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3 / 2021

cover site Transilvania 3.2021
Revista: 3 / 2021
Anul Publicarii:2021
Print ISSN: 0255-0539

Științe socio-umane

Arte vizuale

Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

Sociologie

Științe politice & juridice

Istorie & Antropologie

Studii culturale

Autor: Camelia DINU
Email: camelia.dinu@lls.unibuc.ro

Abstract: The monograph Gender Stereotypes in Contemporary Russian Society analyzes the mechanisms that produce and transform gender types and how these stereotypes interact with political-economic discourse. The author presents original sociological research to demonstrate how gender stereotypes have evolved in the discursive realms of politics, economics, and the family in contemporary Russia of the past twenty years.

Keywords: sociology, gender studies, social stereotypes, „gender asymmetry”.

Citation suggestion: Dinu, Camelia. “Review: Olesia Zaharova, Гендерные стереотипы в современном российском обществе”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 73-75. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.10.

Zaharova, Olesia. Гендерные стереотипы в современном российском обществе. Irkutsk: IGU, 2014.

Autor: Raluca MUREȘAN
Email: raluca.muresan@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: Throughout this study we have attempted to identify how the media approached the protests from the period 2017-2019, protests which showed a massive change for the better concerning Romanian civic engagement and shaped a culture of protest characterized by a highly creative and humorful approach. In order to attract the attention of mass-media and to maximize the impact of their actions, protesters made use of modern communication tools and resorted to intricate choreographies and symbols. Social media played an important role in the organization and promotion of the protests, facilitating the transmission of information and acting like a catalyst of the popular discontent.

Keywords: mass-media, social movement, social media, fake news, partisanship, propaganda.

Citation suggestion: Mureșan, Raluca. “The Interplay Between Social Movements and Media: From Creative Ways to Grab Media Attention to Spreading Fake News”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 76-82. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.11.

Barbaros, Maria Corina. “Fake News Claims: A Communication Strategy. Towards a Romanian Culture of Protests”. In #rezist – Romania’s 2017 anti-corruption protests: causes, development and implications, ed. Ana Adi and Darren G. Lilleker, 73-77. Berlin: Quadriga University of Applied Sciences.

Boykoff, Jules. “Framing Dissent: Mass-Media Coverage of the Global Justice Movement”, New Political Science. Vol. 28, No 2 (2006): 201-228.

Ciobanu, Cristian, and Duncan Light. “A New Geography of Protest in Bucharest.” In #rezist – Romania’s 2017 anti-corruption protests: causes, development and implications, ed. Ana Adi and Darren G. Lilleker, 63-67. Berlin: Quadriga University of Applied Sciences, 2017.

Jasper, James M. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Kielbowicz, Richard Burket, and Clifford Wayne Scherer, C. “The Role of the Press in the Dynamics of Social Movements”, Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, No. 9 (1986): 71–96.

Martin, Anca-Simina, and Simina-Maria Terian. “Stirile false: limite si perspective ale analizei lingvistice” [Fake News: Limits and Perspectives of Linguistic Analysis]. Transilvania, no. 10 (2020): 72-77.

Mihailescu, Vintila. “Zgomotul si Vocea. Cine sunteti Voi sa treceti peste Noi?” [The Noise and the Voice. Who are You to cross Us?]. In #Rezist: proteste impotriva OUG 13/2017. [#Rezist: Protests against the Executive Ordinance 13/2017], 13-17. Bucuresti: Curtea Veche Publishing, 2017.

Pojoranu, Cosmin. “The Unexpected Romanians: Fighting Civic Apathy with Civic Energy”. In #rezist – Romania’s 2017 anti-corruption protests: causes, development and implications, ed. Ana Adi and Darren G. Lilleker, 43-50. Berlin: Quadriga University of Applied Sciences, 2017.

Salcudean, Minodora. “Jurnalismul in era post-truth. Consideratii conceptual-fenomenologice ale sintagmei fake-news” [Journalism in the post-truth era. Conceptual-phenomenological considerations of the phrase fake-news]. Transilvania, 9 (2018): 49-54.

Walgrave, Stefaan, and Jan Manssens. “The Making of The White March: The Mass Media as a Mobilizing Alternative to Movement Organizations”, Mobilization: An International Quarterly. Vol. 5, No. 2 (2000): 217-239.

Autor: Elena IVANCA
Email: elenaivanca@gmail.com

Abstract: In this article, I aim at defining the importance of gesture and movement in acting and actors’ training. In doing so, I will analyze some of the historical perspectives on gestures to get to the latest theories in this field with the hope of answering some seemingly banal but actually vital questions about the role of gesture in acting and performance: what do we mean when we say an actor is also a good mover and how does “good” movement or gestures serve this art? What are the best-known training techniques that used gestures and movement to improve acting? Considered as a body movement most often voluntarily controlled by the actor, the gesture is performed in order to produce a meaning that is not necessarily dependent on the spoken text. The gesture, as we hope to demonstrate, should not only be seen as one of the most important non-verbal tools that an actor disposes of, but also a vehicle to deliver feeling, emotions and meaning.

Keywords: gesture, gestus, theatrical gesture, theatrical language, movement, dramatic representation, expression, acting, performance, poetic body, sign, signum.

Citation suggestion: Ivanca, Elena. “Importanța gestului ca mediator și creator de sens în arta actorului: o perspectivă istorică”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 83-95. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.12.

Borie, Monique. Antonin Artaud: teatrul și întoarcerea la origini [Antonin Artaud: the Theatre and the Return to Origins]. Translated by Ileana Littera. Bucharest: Polirom, 2004.

Chaikin, Joseph. The Presence of the Actor: Notes on the Open Theater, Disguises, Acting, and Representation. New York: Athenaum, 1972.

Dodin, Lev. Journey without End, Reflections and Memoirs: Platonov Observed, Rehearsal Notes. Translated by Anna Karabinska. Tantalus Books Limited, 2005.

Graf, Fritz. “Gesturi convenționale: gesturile actorilor și ale oratorilor”, [Conventional Gestures: Actors` Gestures and the Gestures of Speakers] în Jan Bremmer, Herman Roodenburg, A Cultural History of Gesture. Groningen: Unviersity of Groningen, 1991.

Jerzy Grotowski, Towards a Poor Theatre. Edited by Eugenio Barba. New York: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2002.

Leroi-Gourhan, André, Gestures and Speech. Translated by Anna Bostock Berger. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993.

Kendon, Adam. “Gesture.” Annual Review of Anthropology, no. 1, (1997): 26. Mauss, Marcel. “Catégories collectives de pensée et liberté”, [“Collective Categories of Thought and Freedom”] în Oeuvres 2. Représentations collectives et diversité des civilisations. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit, 1969.

Pavis, Patrice and Christine Shantz. Dictionary of the Theater: terms, concepts and analysis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Rouillé, Nicole. Peindre et dire les passions. La gestuelle baroque aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles [“To Paint and to Express Passions. The Baroque Gestures in 17th and 18th Centuries”]. Ajaccio: A. Piazzola, 2006.

Schmitt, Jean-Claude. A Cultural History of Gesture. Edited by Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg. New York: Cornell University Press, 1992.

Stanislavski, Konstantin. Actor’s Work. An Actor Prepares and Building a Character. Translated by Jean Benedetti. Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008.

Șevțova, Maria. Dodin și Teatrul Malâi [“Dodin and Malâi Theatre”]. Translated by Andreea Popescu. București: Fundația Culturală „Camil Petrescu”, 2008.

Vanden Heuvel, Michael. Performing Drama/Dramatizing Performance: Alternative Theater and the Dramatic Text. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.

H. Law, Alma and Mel Gordon. Meyerhold, Eisenstein and Biomechanics: Actor Training in Revolutionary Russia. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1996.

Biblioteconomie

Științele limbii

Științele economice

Antropologie. Studii filozofice

Teologie

Studii literare

Autor: Andreea APOSTU
Email: office@inst-calinescu.ro

Abstract: The 19th century witnessed an important shift in the relationship between book illustrations and literature: the literal approach of Romantics, which subordinated images to the literary text was replaced by the interpretative and metaphorical paradigm of the Symbolists. By the end of the century, painters refused the traditional servile attitude towards text, demanding a real autonomy of their creations. Instead of “illustration”, artists such as Odilon Redon preferred words like “transmission” and “interpretation”, whilst art critic André Mellerio coined the terms “concordance” and “correlative parallelism” to describe the relationship between the two arts. This paper aims to identify the traces of this debate in two rather different projects: Urien’s Voyage, by André Gide, decorated by Maurice Denis, and The Virgins, a text written by Georges Rodenbach and meant to accompany 4 lithographs created by József Rippl-Rónai.

Keywords: Maurice Denis, André Gide, József Rippl-Rónai, Georges Rodenbach, Nabis, book illustration, 19th century, Symbolism, Postimpressionism.

Citation suggestion: Apostu, Andreea. “Relația text-imagine în cazul ilustrației de carte la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea. Două studii de caz: Le Voyage d’Urien și Les Vierges”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.01.

Autor: Sebastian-Raul PAVEL
Email: pavel.raul@student.comunicare.ro

Abstract: This is a modified version of the introduction to a chapter from my PhD thesis concerning publishing and reading practices during XX-th century Romania. The present excerpt delineates the social and cultural context in the first decade after the Revolution that toppled the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu at the end of 1989. With a focus on the notion of literacy, I explore how the changes in the material and social landscape produced lingering effects in book consumption and reading practices.

Keywords: literacy, reading, communism, post-communism, publishing.

Citation suggestion: Pavel, Sebastian-Raul. “Revoluție și competențe literate: România postcomunistă”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 12-20. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.02.

Autor: Andrei CRĂCIUN
Email: craciun.iulian-andrei@fspub.unibuc.ro

Abstract: The Romanian-born writer Panait Istrati was, for three decades, also a journalist. His legacy as a reporter, investigative journalist and an outraged, but lucid columnist is almost unknown – ignored however, in France and in Romania as well. Panait Istrati was one of the most successful French language authors in the first half of the 20th century. He was also one of the pioneers in challenging communism. The roots of this becoming can be found in his journalism. This study is based on 294 texts that Panait Istrati published in the written press in Romania, France, Soviet Union and other countries, from 1906 to his death, in 1935.

Keywords: Panait Istrati, communism, Soviet Union, journalism, Romain Rolland.

Citation suggestion: Crăciun, Andrei. “Panait Istrati, treizeci de ani ziarist”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.03.

Autor: Dumitru CHIOARU
Email: dumitru.choiaru@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: The author presents some of the modern poetic language theories from the twentieth century. He begins with the idea that poetry, as a particular art of discourse, was (and still is) described alongside prose, with a difference in the use of language, with several close-ups and departures, in relation to the double intention of communication of language: reflexive or transitive.

Keywords: discourse, language, poetry, prose, reflexive, transitive.

Citation suggestion: Chioaru, Dumitru. “Glose despre limbajul poetic”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 28-31. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.04.

Autor: Otilia URS
Email: otilia_urs@inst-puscariu.ro

Abstract: This research aims to study the methods of glossaries in Damaschin Bojincă’s texts, reviewing especially the work Răspundere dezgurzătoare la cârtirea cea în Hale (Clarifyings Answers to Criticism in Hale) printed at Buda in 1828. Along the study we shall look for traditional and innovative elements of the lexis, their processing and frequency in the studied text, but also in other texts of the author.

The analysis shall present the types of glossaries by which means Damaschin Bojincă introduces neologisms in Romanian lexical system contributing as such to the enhancement of the literary Romanian language of that period, being possible to identify some lexical characteristics specific to all Romanian Enlightenment representatives, through which they mainly aimed at educational purposes but also at Romanian language structuring as a language of culture.

Keywords: Damaschin Bojincă, Școala Ardeleană (Transylvanian School), Romanian Enlightenment, Romanian Western Enlightenment, Lexis of Enlightenment.

Citation suggestion: Urs, Otilia. “Glosele textelor lui Damaschin Bojincă”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 32-40. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.05.

Bojâncă, Damaschin T.. Anticile romanilor [The antiquities of Romans]. tom I–II. Buda: Universității din Pesta, 1832–1833. Bojincă, Damaschin. “Biografia lui Matia Corvinus, craiul Ungariei” [“The Biography of Matia Corvinus, the King of Hungary”]. Calendariu românesc pe anul de la Cristos 1832, Buda (1832): 35–125.

“Descrierea nașterii și a eroiceștilor fapte a multu vestitului și de toată Europa minunatului erou Ioan Corvinus de Huniad” [“Description of the Birth and Heroic Deeds of Much of the Famous and all Europe of the Wonderful Hero Ioan Corvinus of Huniad”], tradusă de D. Bojâncă, Calendariu românesc pe anul de la Cristos 1830, Buda (1830): 43–141.

Disputațiile asupra Istoriei pentru începutul românilor în Dachia [The Disputes About the History for the Beginning of the Romanians in Dachia], tălmăcite de pe lătinie pe românie prin Damaschin Bojincă. Buda: Tiparul Crăiești Tipografii a Universității Ungariei, 1834.

Gafton Alexandru. De la traducere la norma literară [From Translation to Literary Standard]. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza, 2012.

Ghergariu Leontin. “Limba scrierilor lui Damaschin T. Bojincă” [“Language of Damaschin T. Bojincă’s Writings”]. Cercetări de lingvistică, nr. 1, (1963): 125–145.

Bojâncă Damaschin T.. “Istoria romanilor” [“History of the Romans”]. Biblioteca românească, (1830/III):1–24; (1830/IV): 1–24.

Bojâncă Damaschin. “Tragedia lui Ladislau Corvinus de Huniadi” [“The tragedy of Ladislau Corvinus of Huniadi”]. Calendariu românesc pe anul de la Cristos 1831. Buda (1831): 39–149.

Urs, Otilia. “Aspecte ale lexicului textelor lui Damaschin Bojincă, cu privire specială asupra lucrării Răspundere dezgurzătoare la cârtirea cea în Hale, Buda, 1828” [Lexical Aspects of Damaschin Bojincă’s Texts with Special Review of the Work Răspundere dezgurzătoare la cârtirea cea în Hale (Clarifying Answers to Criticism in Hale), Buda, 1828]. Transilvania, no. 5-6 (2018): 99-105.

Autor: Anca MUREŞANU
Email: anca.muresanu@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: Identity has always been viewed as a key notion in translation studies. Time and again people assume that national identity is homogeneous and that it manifests itself in a particular language and culture. Nowadays, translation takes place in such a context where identity, culture or tradition is no longer homogeneous. In the process of translation – since so many new traditions and cultures are brought into focus – identities are slowly fading out or removed to make way for new ones. Translation allows existing identities to open up as host languages and cultures and it makes the creation of new areas of identity easy, the result resting upon the translator’s ability to bridge cultural differences. This present article provides a glimpse into the labor the translators go through when it comes to maintaining and negotiating meaning, identity and cultural differences between two languages.

Keywords: translation, culture, identity, culturemes, culture specific items.

Citation suggestion: Mureșan, Anca. “Translation and Cultural Identity: Romanian Culturemes in the Works of Ion Creangă and Mihail Sadoveanu”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 41-46. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.06.

Abbasi, Gelavizh et al. “Language, Translation, and Culture.” In International Conference on Language, Media and Culture IPEDR, 33, 83-87. Singapore: IACSIT Press, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.ipedr.com/vol33/017-ICLMC2012-L00062.pdf.

Aixela, Javier Franco. “Culture-Specific Items in Translation.” In Translation, Power, Subversion, edited by Roman Alvarez & M. Carmen-Africa Vidal, 52-78, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1996.

Bassenett, Susan. Translation Studies. London: Routledge, 1980.

Cartianu, Ana. & R. C. Johnston. Amintiri din Copilărie/Memories of My Boyhood. Sibiu: Editura Universităţii “Lucian Blaga”, 1995.

Castro-Paniagua, Francisco. English-Spanish Translation, Through a Cross-Cultural Interpretation Approach, New York: University Press of America, 2000.

Daghoughi, Shekoufeh & Mahmood Hashemian. “Analysis of Culture-specific Items and Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Jalal Al-Ahmad’s By the Pen.” English Language Teaching. Vol. 9, no. 4 (2016): 171-185. Published by Canadian Center for Science and Education.

Katan, David. “Translation as Intercultural Communication.” In The Routledge Companion to Translation Studies, edited by Jeremy Munday, 74-92. Abingdon: Routledge, 2009.

Larson, Mildred. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence. Lanham and New York: University Press of America Inc, 1984.

Lotman, Jury & Boris Uspensky. “On the Semiotic Mechanism of Culture.” New Literary History, 9 (2) (1978): 211-32.

Lungu-Badea Georgiana. Teoria culturemelor. Teoria traducerii [Culturemes Theory. Translation Theory]. Timisoara: editura UVT, 2004.

Munoz-Calvo Micaela & Carmen Buesa-Gomez. Translation and Cultural Identity: Selected Essays on Translation and Cross-cultural Communication. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall International, 1988. Newmark, Peter. “Translation and Culture.” In Meaning in Translation, edited by B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, 171-182. Frankfurt: Peter Long GmbH, 2010.

Nida, Eugen. “Principles of Correspondence.” In The Translation Studies Reader, edited by Lawrence Venuti, 126-140. London: Routledge, 2000.

Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. London: Routledge, 1977.

Sadoveanu, Mihail. Baltagul [The Hatchet]. Bucureşti: Editura pentru Literatură, 1967.

Vermeer, Hans. “Skopos and Commission in Translational Activity”. In The Translation Studies Reader edited by Lawrence Venuti, 191-202. London: Routledge, 1989.

Autor: Larisa BOTNARI
Email: larissa.botnari@gmail.com

Abstract: In the context of what seems to be known in France as the “crisis of literature,” one of the solutions often put forward over the past two or three decades is to invoke the epistemic capacities of literary works, in order to argue their usefulness and legitimacy. Literature specialists, but also representatives of other fields of study thus speak of a sociological, historical or philosophical knowledge, which would be possible through literature. This situation brings to light the question of interdisciplinary relations in the French intellectual and academic field. This article proposes the analysis of such a confrontation between literary figures and sociologists, around the notions of implicit sociology of literature and novelistic sociology. We try to show, through the examination of the discussions on this subject between intellectuals such as Bernard Lahire, Jacques Dubois, Nathalie Heinich, etc., that the strong enhancement of literary works by the use of the idea of knowledge through literature could lead, in return, to critical questioning of the importance and legitimacy of literary studies.

Keywords: crisis of literature; sociology of literature; literary criticism; literary studies; knowledge through literature; implicit sociology; novelistic sociology.

Citation suggestion: Botnari, Larisa. “Littéraires et sociologues : enjeux interdisciplinaires d’une redéfinition de la littérature comme dispositif d’intelligibilité du social”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 47-57. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.07.

Aron, Paul, and Jean-Pierre Bertrand, eds. “Le sens du social.” Special issue, Romantisme 175, no. 1 (2017).

Baudorré, Philippe, Dominique Rabaté, and Dominique Viart, eds. Littérature et sociologie. Pessac : Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2007.

Bayard, Pierre. Peut-on appliquer la littérature à la psychanalyse ?. Paris : Minuit, 2004.

Boucher, Geneviève. “Écritures du social / Littérature et sociologie. Sous la direction de Philippe Baudorre, Dominique Rabaté et Dominique Viart, Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, Sémaphores», 232 p.“ Spirale 223, (Novembre–Décembre 2008) : 34–35. https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/16751ac.

Bourdieu, Pierre. Les Règles de l’art. Genèse et structure du champ littéraire. Paris : Seuil, 1992.

Champy, Florent. “Littérature, sociologie et sociologie de la littérature. À propos de lectures sociologiques de À la recherche du temps perdu.” Revue française de sociologie 41, no. 2 (2000) : 345-364. www.persee.fr/doc/rfsoc_0035-2969_2000_num_41_2_5266.

Dirkx, Paul. Sociologie de la littérature. Paris : Armand Colin, 2000.

Dirkx, Paul. “Compte rendu de Baudorre (Philippe), Rabaté (Dominique) et Viart (Dominique) (dir.), Littérature et sociologie“, COnTEXTES (2008) [Online], accessed October 20, 2020http://contextes.revues.org/2702.

Dubois, Jacques. Pour Albertine. Proust et le sens du social. Paris : Seuil, 1997.

Dubois, Jacques. Les romanciers du réel. De Balzac à Simenon. Paris : Seuil, 2000.

Dubois, Jacques. Stendhal. Une sociologie romanesque. Paris : La Découverte, 2007.

Dubois, Jacques, “Socialité de la fiction.” In Littérature et sociologie, edited by Baudorré, Philippe, Dominique Rabaté, and Dominique Viart, 33-48. Pessac : Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2007.

Heinich, Nathalie. “Ce que la littérature fait à la sociologie. Petite histoire des États de femme.” Cahiers de recherche sociologique, no. 26 (1996) : 61-77. https://doi.org/10.7202/1002342ar

Heinich, Nathalie. L’élite artiste. Excellence et singularité en régime démocratique. Paris : Gallimard, 2005.

Heinich, Nathalie. “La fiction comme document : régimes d’énonciation, régimes d’interprétation.” In Littérature et sociologie, edited by Baudorré, Philippe, Dominique Rabaté, and Dominique Viart, 49-59. Pessac : Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2007.

Lahire, Bernard. L’Esprit sociologique. Paris : La Découverte, 2005.

Lahire, Bernard. “Pour une sociologie de la littérature.” Idées économiques et sociales 186, no. 4 (2016) : 6-14. https://doi.org/10.3917/idee.186.0006

Lassave, Pierre. Sciences sociales et littérature. Concurrence, complémentarité, interférences. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 2002.

Ledent, David. “Les enjeux d’une sociologie par la littérature.” COnTEXTES (2013) [Online], accessed October 16, 2020. http://contextes.revues.org/5630

Ledent, David. “La sociologie implicite de la littérature.” Narrative Matters (Juin 2014), accessed October 16, 2020. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01085367

Ledent, David. “Peut-on parler d’une sociologie implicite du roman ?” Revue d’anthropologie des connaissances 9, no. 3 (2015) : 371-386. https://doi.org/10.3917/rac.028.0371

Sapiro, Gisèle. La sociologie de la littérature. Paris : La Découverte, 2014.

Viart, Dominique. “Écrire au présent : l’esthétique contemporaine.” In Le temps des lettres : Quelles périodisations pour l’histoire de la littérature française du 20e siècle ?, edited by Francine Dugast-Portes and Michèle Touret, 317-336. Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001.

Autor: Ana Maria BASARABA
Email: basaraba_anam@yahoo.com

Abstract: The paper aims to disclose the factors behind Celie’s preference of transition from an involuntary heterosexual relationship to a homosexual one. I pursue this path due to multiple factors that occur in the novel and which nevertheless lead to Celie’s final homosexual identity. Homosexuality is far too often regarded as a mental illness and people have far too many times misjudged people with other sexual orientation than what the society perceives as “normal”. The findings of my research intend to show that homosexuality implies a variety of psychological, emotional and physical issues and that it is nothing to be ashamed or afraid of. Since racism has always been associated with Black men and sexism with White females, the paper brings the invisible Black lesbians to light.

Keywords: Alice Walker, The Color Purple, Celie, lesbianism.

Citation suggestion: Basarabă, Ana Maria. “Making the Invisible Visible: Black Lesbianism in The Color Purple”. Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 58-63. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.08.

Abbandonato, Linda. “A View from ‘Elsewhere’: Subversive Sexuality and the Rewriting of the Heroine’s Story” PMLA 106.5 (1991):1106-1115. Web.

Baluni, Risanti Intan Al. The Sexual Orientation of Celie in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple. A Thesis Summary. Yogyakarta State University, 2012. Web.

Boer,R., Gatti,J. “Lesbian Images and the Color (ed) Love in The Color Purple” Estudos Anglo Americanos 44 (2015):126-145. Web.

“But Some of Us Are Brave: A History of Black Feminism in the United States.” Vol. 9.1 A History of Black Feminism in the U.S. Web.

Christophe, Marc-A. “‘The Color Purple’: An Existential Novel” CLA Journal 36.3 (1993): 280-290. Web.

Frias, Maria. “The Walker-Spielberg Tandem and Lesbianism in The Color Purple: ‘[Spielberg] Don’t Like it Dirty’” Universidad de Alcala de Henares. Web.

Guo, Deyan. “A Modern Allegory of The Color Purple” Canadian Social Science 1.1 (2005): 84-9. Web.

Guo, Deyan. Tianjin Foreign Studies University.2019. Lecture Lewis, Christopher S. “Cultivating Black Lesbianism Shamelessness: Alice Walker’s ‘The Color Purple’” RMMLA 66.2 (2012): 158-175 McCray, April. “Woman-Loving Women: Representations of Gender, Identity, and Womanism in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple” Web.

Napikoski, Linda. “Womanist. Alice Walker’s Term for Black Feminism” (2019) Web. < thoughtco.com/womanist-feminism-definition-3528993>

Rusharyani, Aprilia Aldear. The Aspect of Lesbianism of Celie Reflected in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple Novel. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, 2017. Web.

Wang, Ling. “Gender Trouble in The Color Purple” Studies in Literature and Language 13.4 (2016): 62-65. Web.

Wilson,L.,Robertson,P. “Counseling LGBTQ Youth” (2011) Web. < http://www.doc88.com/p-7748269380237.html >

Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Washington Square Press, 1983. Print.

Autor: Rodica GRIGORE
Email: rodica.grigore@gmail.com

Abstract: Published in 1977, the year of its author’s death, The Hour of the Star, Clarice Lispector’s last novel, represents one of the best creations of the Brazilian writer. The book describes the poor life of a young woman, but at a deeper level it analyzes the complex relationship between author and reader, but also between authors and their fictional creations, the characters. Rodrigo and Macabéa, the character and the narrative voice in The Hour of the Star play an intricate game of masks, permanently reduplicating perspectives and forcing the reader to decode the meanings of violence (either textual or physical) Lispector describes within the novel.

Keywords: Brazilian novel, Latin American fiction, identity, mask, mirror.

Citation suggestion: Grigore, Rodica. “Clarice Lispector, The Hour of the Star: Narrative Masks and Textual Violence”.Transilvania, no. 3 (2021): 64-72. https://doi.org/10.51391/trva.2021.03.09.

Lispector, Clarice. Apa vie. Ora stelei [The Hour of the Star]. Translated by Dan Munteanu Colán. Bucureşti: Editura Univers, 2016.

Echevarría, Roberto González, and Enrique Pupo-Walker, eds. The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature (Vol. III). Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Cixous, Hélène. Reading with Clarice Lispector. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.

Cixous, Hélène. La risa de la medusa: ensayos sobre la escritura. Editorial Anthropos, 1995.

Fitz, Earl E. Sexuality and Being in the Poststructuralist Universe of Clarice Lispector. The Differance of Desire. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

Moser, Benjamin. Why This World: A Biography of Clarice Lispector. Oxford University Press, 2009.

Peixoto, Marta. Passionate Fictions: Gender, Violence and Narrative in Clarice Lispector. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.

Reis, Levilson. “Clarice Lispector,” In Notable Twentieth-Century Latin American Women, edited by Cynthia M. Tompkins and David W. Foster. Westport C.T.; Greenwood, 2011.

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