1989 (2004). Starting by analyzing the corpus of works digitized for ASTRA Data Mining. The Digital Museum of the 19th Century Romanian Novel, the authors revisit possible definitions of some of the most preeminent and discussed typologies of the 19th century novel production in Romania: the outlaw novel, the social novel, the novel of manners, the rural novel, the historical novel, the sensation novel, the erotic novel, and the family novel. The central goal of the article is, therefore, to shape a taxonomy that fits the formal, thematical, and rhetorical variety of the Romanian novel in the 19th century.

Keywords: genre theory, 19th century literature, Romanian literature, Romanian novel, novel subgenres.

** Dicționarul cronologic al romanului românesc de la origini până la 1989  [The Chronological Dictionary of the Romanian Novel from Origins to Present]. Cluj-Napoca: Academia Română, 2004.
Albérès, R.-M. Istoria romanului modern [The History of Modern Novel], traducere de Leonid Dimov, prefață de Nicolae Balotă. București: Editura pentru Literatură Universală, 1968.
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Borza, Cosmin. „How to Populate a Country. A Quantitative Analysis of the Rural Novel from Romania (1900-2000)”. În Ruralism and Literature in Romania, în curs de apariție, editat de Ștefan Baghiu, Vlad Pojoga, Maria Sass. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2019.
Boyers, Robert. “The Family Novel”, Salmagundi 26, (1974): 3-25.
Cavallero, Glen. The Rural Tradition in the English Novel 1900-1939. London and Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1977.
Cazamian, Louis. Le roman social en Angleterre (1830-1850). Paris: Société nouvelle de librairie et d’édition, 1904.
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Charles-Brun, Jean. Le roman social en France au XIXe siècle. Paris: V. Giard & E. Brière Libraires-Éditeurs, 1910.
Chasles, Philarète. Le Roman de moeurs en Angleterre, Revue des Deux Mondes 1 (1849).
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Cordoș, Sanda. Literatura între revoluție și reacțiune. Problema crizei în literatura română și rusă a secolului XX. Cluj: Biblioteca Apostrof, 1999.
Cornea, Paul. Oamenii începutului de drum: studii și cercetări asupra epocii pașoptiste. București: Cartea Românească, 1974.
Drăgan, Ioana. Romanul popular în România: Literar și paraliterar. Cluj-Napoca: Casa Cărții de Știință, 2006.
Freitag, Florian. The Farm Novel in North America: Genre and Nation in the United States, English Canada, and French Canada, 1845–1945. Rochester: Camden House, 2013.
Gârdan, Daiana. „Mapping Emotions in The Romanian Erotic Novel of the Interwar Period. Canonical Affect and Popular Sensibility”, în Dacoromania Litteraria, V (2018): 101–114.
Gârdan, Daiana. „Evoluția romanului erotic românesc din prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea. Între exercițiu și canonizare”, în Revista Transilvania, 7 (2018): 5-10.
Hamon, Philippe, Alexandrine Viboud, eds. Dictionnaire thématique du roman de mœurs. Paris: Presses de la Sorbonne nouvelle, 2003.
Iorga, Nicolae. „În legătură cu un roman social”. Neamul Românesc Literar, II, nr. 31 (1910): 1.
Kilroy, James F. The Nineteenth-Century English Novel: Family Ideology and Narrative Form. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Manolescu, Nicolae. Istoria critică a literaturii române: 5 secole de literatura. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2008.
Martin, Mircea, Christian Moraru, Andrei Terian eds. Romanian Literature as World Literature. New York: Bloomsbury, 2018.
Moretti, Franco, ed. Canon/Archive: Studies in Quantitative Formalism from the Stanford Literary Lab. New York: n+1 Foundation, 2017.
Mușat, Carmen. Romanul românesc interbelic: dezbateri teoretice, polemici, opinii critice. București: Humanitas, 1998.
Parkinson, Michael H. “The Rural Novel. Realism and the Little Community”. Neohelicon, 7:1 (1979).
Parkinson, Michael H. The Rural Novel: Jeremias Gotthelf, Thomas Hardy, C.F. Ramuz. Bern: Peter Lang, 1984.
Radway, Janice. Reading the Romance. University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
Ramsdell, Kristin. Romance Fiction: A Guide to the Genre. Englewood: Libraries Unlimited, 1999.
Sadoveanu, Mihail. Opere. Vol. IX: Demonul tinereții. Olanda. Împărăția apelor. O întâmplare ciudată. București: ESPLA, 1957.
Sass, Maria, Ștefan Baghiu, Vlad Pojoga, eds. The Culture of Translation in Romania / Übersetzungskultur und Literaturübersetzen in Rumänien. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
Vernois, Paul. Le roman rustique de George Sand à Ramuz: Ses tendances et son évolution (1860–1925). Paris: Nizet, 1966.
White, Nicholas, The Family in Crisis in Late Nineteenth-Century French Fiction, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
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Yi-ling, Ru. “The Family Novel: Toward a Generic Definition”. Comparative Literature: East & West 3:1, (2001­): 99-133.
Zimmermann, Petre. Der Bauernroman: Antifeudalismus – Konservatismus – Faschismus. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1975.

The Internal Geography of the Romanian Novel in the 19th Century

This article is part of the series that analyzes by employing research methods such as distant reading and geocriticism the archive created by a team of young Romanian academics for the cultural and research project ASTRA Data Mining. The Digital Museum of the 19th Century Romanian Novel, implemented by ASTRA National Museum Complex. Our inquiry uses metadata regarding geolocations that was gathered while digitizing 157 novels published in Romania in the 19th century to bring forward their internal geographical universe and challenges the assumption that Romanian literature and especially the novel were mainly rural at the time.

Keywords: literary geography, Romanian literature, Romanian novel, 19th century literature, distant reading, microanalysis.

***. Dicționarul cronologic al romanului românesc de la origini până la 1989  [The Chronological Dictionary of the Romanian Novel from Origins to 1989]. Cluj-Napoca: Academia Română, 2004.
Alexander, Neal. “On Literary Geographies”, Literary Geographies, vol. 1. no. 1 (2015): 3-6, https://www.literarygeographies.net/index.php/LitGeogs/article/view/1-2.
Baghiu, Ștefan. “The French Novel in Translation: A Distant Reading for Romania during Communism (1944-1989)”. Transylvanian Review, Supplement 1, vol. 28 (2019): 83-100.
Baghiu, Ștefan. “Translating Hemispheres: Eastern Europe and the Global South Connection through Translationscapes of Poverty”. Comparative Literature Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3, Special Issue: Comparative Cultural Studies – The Budapest Conference 2018 (2019): 487-503.
Borza, Cosmin. „How to Populate a Country. A Quantitative Analysis of the Rural Novel from Romania (1900-2000)”. În Ruralism and Literature in Romania, editat de Ștefan Baghiu, Vlad Pojoga și Maria Sass (Berlin: Peter Lang, 2019), în curs de apariție.
Brosseau, M. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Vol. 6. Oxford: Elsevier, 2009.
Cabo Aseguinolaza, Fernando, Anxo Abuín Gonzalez și César Domínguez. A Comparative History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula, vol. I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2010.
Cabo Aseguinolaza, Fernando. “The Spatial Turn in Literary Historiography”. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, vol. 13, no. 5 (2011).
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Cornea, Paul. Oamenii începutului de drum: studii și cercetări asupra epocii pașoptiste [The People Who Opened the Road: Studies and Inquiries on the 1848 Era]. București: Cartea Românească, 1974.
Cornis-Pope, Marcel și John Neubauer. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries, vol. I-IV. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004-2010.
Drace-Francis, Alex. The Making of Modern Romanian Culture: Literacy and the Development of National Identity. London: I.B Tauris, 2013.
Goldiș, Alex. “Beyond Nation Building: Literary History as Transnational Geolocation”. În Romanian Literature as World Literature, editat de Mircea Martin, Christian Moraru și Andrei Terian, 95-115. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
Iorga, Nicolae. „De ce n-avem roman”, Lupta, nr. 1090 (1 aprilie 1890). Reprodus în N. Iorga, Pagini de tinereţe, vol. II. Bucureşti: Editura pentru literatură, 1968.
Koller, Armin H. “Johann Gottfried Herder and Hippolyte Taine: Their Theories of Milieu”. PMLA, Vol. 27 (1912).
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Manolescu, Nicolae. Arca lui Noe [Noah’s Ark]. București: Gramar, 1998.
Manolescu, Nicolae. Istoria critică a literaturii române. 5 secole de literatură [The Critical History of Romanian Literature. 5 Centuries of Literature]. Pitești: Paralela 45, 2008.
Mihăilă, Rodica. „The Politics of Translation: The American Novel in the 19th Century Romanian Territories”. În British and American Studies, editat de Hortensia Pârlog. Timișoara: Editura Universităţii de Vest, 2005.
Morariu, David. “Anticolonizare și autocolonizare: relație cauză-efect. Cazul traducerilor” [Anticolonization and Autocolonization: A Cause-Effect Relationship. The Case of Translations]. Revista Transilvania, nr. 2 (2019): 4-10.
Moraru, Christian. “Decompressing Culture: Three Steps toward a Geomethodology”. În The Planetary Turn. Editat de Amy J. Elias și Christian Moraru, 211-244. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2015.
Moretti, Franco. „Conjectures on World Literature”. New Left Review, 1 (2000).
Moretti, Franco. Atlas of the European Novel, 1800-1900. New York: Verso, 1998.
Mușat, Carmen. „After Imitation: Aesthetic Intersections, Geocultural Networks, and the Rise of Modern Romanian Literature”, în Romanian Literature as World Literature, editat de Mircea Martin, Christian Moraru și Andrei Terian, 95-115. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
Pojoga, Vlad. “A Survey of Poetry Translations in Romanian Periodicals (1990-2015)”. În The Culture of Translation in Romania / Übersetzungskultur und Literaturübersetzen in Rumänien, editat de Maria Sass, Ștefan Baghiu și Vlad Pojoga, 99-122. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2018.
Răsuceanu, Andreea. Bucureștiul lui Mircea Eliade: elemente de geografie literară [Mircea Eliade’s Bucharest: Elements of Literary Geography]. București: Humanitas, 2013.
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Sharp, William. Literary Geography. London: Office of the „Pall Mall Publications”, 1904.
Susarenco, Teodora. „Geocriticism: pentru o interpretare a romanului românesc despre Revoluției de la 1989”. Revista Transilvania, nr. 11-12 (2018): 65-69.
Ștefănescu, Bogdan. Postcommunism/Postcolonialism: Siblings of Subalternity. București: Editura Universității din București, 2013.
Terian, Andrei. “Big Numbers: A Quantitative Analysis of the Development of the Novel in Romania”. Transylvanian Review, vol. XXVIII, Supplement 1 (2019): 55-71.
Terian, Andrei. “Mihai Eminescu. From National Mythology to the World Pantheon”. În Romanian Literature as World Literature, editat de Mircea Martin, Christian Moraru și Andrei Terian. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
Terian, Andrei. “National Literature, World Literatures, and Universality in Romanian Cultural Criticism 1867-1947”. În CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture. 15.4 (2013), http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol15/iss5/11.
Terian, Andrei. Critica de export. Teorii, contexte, ideologii [Export Criticism: Theories, contexts, ideologies]. București: Muzeul Literaturii Române, 2013.
Terian, Andrei, Daiana Gârdan, Cosmin Borza, David Morariu, Dragoș Varga. „Genurile romanului românesc în secolul al XIX-lea. O analiză cantitativă”, Revista Transilvania, 10 (2019): 17-28.
Théry, Hervé. “The Formation of a Cultural Territory”. În Literary Cultures of Latin America. A Comparative History, vol. I, editat de Mario J. Valdés, Djelal Kadir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Valdés, Mario J. și Djelal Kadir, ed. Literary Cultures of Latin America. A Comparative History, vol. I-III. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Warf, Barney și Santa Arias. The Spatial Turn. Interdisciplinary perspectives. Londra și New York: Routledge, 2008.
Zamfir, Mihai. Panorama alternativă a literaturii române [The Alternative Panorama of Romanian Literature]. București: Cartea Românească, 2010.

National Characterologies in Interwar Central-East Europe. Contemporary Rereadings

The interwar blooming of national characterologies, as a genre, was a fact not only for the Western, but also for the Central-East European cultures. Intellectuals from all countries of the meso-region engaged in a mimetic competition whose main aim was to more convincingly acculturate ”central” models, importing cultural contents such as logical arguments, metaphors and clichés into their domestic repertoires. The most appreciated providers were less the 19th c. Romantic founders of the national discourse (like Herder and Fichte), and more the 20th c. authors of (para-)philosophical or (para-)scientific narratives of considerable commercial success, such as Hans Driesch, Leo Frobenius, Hermann von Keyserling, Ludwig Klages, Carl Schmitt, or Oswald Spengler. This paper looks into the comparative re-evaluation of the Central-East European interwar national characterologies, on the footsteps of the recent research conducted at the Centre for Advanced Study Sofia (C.A.S.). In the end, it also advances a proposition for a stronger collaboration between literary and identity studies, by showing that the complexities of the antimodern imaginary can be better addressed by looking into the literary strategies involved in the national characterologies. The example chosen to illustrate this approach is a brief analysis of Emil Cioran’s national ontology, The Transfiguration of Romania (1936), and of the key-function held by the cognitive metaphor of the ”leap” (or saltation) in his line of argument.

Keywords: identity, national characterology, Central-East European studies, antimodernism, cognitive metaphor

Banac, Ivo and Katherine Verdery (eds). National Character and National Ideology in Interwar Eastern Europe. New Haven, Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1995.
Cioran, Emil. Opere. Vol. I-IV. Ediție îngrijită de Marin Diaconu, Introducere de Eugen Simion. București, Academia Română, Fundația Națională pentru Știință și Artă, 2012-2017.
Eliade, Mircea. Profetism românesc, vol. II. România în eternitate. București, Editura Roza Vânturilor, 1990.
Even-Zohar, Itamar. Papers in Culture Research. Tel Aviv University, 2010.
Franzese Jr., Robert J. Chapter 2. Context Matters: The Challenge of Multicausality, Context-Conditionality, and Endogeneity for Empirical Evaluation of Positive Theory in Comparative Politics. În: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, Boix, Carles and Susan C. Stokes, eds. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 28-72.
Griffin, Roger. Cloister or Clusters? The Implications of Emilio Gentile’s Ecumenical Theory of Political Religion for the Study of Extremism. În: Comparative Fascist Studies. New Perspectives, Constantin Iordachi (ed.). New York, Routledge, 2010, p. p. 292-295.
Ionescu, Nae. Roza vânturilor. București, Editura Roza Vânturilor, 1990.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. Tratat de morală. După virtute. Traducere din engleză de Catrinel Pleșu. București, Editura Humanitas, 1998 (ediție princeps: 1981).
Malaparte, Curzio. L’Italie contre l’Europe. Traduit de l’italien par m-lle M.-Y. Lenoir, Préface de Benjamin Crémieux. Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, 1927.
Manolescu, Nicolae. Istoria critică a literaturii române. 5 secole de literatură. Pitești, Editura Paralela 45, 2008.
Mishkova, Diana, Marius Turda, Balázs Trencsényi, (eds). Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and South East Europe 1770-1945. Vol. III. Part 2. Anti-Modernism. Radical Revisions of Collective Identity. Budapest, New York, C.E.U. Press, 2014.
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Petreu, Marta. Cioran sau un trecut deocheat. Iași, Editura Polirom, 2011.
Taylor, Charles. Etica autenticității. Traducere de Alex Moldovan, Postfață de Radu Neculau. Cluj, Idea Design & Print, 2006 (ediție princeps: 1992).
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Marta Petreu from a Gender Perspective

The poetry of Marta Petreu is one among few feminine voices who were actually heard, who stand out on the romanian literary scene in the 80`s. Her poetry is dynamic, strong, meaningful and rather feminist. She seems to anatomize her soul through her lyrics and thus her poetry is considered to be singular. The purpose of this work is to represent the poetry of Marta Petreu from a gender perspective.

Keywords: feminism, confessional poetry, virility of language, nerve, emotions.

Volume:

Azadeh Mehrpouyan, Seyedeh Samereh Abbasnezhad Banehmir Feminism and feminine culture in modern women writers’ works: with special reference to Anne Sexton and Audre Lorde, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 158 ( 2014 ) 199 – 205
Cărtărescu, Mircea: Postmodernismul românesc, București, Ed. Humanitas, 1999.
Diaconu, A. Mircea, Atelierele poeziei, București, Ed. Ideea Europeană, 2005
Manolescu, Nicolae, Istoria critică a literaturii române- 5 secole de literatură, Pitești, Ed, Paralela 45, 2008.
Mincu, Marin, O panoramă critică a poeziei românești din secolul al XX-lea, București, Ed. Pontica, 2007.
Rich, Adrienne, Blood, Bread, and Poetry:Selected Prose, 1986 în volumul
Simion, Eugen, Scriitori români de azi, IV, București, Ed. Cartea Românească, 1989.

Publicații:

Cărtărescu, Mircea, Realismul poeziei tinere, România literară, 23 IV 1987.
Pop, Ion, Lectii de vivisectie in oglinda in Vatra, nr. 5, 1999.

Radu Stanca – The Aesthete of Totality

The main purpose of this article is to emphasize the difference between aestheticism and aesthetics, as well as to show how they work together in Radu Stanca’s writings. There is also presented the autonomy of aesthetics and the way it is developed in Stanca’s works. Furthermore, it tries to clear the role of ethics in Stancian aesthetics and how it is integrated in the concrete totality of his work.

Keywords: Radu Stanca, aesthetics, aestheticism, the autonomy of aesthetics, the integration of ethics in aesthetics.

Adorno, Theodor, Teoria estetică, Traducere din limba germană de Andrei Corbea, Gabriel H. Decuble, Cornelia Eșianu, Pitești, Editura Paralela 45, 2006.
Balotă, Nicolae, Radu Stanca, în Arte poetice ale secolului XX, București, Editura Minerva, 1976.
Crohmălniceanu, Ovid, S., și Heitmann, Klauss, Cercul literar de la Sibiu și influența catalitică a culturii germane, București, Editura Universalia, 2000.
Ralea, Mihai, Mentalitatea estetică și timpul nostru în Scrieri din trecut, vol. 1, București, Editura de Stat pentru Literatură și Artă, 1957.
Stanca, Stanca, Rege, preot și profet în Teatru, București, Editura Eminescu, 1985.
Varga, Dragoș; Baghiu, Ștefan, Theories of the Biographical Genres in Romanian Postwar Criticism, în Transylvanian Review, vol. XXVIII, Supplement No. 1/2029, p. 33-43.
Varga, Dragoș, Radu Stanca. Sentimentul estetic al ființei, Sibiu, Timpul, 2011.
Varga, Dragoș, A Cultural Obsession: The Foundation Of Romanian Classicism, în Transilvania, nr. 1/2019, p. 57-60.
Varga, Dragoș, Colocviale. Perspective critice și estetice, Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române, București, 2013, p. 91-147.
Varga, Dragoș, În căutarea naratorului perfect, cap. „Estetica Cercului Literar de la Sibiu”, Institutul European, Iași, 2011, p.169-183.

History as Literature and the Alternative Realities

Considered one of the most important and influential contemporary British writers, Graham Swift succeeded in imposing his artistic method with the publication of Waterland (1983). Apart from the plot, this novel illustrates many of the postmodern theories of aesthetic representation and also establishes an original balance between reality and its historic expression. Many literary critics analyzed Swift’s writing taking into consideration Hayden White’s ideas and subsequently underlined the British novelist’s prevalence as far as the limits of the mimesis or the relationship between fact and fiction are concerned. His other novels, such as Last Orders and Tomorrow, continue to explore the domain of personal memory related to that of history, but unfortunately do not reach the artistic level of Waterland, a masterpiece in its own way. Nevertheless, Graham Swift remains one of the most important representatives of postmodern fiction and one of the greatest masters of contemporary novel.

Keywords: postmodern novel, literary influence, history, reality, illusion, metafiction.

Graham Swift, Pământul apelor (Waterland). Traducere de Traducere de Cristina Poenaru şi Maria-Sabina Draga, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2010.
Graham Swift, Ultima comandă (Last Orders). Traducere de Petru Creţia şi Cristina Poenaru, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2009.
Graham Swift, Mâine (Tomorrow). Traducere şi note de Cristiana Vişan, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2008.
David Malcolm, Understanding Graham Swift, The University of South Carolina Press, 2003.
Hayden White, Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Ninetinth-Century Europe, Baltimore & London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
Hayden White, Figural Realism. Studies in the Mimesis Effect, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, 2009.

The role of documentary research in the training of specialized translators

Our article examines how to develop the competence in information retrieval, the thematic competence and, partly, the technological competence. We will study the various research strategies and techniques as well as the different categories of sources and documentary instruments. Afterwards, we will address the question of the reliability of the obtained results, with particular emphasis on the criteria for assessing, selecting and processing the selected documents.

Keywords: documentary research, information, competence, specialized translation

Colson, Jean-Pierre, « La traduction spécialisée basée sur les corpus : une expérience dans le domaine informatique », dans Synergies Tunisie, no 2, 2010, p. 115-123. Accès : < https://gerflint.fr/Base/Tunisie2/colson.pdf>. (Dernière consultation : le 2 septembre 2018).
Durieux, Christine, « La recherche documentaire en traduction technique : conditions nécessaires et suffisantes », dans Meta, volume 35, no 4, 1990, p. 669-675. Accès : < https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/002688ar >. DOI : 10.7202/002688ar. (Dernière consultation : le 30 août 2018).
Durieux, Christine, « L’enseignement de la traduction : enjeux et démarches », dans Meta, volume 50, no 1, 2005, p. 36-47. Accès : < https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/010655ar>. DOI : 10.7202/010655ar. (Dernière consultation : le 30 août 2018).
Durieux, Christine, Fondement théorique de la traduction technique [Theoretical Basis for Technical Translation], Paris, Didier Érudition, 2010.
Gile, Daniel, « Les outils documentaires du traducteur », dans Palimpsestes [Palimpsestes], no 8, 1994, p. 73-89. Accès : < http://journals.openedition.org/palimpsestes/735>. DOI : 10.4000/palimpsestes.735. (Dernière consultation : le 15 juin 2018).
Gile, Daniel, La traduction. La comprendre, l’apprendre [Learning and Understanding Translation], Paris, PUF, 2005.
Gouadec, Daniel, Le Traducteur, la traduction et l’entreprise [Translator, Translation and Company]. Paris, AFNOR Gestion, 1989.
Gouadec, Daniel, Profession : traducteur [Translation as a Profession], Paris, La Maison du dictionnaire, 2002.
Guidère, Mathieu, Introduction à la traductologie, Penser la traduction : hier, aujourd’hui, demain [Introducing Translation Studies, Thinking Translation : Past, Present, Future], Bruxelles, De Boeck, 2010.
Lebtahi, Yannicke, Ibert, Jérôme, « Traducteurs dans la société de l’information. Évolutions et interdépendances. », dans Meta, volume 49, no 2, 2004, p. 221-235. Accès : < https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/009347ar>. DOI : 10.7202/009347ar. (Dernière consultation : le 12 juillet 2018).
Lederer, Marianne, La Traduction aujourd’hui – le modèle interprétatif [Translation : The Interpretative Model], Caen, Lettres Modernes Minard, 2006.
Mareschal, Geneviève, « Le rôle de la terminologie et de la documentation dans l’enseignement de la traduction spécialisée », dans Meta, volume 33, no 2, 1988, p. 258-266. Accès : < https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/003573ar>. DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/003573ar. (Dernière consultation : le 11 juin 2018).