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4 / 2020

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Revista: Revista Transilvania
Anul Publicarii:2020
Print ISSN: 0255 0539

Științe socio-umane

Visual Humor through Internet Memes. Iconicity, Irony, and Virality in the Digital Age (I)

Autor: Minodora SĂLCUDEAN; Radu Ștefan MOTOROIU
Email: minodora.salcudean@ulbsibiu.ro

Visual Humor through Internet Memes. Iconicity, Irony and Virality in the Digital Age (I)

As contemporary instances of visual and iconic discourse, memes represent the most accessible form of entertainment as of today. Their huge online success goes back to a few characteristics of their content, such as humor, intertextuality, quick reception, and others, mostly related to their free and fully accessible circulation, with an ever-present potential of going viral. The memes’ discursive nature can be exploited in interdisciplinary studies with a view to the pragmatics of complementary languages (visual and verbal), the meta-languages, as well as to the perlocutionary effects of a social and cultural nature, that are quantifiable nowadays in the digital medium. This article contains a theoretical and a practical part, the latter consisting in exemplification by analyzing a meme on a subject of transgenderism, whereas the interpretation activates two sides: (1) humor generated by the iconic discourse, and (2) the memes’ potential of stigmatizing.

Keywords: meme, Internet, virality, iconicity, visual discourse, digital humor.

Bergson, Henri. Teoria râsului [Laughter], second edition. Iași: Institutul European, 1998.
Cannizzaro, Sara. “Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture.” Sign Systems Studies 44, no. 4 (2016).
Castells, Manuel. The Internet Galaxy – Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Chandler, Robert. Meme World Syndrome: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of The First World Problems And Third World Success Internet Memes. Orlando: University of Central Florida, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2013.
Davison, Patrick. “The Language of Internet Memes”. In The Social Media Reader, edited by Michael Maniberg, 120–134. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Denisova, Anastasia. Internet Memes and Society. New York: Routledge, 2019.
Distin, K. The selfish meme: A critical reassessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Dougherty, Beth. “Comic Relief: Using Political Cartoons in the Classroom.” International Studies Perspectives 3 (2002): 258–270. doi:10.1111/1528-3577.00095.
Hahner, Leslie A. “The Riot Kiss: Framing Memes as Visual Argument.” Argumentation and Advocacy 49, no. 3 (2013): 151-166.
Lehman, Christopher, Rowland J. Nicholas, and Knapp A. Jeffrey. “Memes in Digital Culture, edited by Limor Shifman. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014)”, book review. The Information Society 32 (2016).
Shifman, Limor. Memes in Digital Culture. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014.
Taecharungroj Viriya, and Pitchanut Nueangjamnong. “Humour 2.0: Styles and Types of Humour and Virality of Memes on Facebook”. Journal of Creative Communications 10, no. 3 (2015): 288–302.
Wiggins, Bradley E. The Discursive Power of Memes in Digital Culture. Ideologies, Semiotics and Intertextuality. New York & London: Routledge, 2019.

Webography:
Quora – Forum Reply, Acevedo-Sanchez M. Leyshla, How is a true meme made popular?
Consiliul Național Pentru Combaterea Discriminării, Formele Discriminării
KnowYour Meme, Computer Reaction Faces.
Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.), Meme.

Speranțe și neîmpliniri ale secolului al XVII-lea: Bacon, Campanella, Galilei, Newton

Autor: Dragoș DRAGOMAN
Email: dragos.dragoman@ulbsibiu.ro

Expectations and Failures of the 17th Century: Bacon, Campanella, Galilei, Newton

The beginning of the 17th century is marked by the expression of high expectations regarding the renovation of knowledge. That was the moment when, at terms with the Enlightenment and the rise of modern times, an intellectual effort was made to preserve the heritage of the past, yet to give voice to new concerns. The renovation was designed as to engulf Renaissance and modern knowledge in a broad synthesis, as expressed by Baconʼs project, having in mind that all the aspects of life have to be addressed, including the political authority. However, the advancement in physics and the matematization of natural sciences turned the research into new settings. Beginning with the second half of the century, metaphysics and all the subsequent areas of knowledge have been abandoned for the quest of the mechanical functioning of an empty, cold and impersonal universe.

Keywords: Modern age, modern science, religion, esoterism, European history.

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 2006.
Bacon, Francis. Cele două cărți despre excelența și progresul cunoașterii divine și umane [The Two Books of Francis Bacon]. Translated by Dana Jalobeanu and Grigore Vida. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2012.
Campanella, Tommaso. La Città del Sole / Cetatea soarelui; Poesie filosofiche / Poezii filozofice [City of the Sun / Philosophical Poems]. Translated by Smaranda Bratu Elian. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2006.
Eliade, Mircea. Făurari și alchimiști [The Forge and the Crucible]. Translated by Maria Ivănescu and Cezar Ivănescu. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2008.
Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius sau anunțul stelar [Sidereus Nuncius, Or The Sidereal Messenger]. Translated by Gheorghe Stratan. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2018.
Guénon, René. Lumea modernă (culegere de articole) [The Modern World]. Translated by Daniel Hoblea. Bucharest: Herald, 2018.
Koestler, Arthur. Les somnambules. Essai sur l’histoire des conceptions sur l’Univers [The Sleepwalkers]. Translated by Georges Fradier. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1960.
Kuhn, Thomas S. Structura revoluțiilor științifice [The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]. Translated by Radu J. Bogdan. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2008.
Muchembled, Robert. Culture populaire et culture des élites dans la France moderne (XVe – XVIIIe siècle) [Popular Culture and Elite Culture in France, 1400-1750]. Paris: Flammarion, 1978.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. Sistemul mondial modern. Mercantilism și consolidarea economiei mondiale europene, 1600-1750 [The Modern World-System II]. Translated by Dorel Abraham, Ilie Bădescu and Marcel Ghibernea. Bucharest: Meridiane, 1993.
Yates, Frances A. Iluminismul rozicrucian [The Rosicrucian Enlightenment]. Translated by Petru Creția. Bucharest: Humanitas, 1998.

Arte vizuale

Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

Sociologie

Științe politice & juridice

Istorie & Antropologie

Studii culturale

Biblioteconomie

Științele limbii

Științele economice

Antropologie. Studii filozofice

Teologie

Studii literare

Buddhist Cantos from Bucharest III. Year 1912: Ion Pillat and T. S. Eliot [Asia in Europe IV]

Autor: Eugen CIURTIN
Email: ciurtin.eug@mahidol.ac.th

Buddhist Cantos from Bucharest III. Year 1912: Ion Pillat and T. S. Eliot [Asia in Europe IV]

This contribution in three parts analyses for the first time Ion Pillat’s Buddhist poetry of his debut volume (Visări budiste [Buddhist Reveries] from Visări păgâne [Pagan Reveries] (Bucharest: «Minerva» – Institut de Arte Grafice și Editură, 1912) compared against plausible European and Asian religious and literary sources, contexts, and significance, in order to palliate the callous non-sense of some literary critics and the cultural prejudice inflicted by some scholars of religion. The five poems – A Buddhist Prayer (a title subsequently changed to A Prayer to the Buddha), Samsara [saṃsāra], Towards Nirvana, Karman and A Hymn of Worship – are illustrative of the wider topics and literary moves of an ‘Asian Renaissance’, and highlight the Buddhist legacy of Eugène Burnouf (1801-1852), a professor of the Collège de France who would become the founding father of modern Buddhist Studies worldwide and whose Magna Carta of Buddhist Studies would also have a Romanian echo, from Odobescu (who moreover frequented his classes) to Eminescu (who authored more and better Buddhist cantos) or Georgian (the first to critically edit Sanskrit texts) to young Pillat, a schoolboy, then student in Paris since 1905, to become the first translator into Romanian of another pupil of Sanskrit India in Paris and Harvard in the 1910-1914, T. S. Eliot.

Keywords: Ion Pillat, Asia in Europe, Buddhist writings in Pāli and Sanskrit, European literature, karman, saṃsāra, Romanian literature, T. S. Eliot.

Bernea, Ernest. “Știința lui M. Eliade”. Rânduiala, An II, 1937, nr. 9-10: 389.
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Boureanu[l], Eugen[iu]. De la Thule la Taprobana, București: Editura Științifică, 1969.
Brăgaru, Carmen. “Ion Pillat și Liga Națiunilor”, Ex Ponto 10 (2012), no. 3 (36): 95-101.
Brăgaru, Carmen-Angela. Ion Pillat: european în țara sa, român în Europa, ser. Aula Magna. București: Editura Muzeului Literaturii Române, 2013.
Ciurtin, Eugen. Review of J. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Du Bouddhisme, Laval: Editions Bélénos, 2002. Bulletin d’Études Indiennes 22-23 (2004-2005) [2007]: 653-655.
Ciurtin, Eugen. “Eliade’s Yoga Now: Neither Immortality, Nor Freedom”, unpublished lecture. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 8 October 2007.
Ciurtin, Eugen. “Antichitate (Istoria religiilor II)” [Antiquity (History of religions II)]. Idei în dialog, An IV, nr. 1 (40), ianuarie 2008: 51.
Ciurtin, Eugen. Review of Lyne Bansat-Boudon, Roland Lardinois (eds.), Isabelle Ratié (contrib.), Sylvain Lévi (1863-1935): Études indiennes, histoire sociale, Turnhout: Brepols, 2007, in Bulletin d’Études Indiennes 28-29 (2010-2011): 408-418.
Ciurtin, Eugen. “A Nobel for the Pali Text Society? T.W. Rhys Davids Writes to the Nobel Commission of the Swedish Academy”. Journal of the Pali Text Society 32 (2015): 195-212.
Ciurtin, Eugen, ed. Mircea Eliade, Yoga. Eseu asupra originilor misticii indiene, ediție științifică și critică, monografie introductivă, traducere din limba franceză, note, addenda, corrigenda, bibliografii, glosar, planșe și indici. Studii și documente de istorie a religiilor vol. 1. Bucharest: Institute for the History of Religions, 2016.
Ciurtin, Eugen, ed. Constantin Georgian, Opere asiatice inedite. Paris-Leipzig-Berlin-București, 1872-1904. Partea I, ediție științifică și critică. Studii și documente de istorie a religiilor vol. 2. Bucharest: Institute for the History of Religions, 2017.
Ciurtin, Eugen, ed. Constantin Georgian, Opere asiatice inedite. Paris-Leipzig-Berlin-București, 1872-1904. Partea a II-a, ediție științifică și critică. Studii și documente de istorie a religiilor vol. 3. Bucharest: Institute for the History of Religions, 2018.
Ciurtin, Eugen, ed. Constantin Georgian, Opere asiatice inedite. Paris-Leipzig-Berlin-București, 1872-1904. Partea a III-a și Epilog, ediție științifică și critică. Studii și documente de istorie a religiilor vol. 4. Bucharest: Institute for the History of Religions, forthcoming.
Ciurtin, Eugen. “«Istoricii, inclusiv ai religiilor, ar fi trebuit deja să înțeleagă ceva“: Mircea Cărtărescu în Asia” [“«Historians, including historians of religions, would have already needed to understand something»: Cărtărescu in Asia”]. Asia in Europe I, forthcoming 2020.
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Creția, Petru. Testamentul unui eminescolog. București: Humanitas, 1998, repr. București: Editura Muzeului Literaturii Române, 2015.
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Jain, Manju. T. S. Eliot and American Philosophy: The Harvard Years. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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Numărătoarea continuă

Autor: Cosmin CIOTLOȘ
Email: cosminciotlos@gmail.com

The Countdown Goes On

Spread between 1979 and 2014, Traian T. Coșovei’s poetic career appears to be torn between its first stage, an auroral and playful one, and the second one, more mannerism-infused and deceptive. The year 1990 represents the separation line between these stages, as Coșovei was rarely able to get close to the vigour of his beginnings (the 1980 volume 1, 2, 3 or … is relevant for this period). This makes for an almost cubist portrait, where the author’s figure, torn and fragmented, like in Dora Maar’s famous case, becomes unrecognisable. The current study aims at restoring the continuity of the broken lines contained in Coșovei’s work and at recompiling the image to a figurative whole. The novelty resides in accessing a few bibliographical sources rarely accessed by literary critics until now: the small and truthful biography that his father, a writer himself, dedicates to his son in 1959 or the set of manuscripts (still novel to the public) characterised by an astonishing diversity, specific to young Coșovei’s literary signature even before the publication of his books. What emerges from this endeavour is a long therapeutic journey, where deliberate oblivion seems to be the solution that settles innate melancholy.

Keywords: Traian T. Coșovei, 80s generation, Romanian contemporary poetry, textual genetics, Mircea Cărtărescu, Florin Iaru

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Cărtărescu, Mircea. Jurnal. 1990-1996 [Diary. 1990-1996]. Bucharest, Humanitas, 2001.
Cărtărescu, Mircea. Poezia [Collected Poems]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2015.
Cărtărescu, Mircea. Pururi tânăr, înfășurat în pixeli [Forever Young, Covered in Pixels]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2002.
Cărtărescu, Mircea. Un om care scrie. Jurnal 2011-2017 [A Man Who Writes. Diary 2011-2017]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2018.
Chivu, Marius. “Coşovei était un autre.” România literară no. 23 (11.06 – 17.06 2003).
Ciotloș, Cosmin. “Best Poetry Money Can Buy.” Manuscriptum no. 2 (2017).
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Coșovei, Traian T. Jurnalul morilor de vânt [The Windmills Diary]. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2012.
Coșovei, Traian T. Jurnalul morilor de vânt [The Windmills Diary]. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2014.
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Coșovei, Traian T. Aerostate plângând [Air Baloons Crying]. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2010.
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Petrescu, Radu. Jurnal [Diary], ediție integrală îngrijită de Adela Petrescu, prefață de Ion Bogdan Lefter. Pitești: Paralela 45, 2014.
Regman, Cornel. Poeți și prozatori tineri din anii ’70-’90 [Young Poets and Prose Writers from the 70s, 80s, and 90s]. Bucharest: Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române, 2015.
Ursachi, Mihai. Marea înfățișare [The Great Hearing], antologie și note bio-bibliografice de Daniel Corbu, postfață de Mircea A. Diaconu. Pitești: Paralela 45, 2010.
Ursachi, Mihai. Poemul de purpură și alte poeme [The Purple Poem and Other Poems], cu desene de Cornel Popovici. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 1974.
Vakulovski, Mihail. Portret de grup cu generația 80 (Interviuri) [Group Portrait with the 80s Generation (Interviews)]. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2011.
Vișniec, Matei. Opera poetică [Poetic Works], prefață de Ion Bogdan Lefter. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2017.

M. Blecher le français – despre receptare în contextul revizuirilor planetare

Autor: Anca SOCACI
Email: socaciancaraluca@yahoo.com

M. Blecher le français – Literary Reception in the Context of the Planetary Turn

Nowadays, the Jewish Romanian author M. Blecher is largely present not only on the national literary market, but also abroad. Acknowledging that translation implies a form of cultural negotiation, the present article seeks to reconstruct the image of Blecher’s novel Adventures in the Immediate Unreality (and, eventually, its author’s) as presented through paratexts, in the context of its French reception. I will analyse the two translations separately, underlining the specificity of Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu’s discourse for the 1972 version (which has since been reedited two times, in 1989 and 2015), in contrast to that of Christophe Claro and Hugo Pradelle (for the 2014 edition) and accentuating the way they influence the critics’ reaction in France. In what follows, I will propose a political interpretation of the two, showing the specific “mode of reading” each of them promotes, as well as the reaction of the Romanian literary market to these translations, which can be illustrative of a general preference for canon-making recognition and symbolic capital, both eventually required to fuel national processes of canonisation.

Keywords: Romanian litterature, international reception, World Literature, paratext, politics.

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Benjamin, Walter. Originea dramei baroce germane [The Origin of German Tragic Drama]. Translated by Maria-Magdalena Anghelescu, Lorin Ghiman and George State. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Tact, 2010.
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https://remue.net/Cette-attirance-pour-le-flou-et-l-immensite-de-l-abime-devant-lequel-nous-nous.
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http://diacritik.com/2016/01/26/rencontre-de-logre-entretien-avec-aurelien-blanchard-et-benoit-laureau/.
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Hristu, Nicoleta. “Max Blecher, a Canon of Interwar Modernity.” In Comunicare Interculturală și Literatură [Intercultural Communication and Literature]. no. 2 (2016): 106-123.
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Pojoga, Vlad. “Poezia lui M. Blecher. Context cultural, apariție, receptare, date macro.” [“M. Blecher’s Poetry. Cultural Context, Publishing, Reception, Macro Data.”] Revista Transilvania, no. 6 (2016): 22-27.
Pradelle, Hugo. “«Il n’existe au monde que la boue»” [“«There is only mud in the world»”]. In Aventures dans l’irréalité immédiate, suivi de Cœurs cicatrisées. Max Blecher. Translated by Elena Gurițanu. Paris: Editions de l’Ogre, 2014.
Rancière, Jacques. Le partage du sensible – esthétique et politique [The Politics of Aesthetics: The Distribution of the Sensible]. Paris: La Fabrique-éditions, 2000.
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Terian, Andrei. Critica de export. Teorii, contexte, ideologii [Export Criticism. Theories, Contexts, Ideologies]. Bucharest: Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române, 2013.
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https://www.tumblr.com/membrane/106713499277/max-blecher-aventures-dans-lirr%C3%A9alit%C3%A9-imm%C3%A9diate


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Webography:
“Le Prix Nocturne” [“The Nocturne Prize”]. Le Nouvel Attila. Accessed January 25, 2019.
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Romanul Dracula în limba română: ipoteza intermedierii prin traducerea franceză

Autor: Anca-Simina MARTIN
Email: anca.martin@ulbsibiu.ro

The Romanian Translation of Dracula as a Byproduct of a French Intermediary: A Theory

The history of Dracula in its topological Romania is as riddled with mysteries as Bram Stoker’s novel itself. Scholars are still debating when its first Romanian translation was produced, with Barbu Cioculescu and Ileana Verzea’s 1990 version being, to the best of current knowledge, the first Romanian translation of Dracula to be published until Dan Costinaș’s 2020 re-rendition. By analyzing Cioculescu and Verzea’s renditions of all the occurrences of the novel’s keyword, the verb “(to) kiss” and its noun form, the present article advances the possibility that the 1990 Romanian translation of Dracula, the only one to be available for thirty years, originates, in fact, from a French intermediary.

Keywords. Bram Stoker, Dracula, French intermediary, Romanian, secondhand translation, translation .

Baghiu, Ștefan. “The Functions of Socialist Realism: Translation of Genre Fiction in Communist Romania.” Primerjalna književnost 42, no. 1 (2019): 119-132.
Cioculescu, Barbu. “Istorie şi literatură” [“History and Literature”]. România Literarǎ (29 July 1971): 5.
Iovănel, Mihai. Ideologiile literaturii în postcomunismul românesc [The Ideologies of Literature in the Romanian Postcommunism]. Bucharest: Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române, 2017.
Iovănel, Mihai. “Mobile Frontiers: Instrumentations of Paraliterature in Modern Romanian Literature (1878-2018).” Transylvanian Review, XXVIII, Supplement no. 1 (2019): 73-82.
Larousse, s.v. “Embrasser,”, accessed Feb. 2, 2020, https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/embrasser/28656
Light, Duncan. “When was Dracula first translated into Romanian?.” Journal of Dracula Studies 11 (2009): 42-49.
Light, Duncan. The Dracula Dilemma: Tourism, Identity and the State in Romania. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.
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Milea, Ioan et al. Dicţionarul cronologic al romanului tradus în România. 1990–2000. Cluj-Napoca: Academia Română, 2017.
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Ficțiunea care se țese. O analiză a romanului Baltagul de Mihail Sadoveanu

Autor: Ioan FĂRMUȘ
Email: farmusioan@yahoo.com

The Fiction that is Weaving. An analysis of Mihail Sadoveanu`s novel Baltagul

If in general critics consider Mihail Sadoveanu to be a creator of fictional worlds and the novel Baltagul, the novel that we will analyse, is considered to be representative for the author`s option for tradition, we intend to explore it in a new reading. In the above mentioned novel, Sadoveanu appears to be a writer that meditates on the power of fiction and the power of the word. That, we believe, is the theme of the novel. A detective story, Sadoveanu`s narrative is a discourse on power that uses the word as its instrument. Baltagul is not a novel about a world, but (and thus foremost) about language. This power is found in the force of the world generating the word. Through the importance that is attributed to the action, the story, the plot, the work may be considered a reply to the dominant literary discourse of the period: psychological prose. For those purposes he make a surprising move: placing in the center of attention powerful woman that undermines as well as institutes an order. This order has its roots in the power to imagine and to communicate. In this manner, Sadoveanu appears to us as a very modern writer and, furthermore, what seems to be new in this piece of writing is in fact very old.

Keywords: power, plot, novel, detective fiction, patriarchal culture.

Aristotel. Poetica [Poetics]. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, 1965
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Brooks, Peter. Reading for the Plot. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
Chatman, Seymour. Reading Narrative Fiction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Culler, Jonathan. The Pursuit of Signs. Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Hutcheon, Linda. Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. London: Methuen, 1980.
Manolescu, Nicolae. Arca lui Noe. Eseu despre romanul românesc [Noah`s Ark. Essay on the Romanian Novel]. Bucharest: Grammar, 1998.
Marcea, Pompiliu. Lumea operei lui Sadoveanu [The World of Sadoveanu`s Works]. Bucharest: Editura Eminescu, 1976.
Marino, Adrian. Dintr-un dicționar de idei literare [From a Dictionary of Literary Ideas]. Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut, 2010.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Voința de putere. Încercare de transmutare a tuturor valorilor (Fragmente postume) [The Will to Power]. Oradea: Aion, 1999.
Paleologu, Alexandru. Treptele lumii sau calea către sine a lui Mihail Sadoveanu [The Steps of the World or the Road towards the Inner Self of Mihail Sadoveanu]. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 1978.
Vlad, Ion. Povestirea, destinul unei structuri epice [The Story, the Destiny of an Epic Structure]. Bucharest: Minerva, 1972.

Un Orfeu medieval: François Villon

Autor: Dumitru CHIOARU
Email: dumitru.chioaru@ulbsibiu.ro

A Medieval Orpheus: François Villon

The present study is focused on the life and work of François Villon – aiming at proving that he was an Orphic poet, descending like his mythological paragon into a personal and lyrical inferno and returning from there with the poetic materials and vision which, after four centuries, will be necessary to the French poètes maudits who were to originate the poetic modernity – mainly Baudelaire, Rimbaud, and Verlaine.

Keywords: history of French literature, medieval origins of modernity, François Villon, Orphic poetry, descensus ad inferos

Charpier, Jacques. François Villon. Paris: Pierre Seghers, 1958.
Favier, Jean. François Villon. Paris: Librairie Fayard, 1982.
Lanson, Gustave. Histoire de la littérature française. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1968.
Paris, Gaston. François Villon. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1901.
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin. Tableau historique et critique de la poésie française et du théâtre français au XVIe siѐcle. Paris: Charpentier, 1848.
Zumthor, Paul. Introducere în poetica medievală [Introduction to Medieval Poetics]. București: Univers, 1983.

Imaginea alterității în opera lui Karin Gündisch. Studiu de caz: Paradisul se află în America

Autor: Kinga BOITOR, Melinda ERZSE
Email: kinga.boitor@ulbsibiu.ro

The Image of Otherness in the Work of Karin Gündisch.
Case Study: Paradise Lies in America

Karin Gündisch’s book analyzed in this article is an example of a representative text for the frequent thematization of the German population’s emigration from Transylvania. In her novel for children and youth, the author refers to the wave of emigration from Transylvania to America, that took place about 100 years ago. In the context of a German family’s relocation from Transylvania to the so-called Paradise, America, the various categories of otherness can be very well observed. On the one hand, this article aims to discover images and models of interpretation that no longer correspond to the reality of our everyday life, on the other hand it aims to present stereotypes that even nowadays have a strong impact.

Keywords: Otherness, Emigration, Imagology, (Germans from) Transylvania, America.

Albrecht, Corinna. „Der Begriff der, die, das Fremde. Zum wissenschaftlichen Umgang mit dem Thema Fremde – Ein Beitrag zur Klärung einer Kategorie.“ [The Concept of the Stranger. On the Scientific Dwelling with the Concept of the Stranger – A Contribution to the Clarification of a Category] In: Vom Umgang mit dem Fremden. Hintergrund. Definitionen. Vorschläge [On Dealing with the Concept of the Stranger. Background. Definitions. Proposals] edited by Bizeul, Yves, Ulrich Bliesener and Marek Prawda, 80-93. Weinheim: Beltz, 1997.
Albrecht, Corinna. „Überlegungen zum Konzept der Interkulturalität.“ [Reflections on the Concept of Interculturality] In: Vom Umgang mit dem Fremden. Hintergrund. Definitionen. Vorschläge [On Dealing with the Concept of the Stranger. Background. Definitions. Proposals] edited by Bizeul, Yves, Ulrich Bliesener and Marek Prawda, 116-122. Weinheim: Beltz, 1997.
Albrecht, Corinna. “Fremdheit” [Foreignness]. In Handbuch interkulturelle Germanistik [Handbook of Intercultural German Studies], edited by Wierlacher, Alois and Andrea Bogner, 232-238. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2003.
Biti, Vladimir. Literatur- und Kulturtheorie. Ein Handbuch gegenwärtiger Begriffe [Literary and Cultural Theory. A Handbook of Current Terms]. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 2001.
Boitor-Erzse, Kinga. Das Bild des Anderen in der rumäniendeutschen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur [The Image of Otherness in Romanian German Children’s and Youth Literature]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009.
Büker, Petra and Clemens Kammler, eds. Das Fremde und das Andere. Interpretationen und didaktische Analysen zeitgenössischer Kinder- und Jugendbücher [Foreignness and Otherness. Interpretations and Didactic Analysis of Contemporary Children’s and Youth Books]. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 2003.
Giesen, Bernhard. Die Intellektuellen und die Nation [The Intellectuals and the Nation]. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1993.
Gündisch, Karin. Das Paradies liegt in Amerika/ Paradisul este în America (ediție bilingvă). [How I Became an American] Translated by Mariana Lăzărescu. Bucharest: Niculescu ABC, 2015.
Kaser, Karl. “Umgang mit den Anderen“ [Dealing with the Others]. In Historische Anthropologie im südöstlichen Europa. Eine Einführung [Historical Anthropology in Southeastern Europe. An Introduction], edited by Kaser, Karl, Siegfried Gruber and Robert Pichler, 40-60. Wien: Böhlau, 2003.
Waldenfels, Bernhard. “Phänomenologie des Eigenen und des Fremden“ [Phenomenology of the Own and of the Stranger]. In Furcht und Faszination. Facetten der Fremdheit [Fear and Fascination. Facets of Foreignness], edited by Herfried Münkler, 65-83. Berlin: Akademie, 1997.
Waldenfels, Bernhard. “Fremd/ Fremdheit” [Foreign/ Foreignness]. In Enzyklopädie Philosophie [Encyclopedia of Philosophy], edited by Hans Jörg Sandkühler, 406-410. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1999.
Waldenfels, Bernhard. Grundmotive einer Phänomenologie des Fremden [Basic Motifs of a Phenomenology of the Foreignness]. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006.
Wierlacher, Alois, ed. Kulturthema Fremdheit, Leitbegriffe und Problemfelder kulturwissenschaftlicher Fremdheitsforschung [Cultural Topic Foreignnes, Guiding Concepts and Problem Areas of Foreign Cultural Studies]. München: Iudicium, 1993.

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Confucianism, Parenting și E-learning: Cultura Asiei de Est și rezultatele PISA

Autor: Niculae Liviu GHERAN
Email: agheran.niculae@yahoo.co.uk

Confucianism, Parenting, and E-learning: East Asian Culture and PISA Results

During the course of the following paper I aime to investigate possible reasons for the impressive results that countries in East and South-East Asia have obtained at the PISA examinations that take place every three years. These examinations include three tests: Math, Science and Reading. What I have found is that there are more than one reasons that contribute to this type of succes. The main three that I have chosen to present are first and foremost: an unique cultural climate where education is highly prized by the members of the community and the role of teachers is aknowkedged as being central to the development of society. Secondly, different parenting methods can also be cited as influencing educational outcome. Thirdly, we have an education system that has a strong and well funded public school system but also a vast network of options outside the state provided system that includes cram schools, language schools and online schools, parents there showing a very high willingness to invest in extra classes and educational options outside the public education system.

Keywords: PISA, Education, East Asia, Culture, Tiger Parenting, E-Learning, Confucianism.

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