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3 / 2023

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Revista: 3 / 2023
Anul Publicarii:2023
Print ISSN: 0255-0539

Științe socio-umane

Arte vizuale

Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

Sociologie

Științe politice & juridice

Istorie & Antropologie

Studii culturale

Paul B. Preciado și conceptul de identitate ca armă a regimului farmacopornografic

Autor: Cristina Măriuca GRIGORE
Email: daniel.grigore156@gmail.com

Paul B. Preciado and the Concept of Identity as a Weapon of the Pharmacopornographic Regime
deneme bonusu
Abstract: This paper represents a review article of  Paul B Preciado’s major work, Testo Junkie: Sex, Drugs, and Biopolitics in the Pharmacopornographic Era, recently translated by Daniel Clinci at frACTalia. I will proceed to do so by offering a short contextualization of Preciado’s academic formation and activity, followed by a tackling of the main concepts he borrows from post-structuralist thought. Given Preciado’s fragmented manner of writing this text, which brings together theory and auto-biographical fiction, I will also engage in a type of media analysis that the reader might find atypical for a review, whose main focus is to draw on some cinematic parallels, in order to extract an account for the new emerging kind of subjectivity that the pharmacopornographic regime creates. I will present Preciado’s analysis of the pharmacopornographic regime by following three main concepts that consolidate his body of work: the deconstruction of sex, the economic analysis of potentia gaudendi (orgasmic force) and the political construction of categories. At the same time, I will evaluate Preciado’s materialist turn by offering a critique of consistency. Lastly, I will emphasize the importance of this book in intersectional analysis while criticizing some points that Preciado either fails to consider, or whose dangers he minimizes while proposing a praxis for political dissidence.

Keywords: Paul B Preciado, pharmacopornographic regime, identity, hegemony, gender, sexuality, biopolitics.

Butler, Judith. Bodies That Matter: On the Discoursive Limits of “Sex”. New York: Routledge, 1996.

Butler, Judith, and Cristian Williams. “Gender Performance: The TransAdvocate Interviews Judith Butler.” The Trans Advocate, https://www.transadvocate.com/gender-performance-the-transadvocate-interviews-judith-butler_n_13652.htm.

Butler, Judith.  Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Fisher, Mark. Realism capitalist. Nu există nicio alternativă? [Capitalist Realism: Is there no Alternative?], translated by Paul-Teodor Cristescu, introduction by Ștefan Baghiu. Cluj-Napoca: Tact, 2022.

Foucault, Michel. Istoria sexualității vol. 1 Voința de a ști [History of Sexuality vol. I The Will to Knowledge], translated by Cătălina Vasile. Bucharest: Univers, 2004.

Marx, Karl. Capitalul. Critica economiei politice [The Capital]. Bucharest: Editura de Stat Pentru Literatură Politică, 1957.

Preciado, Paul B. Can The Monster Speak? Report To an Academy of Psychoanalysts, translated by Frank Wynne. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.

Preciado, Paul B. Countersexual Manifesto. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.

Preciado, Paul, and Philippe Azoury. “Paul B. Preciado: «Je voulais faire une sorte de philosophie filmée».” AOC, February 18, 2023, https://aoc.media/entretien/2023/02/17/paul-b-preciado-je-voulais-faire-une-sorte-de-philosophie-filmee/.

Preciado, Paul B. Testo Junkie: sex, droguri și biopolitică în epoca farmacopornografică, [Testo Junkie: Sex, Drugs and Biopolitics in The Pharmacopornographic Era], translated by Daniel Clinci. Bucharest: frACTalia, 2021.

Wark, McKenzie. Intelecte generale [General Intellects], translated by Daniel Clinci. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2018.

Wittig, Monique. The Straight Mind and Other Essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.

Biblioteconomie

Științele limbii

Științele economice

Antropologie. Studii filozofice

Teologie

Studii literare

Mircea Eliade’s Unpublished Manuscripts from Private Collections III. Notebooks I & II (Calcutta, 1929-1931). Commentary

Autor: Eugen CIURTIN & Andreea APOSTU
Email: e.ciurtin@ihr-acad.ro

Abstract: The present series of contributions critically edits in Romanian and English, with concordances and commentary, a string of unpublished, multilingual manuscripts written by the young Mircea Eliade, Indologist, and historian of religions in South Asia, from 1929 to 1931. Previously unknown, the manuscripts were purchased by a private collector, who most graciously contacted the editors in February 2023 and bequeathed them for the present publication. The series complements ECCE | The Complete Critical Edition of Mircea Eliade’s Scholarly Works before 1945, under the auspices of the Institute for the History of Religions in Bucharest (first two volumes forthcoming). The first two instalments of MEUM | Mircea Eliade’s Unpublished Manuscripts from Private Collections were published in Transilvania 51 [155] (2023), no. 1, pp. 1-22 (Critical edition) and no. 2, pp. 1-16 (Concordances A-E).

Keywords: Mircea Eliade, private collector, colonial India, History of religions, South Asian studies, Romanian culture, European culture, manuscript studies, critical editions.

Apostu, Andreea. “Mircea Eliade’s Virtual Bibliography: Two Manuscript Folios Linked to Valkyries in the Library.” Transilvania, no. 11-12 (2022): 71-79.

Apostu, Andreea. “Mircea Eliade’s Unpublished Manuscript Notes on the ‘Roots of Magic’ and ‘Religious Psychology’. Critical edition.” Forthcoming.

Casadio, Giovanni. Lo sciamanesimo. Prima e dopo Mircea Eliade. Biblioteca di storia delle religioni 4. Roma: Il Calamo, 2014.

Cioculescu, Șerban. “Un ‘Itinerariu spiritual’” [A ‘Spiritual Itinerary’]. Viața literară, no. 86 (May 26, 1928): 2.

Ciurtin, Eugen, ed. Proceedings of the 6th EASR | IAHR Special Conference ‘religious History of Europe and Asia’, Bucharest, September 20-23, 2006, vol. III. Bucharest: Institute for History of Religions, 2010.

Ciurtin, Eugen. “Other Unpublished Letters of Eliade [I. Edmund von Lipmann. II-V. George Sarton. VI-VIII. Rudolf Otto. IX. Pierre-Maxime Schuhl. X-XII. Theodore Stcherbatsky. XIII-XV. Louis Renou. XVI-XXIV. Julius Evola].” Archaeus 6, no. 3-4 (2002): 362-380.

Ciurtin, Eugen. “Secretul doctorului Honigberger: verificarea in concreto” [The Secret of Doctor Honigberger]. In Johann Martin Honigberger, Treizeci și cinci de ani în Orient [Thirty-Five Years in the East], foreword by Arion Roșu, introduction by Bernard Le Calloc’h, edition, introductory study, notes, addenda, and afterword by Eugen Ciurtin, 363–440. Iași: Polirom, 2004.

Ciurtin, Eugen and Andreea Apostu. “Mircea Eliade’s Unpublished Manuscripts from Private Collections. II. Notebooks I & II (Calcutta, 1929-1931). Critical edition.” Transilvania, no. 1 (2023): 1-22. Ciurtin-Apostu 2023a

Ciurtin, Eugen and Andreea Apostu. “Mircea Eliade’s Unpublished Manuscripts from Private Collections. II. Notebooks I & II (Calcutta, 1929-1931). Concordances A-E.” Transilvania, no. 2 (2023): 1-16. Ciurtin-Apostu 2023b

Ciurtin, Eugen (coordinator), Andreea Apostu (scientific secretary), Ionuț Daniel Băncilă, Daniela Dumbravă, Octavian-Adrian Negoiță, Cătălin Pavel, Vlad Șovărel, and Bogdan Tătaru-Cazaban, eds. ECCE | Ediția critică completă Eliade. Opera științifică (ante 1945) [The Complete Critical Edition of Mircea Eliade’s Scholarly Works before 1945], vol. I-II. Bucharest: Institute for the History of Religions, forthcoming 2023. ECCE forthcoming

Coomaraswamy, A.K. “Angel and Titan: An Essay in Vedic Ontology.” Journal of American Oriental Society 55 (1935): 373-419.

De Martino, Marcello. Mircea Eliade esoterico. Ioan Petru Culianu e i “non detti”, Giano-L’altra storia 9. Roma: Edizioni Settimo Sigilio, 2008.

Drăgan, Radu. “Încă o carte despre Mircea Eliade.” Dilema veche, no. 356 (9-15 December 2010). https://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/societate/din-polul-plus/inca-o-carte-despre-mircea-eliade-607812.html.

Eliade, Mircea. “Magie și cercetările metapsihice” [Magic and the Metapsychic Researches], Foaia tinerimii X, no. 4 (February, 1926): 59

Eliade, Mircea. “Experiențele [The experiences].” Cuvântul, year III, no. 874 (23 September 1927): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “‘Glorie’ și ‘Tăcere’” [‘Glory’ and ‘Silence’], Cuvântul, III, no. 900 (October 19, 1927): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Ocultismul în cultura europeană” [The Occultism in the European Culture], Cuvântul, III (1 December 1927): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Theös Éghènou…” Gândirea VII, no. 12 (December 1927): 353-357.

Eliade, Mircea. “Tragicul masculin” [The Masculine Tragedy]. Cuvântul IV, no. 982 (January 11, 1928): 1.

Eliade, Mircea. “Din ‘apologia virilității’” [From the ‘Apology for Virility’]. Pământul, I, no. 1 (March 1, 1928): 3.

Eliade, Mircea. “Fragmente.” Cuvântul, IV, no. 1057 (April 1, 1928): 1.

Eliade, Mircea. “Sensul ‘Itinerariului spiritual’” [The Meaning of ‘Spiritual Itinerary’]. Viața literară III, no. 87 (June 9, 1928): 2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Cuvinte despre o filosofie” [Words on a Certain Philosophy]. Gândirea, VIII, no. 6-7 (June-July, 1928): 299.

Eliade, Mircea. “Magie și metapsihică.” Cuvântul III, no. 786 (June 17, 1927): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Varnamālā sau Ghirlanda literelor.” Cuvântul, IV, no. 1155 (July 11, 1928): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Metodele gourmontiene.” Cuvântul III, no. 829 (August 6, 1928): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Apologia virilității” [The Apology for Virility]. Gândirea VIII, no. 8-9 (August-September 1928): 352-359.

Eliade, Mircea. “Virilitate și asceză I” [Virility and Asceticism I]. Cuvântul IV, no. 1247 (October 11, 1928): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Virilitate și asceză II” [Virility and Asceticism I]. Cuvântul IV, no. 1253 (October 17, 1928): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Itinerariu spiritual, IX. Ortodoxie” [Spiritual Itinerary IX. Orthodoxy]. Cuvântul III, no. 924 (November 12, 1927): 1-2.

Eliade, Mircea. “Solilocviu.” Gândirea VIII, no. 11 (November, 1928): 454.

Eliade, Mircea. “Chemare la ordine.” In Scrieri de tinerețe, vol. IV, Virilitate și asceză (Bucharest: Humanitas, 2008): 392-393.

Eliade, Mircea. “Visul” [The Dream]. Contimporanul, no. 78 (1 January 1929): 2.

Eliade, Mircea. Soliloquii [Soliloquies], cu un portret inedit de Mac Constantinescu. Carte cu semne 1. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice ‘Bucovina’ I.E. Torouțiu, 1932. Republished as Solilocvii, “Notă asupra ediției” [Editorial note] de “Editura” [by the Publishing House]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 1991. Reprinted Bucharest: Humanitas, 2003 (without “Notă asupra ediției”). Eliade 1932 | 1991 | 2003.

Eliade, Mircea. “Pseudo-Indika.” Vremea V, no. 260 (October 23, 1932), 7.

Eliade, Mircea. “Fragmente nefilosofice.” Vremea, no. 293 (June 25, 1933), 6.

Eliade, Mircea. Oceanografie. Bucharest: Editura „Cultura poporului”, 1934.

Eliade, Mircea. “Revolta contra lumii moderne” [The Revolt against the Modern World]. Vremea, VI, no. 382 (31 March 1935): 6.

Eliade, Mircea. Șantier. Roman indirect [Work in Progress. An Indirect Novel] [pe copertă: Șantier. Roman]. Bucharest: „Cugetarea” [P.C. Georgescu-Delafras], 1935. Eliade 1935

Eliade, Mircea. Întoarcerea din Rai, second, revised edition. Bucharest: Cugetarea – Georgescu Delafras, 1943.

Eliade, Mircea. Autobiography, vol. I: 1907-1937. Journey East, Journey West. Translated by Mac Linscott Ricketts. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981.

Eliade, Mircea. “Rivolta contra il mondo moderno” [The Revolt against the Modern World], translated from the Romanian (1935) into Italian by Roberto Scagno. In Julius Evola, Rivolta contra il mondo modern. New edition, introduction by Claudio Risé. Roma: Edizioni Mediterranee, 2007: 445-446.

Eliade, Mircea. “Magia și originile muzicii [Magic and the Origins of Music, 1933].” In Mircea Handoca, Mircea Eliade – pagini regăsite – [Retrieved Pages], 300-305. Bucharest: Lider, 2008.

Eliade, Mircea. Psihologia meditației indiene – studii despre Yoga – [Psychology of Indian meditation. Studies on Yoga]. Edited by Constantin Popescu-Cadem, introduction by Charles Long, and epilogue by Ioan P. Culianu. Bucharest: Editura „Jurnalul literar”, 1992. Eliade 1992

Eliade, Mircea. Jurnal I (1945-1969) [Journal I], edited by Mircea Handoca. Bucharest: Humanitas, 1993.

Eliade, Mircea. Erotica mistică în Bengal – studii de indianistică – (1929-1931) [Mystical Erotic in Bengal – Studies in Indology], foreword by Mircea Vulcănescu [sic] [ “Notă editorială la Cuvântul înainte” by Marin Diaconu], edited and prefaced by Mircea Handoca, Seria ‘Folio’ no. 3. Bucharest: Jurnalul literar, 1994. Eliade 1994

Eliade, Mircea. Europa, Asia, America… Corespondență [Europe, Asia, America… Correspondence], edited by Mircea Handoca. Bucharest: Humanitas, vol. I (A-H), 1999, vol. II (I-P) and vol. III (R-Z), 2004. Eliade 1999-2004

Eliade, Mircea. “Intime Aufzeichnungen. Gedachte, niedergeschriebene und übertragene Fragmente in Indien [sic]” [Intimate notes. Fragments thought-out, written down and transcribed in India]. In Mircea Eliade, Indiens mystische Erotik, aus dem Rumänischen übersetzt und herausgegeben von Richard Reschika. Berlin: Verlag der Weltreligionen (im Insel Verlag), 2012.

Eliade, Mircea. Yoga. Eseu asupra originilor misticii indiene [Yoga: Essay on the Origins of Indian Mysticism], critical edition by Eugen Ciurtin. Studies and Documents in History of Religions 1. Bucharest: Institute for the History of Religions, 2016. Eliade 2016

Ermacora, Davide. “Mircea Eliade e la realtà dei poteri paranormali. L’articolo del 1937.” Studi e Materiali di Storia delle Religioni 81, no. 2 (2015): 689-757.

Evola, Julius. Saggi sull’idealismo magico. Todi-Roma: Casa editrice Atanòr, 1925.

Evola, Julius. L’uomo come potenza. I Tantra nella loro metafisica e nei loro metodi di autorealizzazione magica. Todi-Roma: Casa editrice Atanòr, 1926.

Evola, Julius. “Il valore dell’occultismo nella cultura contemporanea.” Bilychnis XXX, 11 (1927): 250-269.

Evola, Julius. Lettere a Mircea Eliade (1930-1954). Cura e traduzione di Claudio Mutti, note di Gianfranco de Turris e Claudio Mutti, prefazione di Giovanni Casadio. Fondazione Julius Evola, Quaderni di studi evoliani n. 46. Napoli: Controcorrente edizioni, 2011.

Gandini, Mario. “Raffaele Pettazzoni dal gennaio 1934 all’estate 1935.” Strada Maestra 51, 2° sem. (2001): 81-212.

Garzilli, Enrica. L’esploratore del Duce. Le avventure di Giuseppe Tucci e la politica italiana in Oriente da Mussolini a Andreotti, con il carteggio di Giulio Andreotti, seconda edizione. Roma & Milano: Memori | Asiatica Association, 2012.

Griffiths, Paul J. Intellectual appetite: a theological grammar. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009.

Hakl, Hans Thomas. “Julius Evola and the Ur Group.” Aries 12, no. 1 (2012): 53-90.

Hakl, Hans Thomas. Eranos: An Alternative Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century, translated by Christopher McIntosh, second edition. London-New York: Routledge, 2014.

Idel, Moshe. Mircea Eliade: from magic to myth. After spirituality: studies in mystical traditions vol. 3. New York: Peter Lang, 2014.

Idel, Moshe, Mircea Eliade: de la magie la mit, translated into Romanian by Maria-Magdalena Anghelescu. Iași: Polirom, 2014.

Ionescu, Nae. Curs de metafizică, edited by Marin Diaconu, Bucharest: Humanitas, 1991.

Iricinschi, Eduard. “Mircea Eliade’s Perennial Conceptual Placeholders: An Eranos Intellectual Itinerary.” Asdiwal 16 (2021): 125-140.

Junginger, Horst. “From Buddha to Adolf Hitler: Walther Wüst and the Aryan Tradition.” In The Study of Religion under the Impact of Facism, edited by H. Junginger, 107-177. Numen Supplements Bookseries vol. 117. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2008.

Montanari, Enrico. “Mircea Eliade: interprete di segreti, segreti di un interprete.” Historia religionum 7 (2015): 109-123.

Montanari, E. Storia e tradizione. Orientamenti storico-religiosi e concezioni del mondo. Roma: Lithos Editrice, 2016.

Montanari, Enrico. “Eliade ed Evola. Aspetti di un raporto «sommerso»”. In Mircea Eliade: Le forme della Tradizione e del Sacro, edited by Giovanni Casadio and Pietro Mander, 93-111. Roma: Edizioni Mediterranee, 2012.

Pettazzoni, Raffaele. “Review of J. Evola 1934.” in Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni (1934): 124.

Pisi, Paola. “I ‘tradizionalisti’ e la formazione del pensiero di Eliade.” In Confronto con Mircea Eliade: Archetipi mitici e identità storica, edited by Luciano Arcella, Paola Pisi, and Roberto Scagno, 43-133. Milano: Jaca Book, 199.

Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin. “Creație și vocație” [Creation and vocation]. Revista de Filosofie, n.s. XVI (1931), no. 1 (January-March): 1-12.

Ricketts, Mac Linscott. “Glimpses into Eliade’s Religious Beliefs.” Archaeus 14 (2010): 27-40

Scagno, Roberto. Libertà e terrore della storia. Con altri studi sull’opera e il pensiero ddi Mircea Eliade. La collana infinita, vol. 15, edited by Alvaro Barbieri, Dan Octavian Cepraga, Iulia Cosma, and Nicola Perencin. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso, 2022.

Sedgwick, Mark. Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Spineto, Natale. “Mircea Eliade and Traditionalism.” Aries 1, no. 1 (2001): 62-87.

Strube, Julian. Global Tantra: Religion, Science, and Nationalism in Colonial Modernity. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2022.

Taylor, Kathleen. Sir John Woodroffe, Tantra and Bengal. ‘An Indian Soul in a European Body’?. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001.

Woodroffe, John. The Garland of Letters (Varnamālā): Studies in the Mantra-Shāstra. Madras: Ganesh, Luzac, 1922.

Traduire le concept : Réflexions autour de la traduction bulgare de l’essai Le sacré et le profane de Mircea Eliade

Autor: Irena KRISTEVA & Zornitsa PETROVA
Email: krustevagr@uni-sofia.bg

Translating the Concept: Reflections on the Bulgarian Translation of Mircea Eliade’s Essay The Sacred and the Profane

Abstract: This article addresses the translation challenges posed by humanities as far as the rendition of conceptual language is concerned. We begin by outlining the characteristics of humanities in contrast to natural sciences and literature, emphasising the primary role of concepts and their function as carriers of explicit and implicit intertextual references. We then proceed by juxtaposing some key concepts used in Mircea Eliade’s essay The Sacred and the Profane with their Bulgarian equivalents proposed by the translator. The analysis aims to illustrate the importance of accuracy in concept translation and the significant changes in meaning that can occur when the original text is adapted to the local audience without regard to the research traditions of the particular field of knowledge to which the source belongs.

Keywords: Translation Studies, Humanities, Theory of Religion, Concept Translation, Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane

Bachev, Miroslav. “Рудолф Ото и подходите към религията” [Rudolf Otto and the approaches to religion]. Hristiyanstvo i kultura 99, no. 2 (2015): 100-113.

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Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London/New York: Routledge, 1992.

Berman, Antoine. La traduction et la lettre ou l’auberge du lointain [Translation and the Trials of the Foreign]. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1999.

Bujon, Lucie. “Les rituels de la politesse : analyse pragmatique des interactions lors de l’offre d’un cadeau” [The Rituals of Politeness: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Interactions in the Course of Gift-Giving]. PhD diss., Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2008.

Das, Ram Narayan. Sterling Dictionary of Anthropology. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited, 1997.

Delchev, Krasimir. “Отслабването на личната памет в постмодерната технизирана съвременност и пресъхването на възвишените романтични чувства” [The Weakening of Personal Memory in the Contemporary Postmodern Technological Age and the Vanishing of Sublime Romantic Feelings]. Literaturen klub (7 November 2010), http://www.litclub.bg/library/fil/delchev/lichna_pamet.html.

Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. Qu’est-ce que la philosophie ? [What Is Philosophy?]. Paris: Les Éditions de minuit, [1991] 2005.

Duquoc, Christian. “Du sacré au saint” [From the Sacred to the Saint]. Lumière & Vie, no. 279 (2008): 31-40.

Durkheim, Émile. Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse [The Elementary Forms of Religious Life]. Paris: Les Presses universitaires de France, [1912] 1968.

Durkheim, Émile. Елементарни форми на религиозния живот [The Elementary Forms of Religious Life]. Translated by Maria Serafimova and Lilina Yanakieva. Sofia: Sofia S.A., [1912] 1998.

Durkheim, Émile. “Qu’est-ce qu’un fait social?” [What Is a Social Fact?]. Cahiers de Psychologie Politique, no. 6 (2005), https://doi.org/10.34745/numerev_488.

Eco, Umberto. Dire presque la même chose [To Say Almost the Same Thing]. Translated by Myriem Bouzaher. Paris: Grasset, [2003] 2007.

Eliade, Mircea. Le sacré et le profane [The Sacred and the Profane]. Paris: Gallimard, 1965.

Frazer, James. The Golden Bough. A Study of Magic and Religion. USA: The Floating Press [1890] 2009.

Freud, Sigmund. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Translated by Stanley Hall. New York: Boni & Liveright, [1920] 1980.

Hayat, Pierre. “Laïcité, fait religieux et société. Retour à Durkheim?” [Secularism, Social Fact, and Society. Returning to Durkheim?]. Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 137 (2007): 9-20.

Heim, Michael and Andrzej Tymowski. Recommandations pour la traduction des textes de sciences humaines [Guidelines for the Translation of Social Science Texts]. Translated by Bruno Poncharal. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 2006.

Jung, Carl Gustav. ЕОН. Изследвания върху символиката на цялостната личност [Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self]. Translated by Margarita Dilova. Pleven: Evrazia Abagar, [1951] 1995.

Jung, Carl Gustav. Psychology and Religion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.

Kertzer, David. “Rituel et symbolisme politiques des sociétés occidentales” [Political Ritual and Symbolism of Western Societies]. L’Homme 32, no. 121 (1992): 79-89.

Ladrière, Jean. “Concept.” Dictionnaire de la Philosophie: Les Dictionnaires d’Universalis. Accessed December 14, 2022, https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/concept/.

Lawman, Denise. Illustrated Dictionary of Anthropology. New Delhi: Lotus Press, 2004.

Mauss, Marcel. “Esquisse d’une théorie générale de la magie” [A General Theory of Magic]. In Sociologie et Anthropologie. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, [1902] 1973.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York/London/Toronto/Sydney/Tokyo: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Will to Power. Translated by Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale. New York: Vintage Books Edition, [1901] 1968.

Otto, Rudolf. “Свещеното: Върху ирационалното в идеята за божественото и отношението му спрямо рационалното” [The Sacred. On the Irrational in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation towards the Rational]. Translated by Gergana Dineva. Filosofski alternativi, no. 2 (2006): 40-55.

Pym, Anthony. “Philosophy and Translation.” In A Companion to Translation Studies. edited by Piotr Kuhiwczak and Karin Littau, 24-44. UK: Cromwell Press Ltd., 2007.

Schleiermacher, Friedrich. Des différentes méthodes du traduire [On the Different Methods of Translation]. Translated by Antoine Berman. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, [1813] 1999.

Turner, Victor. “Symbols in African Ritual.” Science, New Series 179, no. 4078 (16 Mar 1973): 1100-1105.

Turner, Victor. Ритуалният процес [The Ritual Process]. Translated by Antoaneta Nikolova. Sofia: Lik, [1969] 1999.

Van Gennep, Arnold. Les rites de passage [The Rites of Passage]. Paris: Picard, [1909] 2011.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Concepts in the Social Sciences: Problems of Translation.” In Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice, edited by Marilyn Gaddis Rose, 88-96. New York: State University of New York, 1981.

Rescrieri feminine ale Odiseii (2): Madeline Miller, Circe

Autor: Alexandra CIOCÂRLIE
Email: aciocarlie@gmail.com

Feminine rewritings of the Odyssey (2): Madeline Miller, Circe 

Abstract: In her novel, Madeline Miller proposes reconstructing Circe’s legends from classical sources by offering a feminine, even feminist, perspective on events. In the protagonist’s account, the witch’s history appears as a delineation from the despotic deities and a way of coming closer to the mortals which ultimately ammounts to abandoning her own condition. The central part of the novel starts from the story of Odissey and continues with events narrated in Telegony, poem which was dedicated to the son of Odysseus and Circe who unwillingly became the killer of his father. Although she follows the Homeric narrative in detail, the author sometimes relates critically to the literary model. The events told by Odysseus and Circe in a heroic or debunking form reveal their polivalence. In the extension of the Homeric narrative, the last part of the novel encompasses the events that occurred after the return to Itaca of Odysseus, unable to find fulfillment on his native lands because of his thirst for the unknown and adventures. The hero’s image gradually darkens, the author accentuating his violence or his generalized suspicion. Reconstructing the events from Circe’s perspective allows Madeline Miller to delineate from the Odyssey which she has followed scrupulously up to a certain point.
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Keywords: epic poem, modern novel, rewriting, feminine perspective

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Miller, Madeline. Circe. Translated by Ioana Filat. Bucharest: Paladin, 2019.

Poezia energiei scăzute. O lectură (peri)termodinamică a interpretării lui G. Bacovia via E. Lovinescu

Autor: Teodora DUMITRU
Email: teodoralilianadumitru@gmail.com

Low Energy Poetry: A (Peri)Thermodynamic Reading of E. Lovinescu’s Interpretation of G. Bacovia

Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to map the energetic and (peri)thermodynamic background of theories about poetry from the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, also included in the horizon of interest of Romanian critics. In the present essay, I trace the route by which the literary critic E. Lovinescu arrives at his unique stylistic and conceptual approach to the poetry of G. Bacovia from the article he dedicates to him in 1922 and from the sequence reserved for the same poet in the study Poezia nouă (1923), both capitalized, further, in his literary histories. It is about the interpretation or even the definition of Bacovian poetry as an “expression” of “a neurosis,” as a “poetry” of “(deeply animalistic) kinesthesia,” as an “almost direct expression” of a “sick kinesthesia” or, even more abruptly, as “secretion of a sick organism, as moisture is the tear of damp walls.”

Keywords: thermodynamics, energy, neurosis, kinesthesia, G. Bacovia, E. Lovinescu, Claude Bernard, Léon Dumont.

Bejan, Adrian, and Peder J. Zane. Design in Nature. How the Constructal Law Governs Evolution in Biology, Physics, Technology, and Social Organizations. New York: Anchor, 2012.

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Caragiale, Ion Luca. Grand Hôtel „Victoria Română”. Convorbiri literare, no. 11, February 1st (1890). In Ion Luca Caragiale. Opere. I. Proză literară [Works. I. Literary Prose], edited by Stancu Ilin, Nicolae Bârna, and Constantin Hârlav, foreword by Eugen Simion. Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2000.

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Dumitru, Teodora. “Eminescu-thermosof sau cum intră știința în poezie (I)” [Eminescu-Thermosopher or How Science Enters Poetry]. Transilvania, no. 8 (2022): 20-32.

Dumitru, Teodora. “Eminescu-thermosof sau cum intră știința în poezie (II)” [Eminescu-Thermosopher or How Science Enters Poetry (II)]. Transilvania, no. 9 (2022): 25-41.

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Hasan [H. Sanielevici]. “Muzica văzului sau piano cu culori” [Music of Sight, or Piano with Colors]. Lumea nouă științifică și literară, no. 11, August 21 (1895).

Lenin, V.I. Colected Works, volume 14, 1908, translated from the Russian by the late Abraham Fineberg, edited by Clemens Dutt. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977.

Lovinescu, Eugen. “D. O. Goga” [Mr. O[ctavian] Goga] (I-V). Epoca, no. 289, no. 293, no. 297, no. 300, no. 304 (1905). In Eugen Lovinescu, Opere, vol. I [Works], edited by Maria Simionescu and Alexandru George. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1982.

Lovinescu, Eugen. Poezia nouă [The New Poetry]. Bucharest: Editura „Ancora”, Alcalay & Calafeteanu, 1923. In Eugen Lovinescu. Opere, vol. IX [Works], edited by Maria Simionescu, and Alexandru George. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1990.

Maiorescu, Titu. Poezia română. Cercetare critică [Romanian Poetry. Critical Research, 1867]. In Titu Maiorescu. Opere. I. Critice [Works. I. Literary Criticism], edited by D. Vatamaniuc, foreword by Eugen Simion. Bucharest: Editura Fundației Naționale pentru Știință și Artă, Univers Enciclopedic, 2005.

Mirowski, Philip. Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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Peckham, Stephen Farnum, and Joseph D Weeks. Production, Technology, and Uses of Petroleum and Its Products by S.F. Peckham, The Manufacture of Coke by Joseph D. Weeks, Building Stones in the United States, and Statistics of the Quarry Industry for 1880. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1884.

Pressavin, Jean-Baptiste. LʼArt de prolonger la vie et de conserver la santé ou Traité dʼhygiène. Avec approbation et privilège du roi [The Art of Prolonging Life and Preserving Health, or Treatise on Hygiene. With Kingʼs Approval & Privilege]. Lyon: J.S. Grabit Libraire, Paris, Cuchet Libraire, 1786.

Pressavin, Jean-Baptiste. Nouveau traité des vapeurs, ou Traité des maladies des nerfs. Avec Approbation& Privilège du Roi [New Treatise on Vapours, or Treatise on Diseases of the Nerves. With Kingʼs Approval & Privilege]. Lyon: Reguilliat Librairie, 1770.

Rabinbach, Anson. The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins of Modernity. Oakland: University of California Press, 1992.

Rabkin, Yakov M. “La Chimie et le pétrole: les débuts dʼune liaison” [Chemistry and Oil: the Beginnings of a Relationship]. Revue dʼhistoire des sciences, no. 30-34 (1977).

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Stan, Marius. “Newtonʼs Concepts of Force among the Leibnizians.” In Reading Newton in Early Modern Europe, edited by Mordechai Feingold and Elisabethanne Boran. Leiden: Brill, 2017.

Mariana Marin: facerea și desfacerea unui mit. Postura etică (II)

Autor: Teona FARMATU
Email: teonafarmatu@gmail.com

Mariana Marin: The Making and the Unmaking of a Myth. The Ethical Posture (II)

Abstract: If Mariana Marin’s tragic posture was largely built posthumously by her friends, the ethical one is assumed by the author herself and entitled by a collective ethos in terms of Meizoz. Interdependent, yet with distinct effects, the two categories mentioned – the tragic and the ethical – certify at least two wrong pathways regarding the author’s reception. Firstly, the woman poet becomes a romanticized-heroic fiction. Secondly, the ethical posture, is ambiguous because of a misreading: Mariana Marin’s so-called dissidence – a fake posture that is constructed for her from outside the country (by the two exiled personalities: Monica Lovinescu and Virgil Ierunca, as well as by the American translator Adam J. Sorkin) – versus a social-political engagement, perfectly valid, but which ends up diverting the hermeneutics of the texts towards the univocality of moral strands. So, being a study of the author and tangentially of her poems, I will also discuss the fictionalization of Mariana Marin within some poems by others.

Keywords: ethical posture, collective ethos, Mariana Marin, Romanian 1980s Generation, dissidence.

“In memoriam Mariana Marin” [In memoriam Mariana Marin]. Observator cultural, no. 163, 2003. https://www.observatorcultural.ro/articol/in-memoriam-mariana-marin/.

“In memoriam Mariana Marin” [In memoriam Mariana Marin]. România literară, no. 14, 2003.

“În România se intensifică rezistența față de regimul Ceaușescu” [Resistance to the Ceaușescu Regime is Growing in Romania], fragmente din Arhiva Open Society (Budapesta), Institutul de Cercetare al Radio Europa Liberă, secția română. https://jurnalul.ro/scinteia/aici-radio-europa-libera/in-romania-se-intensifica-rezistenta-fata-de-regimul-ceausescu-529029.html.

“Supliment Mariana Marin” [Mariana Marin Supplement]. Observator cultural, no. 236 (494), 2009.

“Virgil Ierunca despre poezia Marianei Marin [1 decembrie 1989]” [Virgil Ierunca about Mariana Marin’s poetry, 1st December 1989], August 18 2020. https://romania.europalibera.org/a/virgil-ierunca-despre-poezia-marianei-marin-arhiva-podcast-radio-europa-libera/30789952.html.

Amossy, Ruth, ed. Images de soi dans le discours. La construction de l’ethos [Self-images in discourse. The construction of ethos]. Lausanne-Paris: Delachaux & Niestlé, 1999.

Bucur, Romulus, Bogdan Ghiu, Ion Bogdan Lefter, Mariana Marin, and Alexandru Mușina. Cinci [Five]. Bucharest: Litera, 2011.

Bucur, Romulus. Opera poetică [Collected Poems], forewerd by Emanuela Ilie. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2017.

Cărtărescu, Mircea. Creionul de tâmplărie [The Carpentry Pencil]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2020.

Cârneci, Magda. Opera poetică [Collected Poems], foreword by Ion Bogdan Lefter. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2017.

Cârstean, Svetlana. “‘Cuvintele atrag realitatea’. Interviu cu Mariana Marin” [Words Attract Reality. Interview with Mariana Marin]. Observator cultural, no. 89, 2016. https://www.observatorcultural.ro/articol/cuvintele-atrag-realitatea-interviu-cu-mariana-marin/.

Cesereanu, Ruxandra. “Disperarea învinge teama de moarte?” [Does Desperation Overcome Fear of Death?]. Steaua, no. 10 (2016): 19-20.

Ciotloș, Cosmin. Cenaclul de Luni. Viața și opera [The Monday Literary Circle. The Life and the Work]. Bucharest: Pandora M, 2021.

Dumitrașcu, Aurel. Cine merge în Paradis [Who Goes to Paradise], edited by Adrian Alui Gheorghe, foreword by Antonio Patraș. Piatra-Neamț: Conta, 2010.

Dumitru, Teodora. “Gaming the World-System: Creativity, Politics, and Beat Influence in the Poetry of the 1980s Generation.” In Romanian Literature as World Literature, edited by Mircea Martin, Christian Moraru, and Andrei Terian, 271-287. New York: Bloomsbury, 2018.

Farmatu, Teona. “Mariana Marin: facerea și desfacerea unui mit. Postura tragică (I)” [Mariana Marin: The Making and the Unmaking of a Myth. The tragic Posture (I)]. Transilvania, no. 2 (2023): 42-55. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2023.02.04.

Farmatu, Teona. “Network Temporalities and North American Influence in the Romanian Poetry of the Early 1980s.” Transilvania, no. 3 (2022): 48-56. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2022.03.06.

Farmatu, Teona. “(De)limitări (est)etice: Cazul Mariana Marin” [Aesthetic and Ethical Boundaries: The Case of Mariana Marin]. Steaua, no. 5 (2021): 33-35.

Galaicu-Păun, Emilian, Apa.3D. Poemelnic [Water. 3D. Poemelnic]. Chișinău: Cartier, 2019.

Iaru, Florin. “Moștenitorul sălbatic” [The Wild Inheritor]. Cațavencii, December 12, 2014. https://www.catavencii.ro/mostenitorul-salbatic/.

Iovănel, Mihai. Istoria literaturii române contemporane 1990-2020 [The History of the Romanian Contemporary Literature: 1990-2020]. Iași: Polirom, 2021.

Komaromi, Ann. Uncensored: Samizdat Novels and the Quest for Autonomy in Soviet Dissidence. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2015.

Lefter, Ion Bogdan, and Călin Vlasie, eds. Cenaclul de Luni – 40 [Monday Literary Circle – 40]. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2017.

Lefter, Ion Bogdan. Flashback 1985: Începuturile „noii poezii” [Flashback 1985: The Beginnings of the ‘New Poetry’]. Bucharest: Paralela 45, 2005.

Lovinescu, Monica. Pragul. Unde scurte, V [The Threshold. Short Beams, V]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 1995.

Marcu, Luminița. “Integrala poeziei Marianei Marin” [Collected poems of Mariana Marin]. România literară, June 24-30, 2002.

Marin, Mariana. Paper Children, translated by Adam J. Sorkin, Irina Giannetti, Angela Jianu, Mia Nazarie, and Liana Vrăjitoru, foreword by Nina Cassian and Adam J. Sorkin. Brooklyn NY: Ugly Duckling Presse, 2006.

Marin, Mariana. Scrisoare deschisă sau Nu mă mai așteptați la ore mici [Open Letter or Don’t Wait for Me in the Small Hours], foreword by Nicolae Manolescu, graphic design by de Tudor Jebeleanu. Bucharest: Casa Radio, 2014.

Marin, Mariana. Zestrea de aur [The Golden Dowry], foreword by Costi Rogozanu. Bucharest: Muzeul Literaturii Române, 2002.

Meizoz, Jérome. “Ethos, champ et facture des oeuvres : recherche sur la « posture »” [Ethos, Field and Invoice’s Works: Research on Posture]. Pratiques : linguistique, littérature, didactique, no. 117-118 (2003): 241-250.

Mironescu, Doris. “The Geolocation of Literary Dissidence: Vernacular Cosmopolitanism, Highbrow Subculture and Conviviality in the Iași Group (1975-1989).” In Beyond the Iron Curtain: Revisiting the Literary System of Communist Romania, edited by Ștefan Baghiu, Ovio Olaru, and Andrei Terian, 113-132. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2021.

Motzan, Peter, ed. Vânt potrivit până la tare [Moderate to Strong Wind], translated by Ioan Mușlea, afterword by Ion Bogdan Lefter. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2012.

Orlea, Oana. Ia-ți boarfele și mișcă! [Get Your Stuff and Move!], interview by Mariana Marin. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 1991.

Popescu, Simona. Lucrări în verde sau Pledoaria mea pentru poezie [Works in Green or My Plea for Potery]. Bucharest: Cartea Românească, 2006.

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Simion, Eugen. Genurile biograficului [Genres of Biographical Writings]. Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2002.

Stoica, Angelica. “Vatra-dialog cu Bogdan Ghiu: Despre Mariana Marin și altele…” [Vatra-dialogue with Bogdan Ghiu: On Mariana Marin and other things…]. Vatra, no. 1-2 (2016). https://revistavatra.org/2016/02/23/vatra-dialog-cu-bogdan-ghiu-despre-mariana-marin-si-altele/.

Szöcs, Krista. cu genunchii la gură [With Your Knees at Mouth]. Bistrița: Charmides, 2013.

Vancu, Radu. Poezie și individuație [Poetry and Individuation]. Bucharest: Tracus Arte, 2014.

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Colonists, Rulers, Saviors: Philo-Germanism without Germans

Autor: Ovio OLARU
Email: ovio.olaru@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: Drawing on Cristian Cercel’s 2019 contribution Romania and the Quest for European Identity: Philo-Germanism without Germans, the present article pursues the creation of Romanian philo-Germanism following the 1989 Romanian Revolution in the paradoxical absence of the German minority, which all but disappeared during the early ‘90s; the arguments follow an ethnic group which evolved from being an agent of colonial power in the late Middle Ages to becoming an agent of transnational capital in postcommunist times. Additionally, the article discusses the inflated importance of the German civilizational model as a cure for the perceived shortcomings of a semi-peripheral nation for which self-colonialism, imitative capitalism, brain drain, and labor extractivism were seen as the only conceivable ways of preventing demotion to the status of periphery following the revolution. Lastly, the different manifestations of this cultural stance are represented, as well as how sympathy towards one minority was gradually institutionalized and practiced on a large scale to the detriment of others, chiefly the Hungarians and the Roma, in a case of revived nationalism and ethnocentrism on behalf of the vanishing Germans.

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Ban, Cornel. “Inter-imperiality: A Political Economy Reading.” Transilvania, no. 10 (2022): 15-22. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2022.10.02.

Baghiu, Ștefan, Ovio Olaru, and Andrei Terian, eds. Beyond the Iron Curtain: Revisiting the Literary System of Communist Romania. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2021.

Boatcă, Manuela, and Anca Parvulescu. Creolizing the Modern: Transylvania across Empires. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2022.

Cała, Alina. “Antisemitism Without Jews and Without Antisemites.” In Jewish Studies at the Central European University 2002-2003, edited by Eszter Andor and András Kovács. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2003.

Cercel, Cristian. Romania and the Quest for European Identity. Philo-Germanism without Germans. London, New York: Routledge, 2019.

Cercel, Cristian. “Postwar (West) German–Romanian Relations: Expanding Brubaker’s Analytic Triad.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 23, no. 3 (2017): 297-317.

Cercel, Cristian. “Transylvanian Saxon symbolic geographies.” Civilisations 60, no. 2 (2012): 83-101.

Cercel, Cristian. “Romania under Basescu: Aspirations, achievements, and frustrations during his first presidential term.” Europe-Asia Studies 64, no. 6 (2012): 1138-1140.

Ciutacu, Constantin, Luminița Chivu, and Vasile Jean Andrei. “Land grabbing: A review of extent and possible consequences in Romania.” Land Use Policy 62 (2017): 143–150.

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Dervišević, Haris. “From Orientalism to Self-Orientalism in the Bosnian Context.” Znakovi vremena – Časopis za filozofiju, religiju, znanost i društvenu praksu 89-90 (2021):139-155.

Doyle, Laura. Inter-imperiality: Vying Empires, gendered labor, and the literary arts of alliance. Durham: Duke University Press, 2020.

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REVIEW: Stefan Sienerth, Bespitzelt und bedrängt – verhaftet und verstrickt. Rumäniendeutsche Schriftsteller und Geisteswissenschaftler im Blickfeld der Securitate. Studien und Aufsätzes

Autor: Maria SASS
Email: maria.sass@ulbsibiu.ro

Victims and Executioners: German Intellectuals Pursued or Employed by the Communist Secret Security

Abstract: The present volume, German Writers and Scholars from Romania in the eyes of the State Security [Securitate], paints a picture of Romanian society during the communist period by looking at the relationship of some German writers from Romania with the Secret Police. Stefan Sienerth’s volume consists of fifteen extensive studies that provide profiles of cynical and abject members of the State Security but also of some of the writers’ informants, who were blackmailed into collaborating under threat of being arrested. All studies are based on empirical research and on analysing documents from the CNSAS Security Archive, and describe an absurd world dominated by anxiety, fear, betrayal, blackmail, as well as the unscrupulous and cynical operating methods employed by the State Security. These are very rich in information and explicit, with clear statements and very precise terminology, revealing a very experienced researcher, as well as characterizing an era through the prism of a network of destinies, some of which are implacable.

Keywords: Communist State Security, National Council for the Study of Security Files, surveillance file

Csejka, Gerhardt, and Stefan Sienerth, eds. Vexierspiegel Securitate. Rumäniendeutsche Autoren im Visier des kommunistischen Geheimdienstes [Romanian-German Authors Targeted by the Communist Secret Service]. Regensburg, 2015.

Kührer-Wielach, Florian, and Michaela Nowotnick, eds. Aus den Giftschränken des Kommunismus [From the Communist Poison Cupboards]. Regensburg, 2018.

Motzan, Peter, and Stefan Sienerth, eds. Worte als Gefahr und Gefärdung. Fünf deutsche Schriftsteller vor Gericht[Words as Danger and Endangerment. Five German Writers in Court]. München: IKGS 1993.

Sienerth, Stefan. Bespitzelt und bedrängt – verhaftet und verstrickt. Rumäniendeutsche Schriftsteller und Geisteswissenschaftler im Blickfeld der Securitate Studien und Aufsätze. [Romanian-German Writers and Scholars under Surveillance by the State Security. Studies and Essays]. Frank&Timme Verlag für wissenschaftliche Literatur 2022.

Sienerth, Stefan. “Activitatea de mediere interculturală sub semnul a două dictaturi. Date noi referitoare la biografia ṣi opera lui Harald Krasse,” translated by Maria Sass. In In honorem Vasile Ciobanu: Studii privind minoritatea germană din România în secolul XX. [Intercultural Mediation under Two Dictatorships]. New Data on the Biography and Work of Harald Krasser, 327-360. Editura Honterus Sibiu 2017.

Apuntes sobre la superstición y la recepción de las literaturas clásicas en La Celestina

Autor: Carles PADILLA-CARMONA
Email: carles.padilla@uv.es

Notes on Superstition and the Reception of Classical Literatures in La Celestina

Abstract: La Celestina is influenced by ideological and aesthetic aspects of its time, such as moralising literature, the new lyrical currents coming from Italy and the emergence of new literary genres. However, it is emphasised that the author was directly or indirectly familiar with the main classical authors and uses them to reinforce the didactic and moralising character of the work. Already at the beginning of the Prologue, Heraclitus, Petrarch, Aristotle, Pliny, and Lucan are mentioned in order to highlight how the struggles between masters and slaves, between pleasure and virtue, between the earthly and the heavenly world are the backbone of the play’s plot. In this context, the cultivation of sorcery cannot be absent. In La Celestina, we see techniques of sympathetic magic, such as the nomen omen and the possession of another person’s will through objects. The passage of Celestina’s incantation, as well as the possession of Melibea’s cord, are examples of this. Apuleius’ Metamorphoses may have been a source of inspiration for the author of the Tragicomedy. Along with the techniques of witchcraft, we observe in the work an almost parodic distortion of Christian discourse to justify certain behaviours. Magic and enchantment were considered dangerous and related to the devil and witchcraft, and those accused of practising magic could be persecuted and severely punished. La Celestina is an example of how superstition in a broad sense (magic and religion) is used to give an irrational explanation to phenomena, such as Calisto’s amorous obsession.

Arsentieva, N. “La filosofía del eros, alcahuetería y magia en La Celestina y El caballero de Olmedo.” In Dueñas, cortesanas y alcahuetas: Libro de buen amor, La Celestina y La lozana andaluza, edited by F. Toro Ceballos, 25-34. Alcalá la Real: Ayuntamiento de Alcalá la Real, 2017.

Beltrán, R., and J.L. Canet, eds. Cinco siglos de Celestina: aportaciones interpretativas. Valencia: Universitat de València, 1997.

Bizzari, H.O. “Celestina y la ‘copia de sentencias entretejidas’.” Celestinesca, no. 32 (2008): 51-67.

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