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11-12 / 2023

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Revista: 11-12 / 2023
Anul Publicarii:2023
Print ISSN: 0255-0539

Științe socio-umane

Arte vizuale

Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

Sociologie

Științe politice & juridice

Istorie & Antropologie

Studii culturale

Tragedy after Farce: Family Relations in Capitalism and the Postsocialist Generational Gap in Radu Jude’s Everybody in Our Family

Autor: Lucian ȚION
Email: tionfiul@yahoo.com

Abstract: Capitalism didn’t only change relations of production in postsocialist economies, but it changed, rather abruptly, the ways of communication between generations, which complicated the transition to a market economy. In this article I analyze Radu Jude’s Everyone in Our Family (2012), paying close attention to the way in which New Romanian Cinema translated these changes into film language and style. In the process I will also look at the way in which the heritage of socialism was negotiated by the postsocialist generation, and the way in which postsocialist adults dealt with the traditionalism and patriarchy embedded in child-parent relationships.

Keywords: postsocialism, communism, Romanian new wave, gender roles, Radu Jude.

Acknowledgement: Research for this article was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-0141, within PNCDI III.

Bibliography

Andrew, Geoff. “Everybody in Our Family.” Sight& Sound 7, no. 29 (2019): 83.

Biro, Yvette. “Pathos and Irony in East European Films.” In Politics, Art and Commitment in Eastern European Cinema, edited by D.W. Paul, 28-48. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1983.

Bjelić, Dušan. “4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days at the moment of neoliberal catastrophe.” Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media, no. 58 (2017-2018). https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc58.2018/Bjelic4Months/index.html.

Chirilov, Mihai. “Stop-cadre la masă” [Freeze-frames at the Family Table]. In Noul cinema românesc. De la tovarăşul Ceauşescu la domnul Lăzărescu [New Romanian Cinema. From Comrade Ceaușescu to Mr. Lăzărescu], edited by Cristina Corciovescu and Magda Mihăilescu, 11-32. Iași: Polirom, 2011.

Gorzo, Andrei, and Veronica Lazăr. “Radu Jude’s Satirical Studies of Male Rage and Self-Pity.” Transilvania, no. 5 (2022): 1-5.

Gorzo, Andrei, and Veronica Lazăr. Beyond the New Romanian Cinema: Romanian Culture, History, and the Films of Radu Jude. Sibiu: Editura ULBS, 2023.

Gorzo, Andrei. “20 de ani de la ‘Marfa și banii’” [20 Years after “Stuff and Dough”]. Lucruri care nu pot fi spuse altfel [Things that Can’t Be Told Differently] (blog), January 11, 2021. https://andreigorzoblog.wordpress.com/2021/01/11/20-de-ani-de-la-marfa-si-banii/.

Kideckel, David. “The Undead:Nicolae Ceaușescu and Paternalist Politics in Romanian Society and Culture.” In Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority, edited by John Borneman, 123–147. New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.

Massumi, Brian. Parables of the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham: Duke University Press, 2002.

Popa, Bogdan. “What’s Wrong with the Romanian New Wave? Auteur Cinema, the Communist, and the Production of the Violent Working Class.” Studies in Eastern European Cinema 1, no. 9 (2017): 89-102.

Popa, Bogdan. “Revisiting the Uses of Nostalgia in Post-socialist Cinema: Radu Jude’s Cinema and Dialectical Images.” Transilvania, no. 1 (2023): 67-78.

Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Weissberg, Jay. “Everybody in Our Family.” Variety, February 13, 2012.

Autenticitate, transparență și credibilitate: o perspectivă etică asupra comunicării social media influencerilor

Autor: Raluca MUREȘAN
Email: raluca.muresan@ulbsibiu.ro

Authenticity, Transparency, and Credibility: An Ethical Perspective on Social Media Influencer Communication

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to discuss the need to establish ethical standards to guide the social media influencer communication, an emerging field at the intersection of three established public communication fields: journalism, public relations, and advertising. Previous studies dedicated to the ethics of influencer communication focus on three major themes: authenticity, transparency and disclosure of sponsorship, themes that also appeared in the debates in Romania when the misconducts of some local influencers were covered by media.

Keywords: social media influencer, influencer marketing, communication ethics, authenticity, transparency, credibility

Bibliography

Borchers, Nils S., and Nadja Enke. “I’ve never seen a client say: ‘Tell the influencer not to label this as sponsored’: An exploration into influencer industry ethics.” Public Relations Review 48, no. 5 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102235.

Bunea, Iulia. “Bucureştiul paralel. Cât cheltuie STB pe campania cu vloggeri şi cine s-a ocupat. Nume şi cifre. Autobuzele, promovate printr-o campanie ‘fără P’” [Parallel Bucharest. How much is STB spending on the vlogger campaign and who handled it. Names and numbers. Buses, promoted through a ‘no P’ campaign]. Pagina de Media, June 20, 2022. https://www.paginademedia.ro/2019/06/bucurestiul-paralel-cat-cheltuie-stb-pe-campania-cu-vloggeri-si-cine-s-a-ocupat-nume-si-cifre-autobuzele-promovate-printr-o-campanie-fara-p/.

Campbell, Colin, and Justine Rapp Farrell. “More than meets the eye: The functional components underlying influencer marketing.” Business Horizons 63, no. 4 (2020): 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.03.003.

Campbell, Colin, and Pamela E. Grimm. “The Challenges Native Advertising Poses: Exploring Potential Federal Trade Commission Responses and Identifying Research Needs.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 38, no. 1 (2019): 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915618818576

Crowther, Sophie. “Ethical considerations in influencer marketing.” Campaign, April 15, 2021. https://www.campaignasia.com/article/ethical-considerations-in-influencer-marketing/468972.

Dhanesh, S. Ganga, and Gaelle Duthler. “Relationship management through social media influencers: Effects of followers’ awareness of paid endorsement.” Public Relations Review, 45(3), 101765, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.03.002.

Djafarova, Elmira, and Chloe Rushworth. “Exploring the credibility of online celebrities’ Instagram profiles in influencing the purchase decisions of young female users.” Computers in Human Behavior 68 (2017): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.009.

Enke, Nadja, and Nils S. Borchers. „Social media influencers in strategic communication: A conceptual framework for strategic social media influencer communication.” International Journal of Strategic Communication 13, no. 4 (2019): 261–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2019.1620234.

European Advertising Standards Alliance (EASA). Best practice recommendation on influencer marketing (2018). https://www.easa-alliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/BEST-PRACTICE-RECOMMENDATION-ON-INFLUENCER-MARKETING-GUIDANCE_v2022.pdf.

Freberg, Karen, Kristin Graham, Karen McGaughey, and Laura A. Freberg. “Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality.” Public Relations Review 37, no. 1 (2011): 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.11.001.

Geyser, Werner. “20 of Instagram’s Highest Paid Stars in 2023.” February 1, 2023. https://influencermarketinghub.com/instagram-highest-paid/.IAB Romania. Cod de bune practici în Influencer Marketing [Code of Best Practices in Influencer marketing] (2020). https://iab-romania.ro/influencer-marketing/?cn-reloaded=1.Influence4You. “The Most Popular Influencers on Instagram in 2022.” January 15, 2022. https://blogen.influence4you.com/top-10-instagrammers-ranking-on-instagram/.Ipsos Mori. Research on the Labelling of Influencer Advertising (2019). https://www.asa.org.uk/static/uploaded/8cde72e8-796b-430f-9d2d228038286b4e.pdf.Israel, Sarah. “Top Influencers in 2023: Who to Watch and Why They’re Great.” February 14, 2023. https://blog.hootsuite.com/top-influencers/.

Lou, Chen, and Shupei Yuan. “Influencer Marketing: How Message Value and Credibility Affect Consumer Trust of Branded Content on Social Media.” Journal of Interactive Advertising 19, no. 1 (2019): 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2018.1533501.

MacRae. Duncan. “76% of Instagram Influencers hide advertisement disclosure in their posts.” MarketingTech, October 4, 2021. https://www.marketingtechnews.net/news/2021/oct/04/76-of-instagram-influencers-hide-advertisement-disclosure-in-their-posts/.Marin, Iulia. “Primarul PSD al sectorului 1 îi plătește Andreei Marin 5.000 de euro pe lună, ca să facă publicitate mascată unui centru medical pentru tratarea nevoiașilor” [The PSD mayor of sector 1 pays Andrea Marin 5,000 euros per month to disguised advertising a medical center for the treatment of the needy]. Libertatea, May 14, 2020. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/centru-medical-nevoiasi-sector-1-andreea-marin-2996361.

Michaelsen, Frithjof, Luena Collini, Cécile Jacob, Catalina Goanta, Sara Elisa Kettner, Sophie Bishop, Pierre Hausemer, Christian Thorun, and Sevil Yesiloglu. The impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Single Market. Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies,European Parliament, 2022.

Nedelcoff, Anamaria. “‘Fața mea a început să se descompună’. Fals dermatolog e acuzat că a vândut produse toxice pentru ten, promovate de vedete precum Dorian Popa și Gina Pistol. Mai mult victime au făcut plângere” [‘My face started to decompose.’ Fake dermatologist accused of selling toxic skin products promoted by stars such as Dorian Popa and Gina Pistol. More other victims have complained]. Libertatea, May 23, 2020. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/fals-dermatolog-girat-vedete-vandut-creme-toxice-plangere-parchet-3007577Nedelcoff, Anamaria. “Deși zeci de tinere au acuzat că le-au distrus tenul, influenceri și vedete nu se dezic de produsele Plush Bio. Dorian Popa e cel mai vehement apărător, dar nu a folosit cremele cu probleme” [Although dozens of young women have accused that they destroyed their skin, influencers and stars do not give up on Plush Bio products. Dorian Popa is the most vehement defender, but he did not use the creams in question]. Libertatea, May 25, 2022. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/vedete-plush-bio-dorian-popa-bianca-dragusanu-3011338.

Ortová, Nina, Denisa Hejlová, and David Weiss. “Creation of a Code of Ethics for Influencer Marketing: The Case of the Czech Republic.” Journal of Media Ethics 38, no. 2 (2023): 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2023.2193958.

RAC. Codul de practică în comunicarea comercială [The Code of Advertising Practice] (2021). https://www.rac.ro/ro/cod/codul-de-practicĂ-În-comunicarea-comercialĂ.

Wellman, Mariah L., Ryan Stoldt, Melissa Tully, and Brian Ekdale. “Ethics of Authenticity: Social Media Influencers and the Production of Sponsored Content.” Journal of Media Ethics 35, no. 2 (2020): 68-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2020.1736078.

Ye, Guoquan, Liselot Hudders, Steffi De Jans, and Marijke De Veirman. “The Value of Influencer Marketing for Business: A Bibliometric Analysis and Managerial Implications.” Journal of Advertising 50, nr. 2 (2021): 160-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2020.1857888

Zhou, Shuang, Marta Blazquez, Helen McCormick, and Liz Barnes. “How social media influencers’ narrative strategies benefit cultivating influencer marketing: Tackling issues of cultural barriers, commercialised content, and sponsorship disclosure.” Journal of Business Research, vol. 134 (2021): 122-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.011.

Zniva, Robert, Wolfgang J.Weitzl, and Christina Lindmoser. “Be constantly different! How to manage influencer authenticity.” Electronic Commerce Research 23 (2023): 1485–1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-022-09653-6.

Erst die Fremde lehrt uns, was wir an der Heimat besitzen: Gedächtnis und Erinnerungsorte in Theodor Fontanes Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg

Autor: Andrea Susanne STANCU
Email: andreasusanne.rafii@ulbsibiu.ro

“Erst die Fremde lehrt uns, was wir an der Heimat besitzen”: Memory and Places of Remembrance in Theodor Fontane’s Ramblings through Brandenburg

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to underline the specificities of Theodor Fontane’s work Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg as a place of remembrance – and subsequently of the places of remembrance it contains – as well as the importance that this very comprehensive text has until today for the cultural space of Berlin-Brandenburg. The paper highlights a dynamic of cultural memory that ranges from overlaying places of remembrance to the emergence of new ones. The project has been completed and illustrated with some walks undertaken by the author of the article in the footsteps of Fontane.

Keywords: Theodor Fontane, ramblings, places of remembrance, memory research, Berlin-Brandenburg region

Bibliography

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Assmann, Jan. Das kulturelle Gedächtnis. Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen [Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination]. München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1992.

Erler, Gotthard. “Theodor Fontane.” In Deutsche Erinnerungsorte [German Places of Remembrance], vol. 3, edited by Étienne François and Hagen Schulze, 242-253. München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2001.

Erll, Astrid. Kollektives Gedächtnis und Erinnerungskulturen. Eine Einführung [Collective Memory and Memory Cultures: An introduction]. Stuttgart and Weimar: Verlag J. B. Metzler, 2011.

Fontane, Theodor. Die schönsten Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. Ausgewählt und mit einem Nachwort von Günter de Bruyn [The Most Beautiful Walks through the Mark Brandenburg: Selected and with an Epilogue by Günter de Bruyn]. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Verlag, 2017.

Fontane, Theodor. Schach von Wuthenow [Schach of Wuthenow]. Bucharest: Kriterion Verlag, 1987.

Fontane, Theodor. Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. 1. Teil Die Grafschaft Ruppin [Ramblings through Brandenburg. Part 1: The County of Ruppin]. Köln: Anaconda Verlag, 2019.

Fontane, Theodor. Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. 2. Teil Das Oderland [Ramblings through Brandenburg. Part 2: The Oderland]. Köln: Anaconda Verlag, 2019.

Fontane, Theodor. Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. 3. Teil Havelland [Ramblings through Brandenburg. Part 3: Havelland]. Köln: Anaconda Verlag, 2019.

Fontane, Theodor. Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg. 4. Teil Spreeland [Ramblings through Brandenburg. Part 4: Spreeland]. Köln: Anaconda Verlag, 2019.

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François, Étienne, and Hagen Schulze, eds. Deutsche Erinnerungsorte [German Places of Remembrance], vol. 3. München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2001.

Gudehus, Christian, Ariane Eichenberg, and Harald Welzer. Gedächtnis und Erinnerung. Ein interdisziplinäres Handbuch [Memory and Remembrance: An interdisciplinary Handbook]. Stuttgart and Weimar: Verlag J. B. Metzler, 2010.

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  1. A. “Theodor Fontane: ‘Der Stechlin’” [Theodor Fontane: “The Stechlin”]. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 25. September 2007. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buecher/romanatlas/deutschland-neuglobsow-theodor-fontane-der-stechlin-1437559.html.

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Wiebrecht, Ulrike. Wandern auf Fontanes Wegen [Rambling on Fontane’s Paths]. Berlin: viaReise Verlag, 2018.

 

Abbildungsverzeichnis

Abbildung 1: Fontane-Stadtrundgang in Neuruppin, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 2: Informationstafel in Paretz, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 3: Teil des Original-Birnbaums, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 4: Straßenschilder und Wegweiser in Ribbeck, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 5: Fontane-Haus mit Fontane-Linde in Neuglobsow, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 6: Zitat an der Fassade des Fontane-Hauses, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 7: Großer Stechlinsee 1, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 8: Großer Stechlinsee 2, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 9: Erinnerungstafeln auf dem Berliner Mauerweg, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Abbildung 10: Glienicker Brücke, Quelle: Privatarchiv der Autorin.

Curiosa virgo semper in periculo: câteva considerații asupra curiozității la Sfântul Augustin

Autor: Anton ADĂMUȚ
Email: antonadamut@yahoo.com

Curiosa Virgo Semper In Periculo: Some Considerations on Curiosity in Saint Augustine

Abstract: Curiosus is the one who delights in a kind of knowledge viewed as a purpose in itself, which knowledge diverts the soul from God and from the knowledge of the eternal, and curiositas preserves in Augustine the older pejorative meaning, I cannot love in excess a good which is not summum bonum, such a thing belongs to concupiscentia and cupiditas. Augustine’s ideal is not science, his ideal is wisdom, the liberal arts must be subordinated to philosophy as they will be subordinated to theology in the case of Bonaventure, scholarly curiosity does not belong to culture. Curiosity takes the thought away from God, it takes the mind away from the knowledge of God by directing it towards the knowledge of the inferior nature in which the mind degrades, curiosity is not evil but it cannot be a purpose in itself and a disinterested one. Curiosity is not good, Augustine seems to say, but it is also not to be rejected, in the same way pleasure is not the end, pleasure is the beginning, it can lead us to the end.

Keywords: Augustine, curiosity, science, truth, studio, God.

Bibliography:

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Tertulian. Despre suflet [About the soul]. Translated by David Popescu. In Apologeți de limbă latină (PSB 3), Bucharest: Editura Institutului Biblic și de Misiune Ortodoxă a B.O.R., 1981.

The Letters of Saint Jerome, vol. 1, Letters 1-22. Translated by Charles Christopher Mierow, introduced and annotated by Thomas Comerford Lawler. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1963.

P.G. Walsh. “The Rights and Wrongs of Curiosity (Plutarch to Augustine).” In Greece and Rome XXXV, no. 1 (1988): 73-85.

L’enquête de terrain à la frontière roumano-ukrainienne en temps de guerre : Une ethnographie des pratiques alimentaires

Autor: Amandine LEPORC & Diana MIHUT
Email: amandine.leporc@univ-pau.fr

Fieldwork on the Romanian-Ukrainian Border in Wartime: An Ethnography of Food Practices

Abstract: This article discusses questions related to the methodology of field research in a context of uncertainty. The observations and conclusions presented here are drawn from an atypical interaction the researchers had with their informants in the context of the war in Ukraine. More specifically, this is a brief presentation and analysis of a field experiment conducted as part of a research project on Romanian food heritage. This subject, important for current Romanian ethnology, has given rise to numerous interventions by the research team at scientific events over the past two years.

Keywords: food heritage, ethnography, methodology, field research, communities, Romania, Ukraine

Bibliography

Bîrlea, Ovidiu. Metoda de cercetare a folclorului [Method of Folklore Research]. Bucharest: Editura pentru Literatură, 1969.

Geertz, Clifford. Savoir local, savoir global. Les lieux du savoir. Traduit de l’anglais par Denise Paulme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1986.

Ivanovich Mikoyan, Anastas. Book of Tasty and Healthy Food: Iconic Cookbook of the Soviet Union. Utah: SkyPeak Publishing, 2012.

Kilani, Mondher. “Du terrain au texte. Sur l’écriture de l’anthropologie.” In Communications, 58 (1994): 45-60.

Malinowski, Bronisław. Les Argonautes du Pacifique Occidental. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1963.

Mușat, Nicoleta. Clișee de familie. Terenuri în Transcarpatia [Family Clichés. Lands in Transcarpathia]. Timișoara: Editura Universității de Vest, 2015.

Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. New York City: Basic Books, 2010.

Pink, Sarah, Heather Horst, John Postill, Larissa Hjorth, Tania Lewis, and Jo Tacchi. Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. New York: Sage Publications, 2015.

Popa, Corina-Eugenia. Femeile de la Tisa. Povestiri din satele românești din Transcarpatia [Women in Tisa Area. Stories from the Romanian Villages in Transcarpathia]. Timișoara: Editura Universității de Vest, 2018.

Plokhy, Serhii. Porțile Europei. O istorie a Ucrainei [The Gates of Europe. A History of Ukraine]. Traduit par Smaranda Câmpeanu. București: Trei, 2018.

Syutkin, Olga & Pavel. CCCP Cook Book. True Story of Soviet Cuisine. London: Fuel, 2015.

Westbrooks, David A. Navigators of the Contemporary. Why Ethnography Matters. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

Fotografia – „influencer” estetic și patrimonial. Fotografia de produs sau fotografia publicitară: imaginea care „vinde” muzeul

Autor: Borco ILIN
Email: borko.ilin@gmail.com

Photography – Aesthetic and Heritage “Influencer.” Product Photography or Advertising Photograpy: The Image that “sells” the Museum 

Abstract: The current article represents a case study regarding the interest in traditional constructions, both as exterior models and in their interior. We found that the households in our museum are an inexhaustible source of inspiration for architects and the arrangements of peasant interiors are a starting point for many modern designers. It is another proof of the good taste of the peasant form the traditional village, but also of the balance represented by the peasant home.

Keywords: ethnographical and anthropological photography, village museum, traditional village, traditional architecture, cultural marketing.

Bibliography

Chivu, Raluca-Giorgiana. “Cercetarea atitudinii consumatorilor față de publicitate” [Research on the Consumers’ Attitude Towards Publicity]. Revista de Marketing Online 9 (2015): 34-48.

Constantinescu, Nicolae. “Eternizarea clipei: fotografia în etnologie” [Eternization of the Moment: Photography in Ethnology]. Cultura, no. 399 (2012): 23.

Petcu, Marian. Istoria jurnalismului și a publicității din România [History of Journalism and Publicity in Romania]. Iași: Polirom, 2007.

Petre, Dan, and Mihaela Nicola. Introducere în publicitate [Introduction in Publicity]. Bucharest: Editura Comunicare.ro, 2004.

Pop, Izabela Luiza, and Tiberiu Alexa. “Analiza comportamentului vizitatorilor online în vederea îmbunătățirii calității site-ului web al unui muzeu” [Analysis of the Behaviour of Online Visitors for the Improvement of a Museum’s Website Quality]. Revista Muzeelor 1 (2019): 13.

Sontag, Susan. Despre fotografie [On Photography]. Bucharest: Editura Vellant, 2014.

The Italian Danubian Dress

Autor: Ioana CORDUNEANU
Email: semnexcusute@gmail.com

Abstract: The current article results from an accidental finding of a folk costume which reveals overlooked links and echoes of the Italian Renaissance on the Danube’s shores. The shirt discovered and dubbed as Danubian could revive a forgotten visual appeal and initiate fresh prospects for research and collaboration in the realm of customary textiles in southern and southeastern Europe. The 1st person narration of this field research proves that not only should one give more attention to the antiquated and unusual tailoring/cutting pattern, but one should also focus on the methods used to create the decorations on the edges of the shirt. These techniques migrated towards Western Europe and developed into diverse forms of lace, but they have retained a distinct identity in Romania.

Keywords: European and Romanian ethnography, folk costume tailoring techniques, Italian influences

Bibliography

 

Farra, Emily. “2020 Was a Big Year for Old Clothes: How Vintage, Secondhand, and Upcycling Took Off.” Vogue, November 21, 2020.

Formagiu, Hedvig-Maria. Portul popular din România [Romanian Folk Costumes]. Bucharest: Muzeul de Artă Populară, 1974 .

Ioannou-Yannara, Tatiana. Greek Threadwork Lace. Athens: Melissa Publishing House, 1989.

 

Museum Collections

 

Benaki Museum / Museum of Greek Culture, Athens, Greece.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, U.S.A. The Collection / The Costume Institute: Blouse, Italian, late 16th century. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/83860.

Musée d’Ethnographie de Genève, Switzerland: Folk shirts from Wallachia and Moldova: https://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/sql/musinfo_public.php?id=019252; https://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/sql/musinfo_public.php?id=006655.

Victoria and Albert Museum in London: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O356595/shift-unknown/image-robe-unknown/; https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O92183/blouse-unknown/childs-blouse-blouse-unknown/; https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O356595/shift-unknown/image-robe-unknown/.

Martorii fotografici: locul și rolul lor în cercetarea costumului tradițional din zona Ocolului Câmpulung Moldovenesc

Autor: Horațiu Silviu ILEA
Email: ileasilviu@yahoo.com

Photographic Witnesses: Their Place and Role in the Research of the Traditional Costume from the Area of ​​Ocolul Câmpulung Moldovenesc

Abstract: This article aims to make a connection between the photos found during the field research in the Câmpulung Moldovenesc area and the traditional costume. Family photos are an important source of information because of the consistency with which family members were taken at different important moments in their lives. Since the end of the 19th century we have a constant window into the past which provides information on the evolution of the traditional costume and its identity marks.

Keywords: traditional costume, traditional family photos, traditional identity marks, Câmpulung Moldovenesc area.

Bibliography

 

Ionescu, Adrian Silvan. Artă și document. Arta documentaristă în România secolului al XIX-lea [Art and Document. Documentary art in 19th century Romania]. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1990.

Tötszegi, Tekla. Satul tradițional văzut prin obiectivul lui Denis Galloway [The traditional village seen through Denis Galloway’s lens]. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Argonaut, 2008.

Terrenoire, Jean-Paul. “Images et sciences sociales: l’objet et l’outil.” Revue francaise de sociologie XXVI (1985): 509-527.

Réinventer le terrain ethnologique dans le contexte de la pandémie de covid-19

Autor: Otilia HEDEȘAN & Cosmina TIMOCE-MOCANU
Email: cosminatimoce@gmail.com

Reinventing the Ethnological Fieldwork in the Context of The Covid-19 Pandemic

 

Abstract: Our paper presents a series of theoretical reflections generated by the task of conducting anthropological research on food traditions and practices in a network of villages in Romania, in the context of restrictions on movement and social interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research was carried out as part of the Digital collection of Romanian food heritage and transfer to society – FOODie project. The pressure to respect both contractual deadlines in relation to the funder and health safety rules led us to the solution of online interviews. Due to the specific nature of our research, the people targeted by the interviews were aged and had minimal digital skills, which led us to call on a second member of the interviewed community, a PC user, who was ready to moderate the relationship with the informant and provide technical assistance. Based on these research experiences, we will discuss (a) the advantages and disadvantages of remote fieldwork; (b) the dynamics of the relation between the researcher and the respondent in this new methodological context;  (c) the collaborative nature of the ethnological document, which is the result of the intersection of the researcher’s thematic interests, her/his availability and skills and, in this case, the flair, intuition and persuasiveness of the actor mediating the meeting between the two.

Keywords: food traditions, fieldwork, remote fieldwork, Romanian ethnology, COVID-19 pandemic.

Bibliography

 

Góralska, Magdalena. “Anthropology from Home: Advice on Digital Ethnography for the Pandemic Times.” Anthropology in Action 27, no. 1 (2020): 46-52. https://doi.org/10.3167/aia.2020.270105.

Hall, Johanna, Mark Gaved, and Julia Sargent. “Participatory Research Approaches in Times of Covid-19: A Narrative Literature Review.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, no. 20 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/160940692110100.

Hedeșan, Otilia. “Doing Fieldwork in Communist Romania.” In Studying Peoples in People’s Democraties. Socialist Era Anthropology in South-East Europe, Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. II, edited by Vintilă Mihăilescu, Ilia Iliev, Slobodan Naumovic, 22-39. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2008.

Hedeșan, Otilia, Luai Uzdinu de-a măruntu. Povestirile unei povestitoare prodigioase [Uzdin piece by piece. Memoirs of a Prodigious Storyteller: Mărioara Sârbu]. Timișoara: Editura Universității de Vest, 2015.

Hedeșan, Otilia, and Cosmina Timoce-Mocanu. “Teren etnologic în perioade de criză. Note la o descriere de caz” [Ethnological Fieldwork in Crisis. Remarks on a Case Study]. Philologica Jassyensia, no 36 (2022): 257-268.

Hedeșan, Otilia, and Cosmina Timoce-Mocanu, eds. Multivalent Research about Food. Building the Romanian File. Transilvanian Review. Supplement 2 (2021).

Hine, Christine. Virtual Ethnography. London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2000.

Howlett, Marnie. “Looking at the ‘field’ through a Zoom lens: Methodological reflections on conducting online research during a global pandemic.” Qualitative Research 22, no. 3 (2022): 387-402.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120985691

Johnson, Lucy. “Adapt and Adjust: Doing UK-Based Ethnographic Fieldwork During the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Medical Anthropology, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2022.2106226.

Kozinets, Robert V. Nethnography. Doing Ethnographic Research Online. London: Sage Publications, 2010.

Krause, Peter, et al. “Covid-19 and Fieldwork: Challenges and Solutions”. Political Science & Politics 54, no. 2 (2021): 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096520001754.

Lobe, Bojana, David Morgan, and Kim A. Hoffman, “Qualitative Data Collection in an Era of Social Distancing.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 19 (2020).  https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920937875.

Lupton, Deborah. Doing Fieldwork in a pandemic, 2020/2021, crowdsourced document.  https://docs.google.com/document/d/1clGjGABB2h2qbduTgfqribHmog9B6P0NvMgVuiHZCl8/edit#heading=h.p0206k1j8ldc.

Mackenzie, Debora. Pandemia care nu trebuia să existe și cum poate fi oprită următoarea [The Pandemic That Never Should Have Happened and How to Stop the Next One], translated by Gabriel Stoian. Bucharest: RAO, 2020.

Morin, Edgar, avec la collaboration de Sabah Abouessalam, Changeons de voie. Les leçons du coronavirus. Paris: Flammarion, 2021.

Nadolu, Bogdan, ed. Student în timp de pandemie. 50 de povești despre viața în izolare socială [Student During Pandemic Time: 50 Stories About Living in Social Isolation]. Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2020.

Pink, Sarah, Heather Horst, John Postill, Larissa Hjorth, Tania Lewis, and Jo Tacchi. Digital Ethnography, Principles and Practice. London: Sage Publications, 2016.

Roy, Rituparna, and Shinya Uekusa. “Collaborative Autoethnography: ‘Self-reflection’ as a Timely Alternative Research Approach during the Global Pandemic.” Qualitative Research Journal 20, no. 4 (2020): 383-392. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-06-2020-0054.

Self, Becky Self, “Conducting interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond”. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research 22, no. 3 (2021): Art. 15.  https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-22.3.3741.

Watson, Lupton, Ash Watson, and Deborah Lupton. “Remote Fieldwork in Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Video-Call Ethnography and Map Drawing Methods.” In International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221078376 .

Muzeele și cercetarea antropologică „la un click distanță”. Home culture și Art design: povești cusute „cu fitău pă jolj” (păretarele de bucătărie)

Autor: Camelia BURGHELE
Email: cameliaburghele@gmail.com

Museums and Anthropological Research „One Click Away”. Home Culture and Art Design: Stories Sewn on Canvas 

Abstract: The present article is based upon information gathered in the Sălaj villages, analyzed from an anthropological point of view. In the old traditional homes, wall carpets (a broadloom carpet on the wall) were fitted instead of paintings, greetings, or words of wisdom. This naïve combination of words and images meant to call to action or to praise speaks of the history of an era, of the evolution of textile techniques and industry, about the unspoken history of women and their place, about sawing and embroidering skills but also about the traditional mentality or the atmosphere in those households – about family, weds, love, cleanliness, hygiene, cooking skills or Christian holydays. We see here a cultural phenomenon that transcends ethnography or the study of traditional fabrics and opens horizons of study in the field of cultural and historical anthropology, sociology, private life history and even interior design.

Keywords: cultural anthropology, ethnographic research, traditional culture, traditional house. domestic art design

Bibliography

Bazac, Ana. “‘Curat și bine aranjat, faci din colibă un palat’: broderiile românești cu inscripții pentru bucătărie din prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea” [‘Clean and Nice Makes the Cottage a Palace’: Romanian Embroidery with Kitchen Inscriptions from the First Half of the 19th Century]. Analele Universității din București. Limba și literatura română, no. 65 (2016): 3-23.

Bem Neamu, Raluca. “În numele muzeului.” In Practica relațiilor publice în muzee [The Practice of Public Relations in Museums], edited by Zbuchea, Alexandra. Bucharest: Editura Comunicare.ro, 2014.

Chamoux, M.-N. “La transmission des savoir-faire: Un objet pour l’ethnologie des techniques?” [The Transmission of know-how: an object for the ethnology of technics?]. In Techniques et culture. Bulletin de l’Équipe de recherche 191 (1978): 46-83.

Constantin, Marin. “Ethnographic Authenticity in Romania: Visual and Narrative Highlights of Paternity in Crafts.” In Revista de etnografie și folclor / Journal of Ethnography and Folklore, new series, no. 1-2 (2015): 159-168.

Dunăre, Nicolae. Broderia populară românească [Romanian Folk Embroidery]. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1985.

Dunăre, Nicolae. Meşteşugul şi arta acului [Craft and Art of the Needle]. Bucharest: Editura Tehnică, 1986.

Enciclopedia României [Encyclopaedia of Romania]. Vol. 3 and 4. Bucharest: Asociația Științifică pentru Enciclopedia României, 1938-1940.

Giddens, Anthony. Sociologie [Sociology]. Bucharest: Editura All, 2000.

Grigorescu, Elisabeta. Broderii pentru decorarea locuinței [Embroidery for Home Decoration].  Bucharest: Editura Tehnică, 1970.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Anthropologie structurale [Structural Anthropology]. Paris: Plon, 1958.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Antropologia și problemele lumii moderne [Anthropology and the Problems of the Modern World]. Iași: Editura Polirom, 2011.

Maffesoli, Michel. Revrăjirea lumii. O etică pentru timpurile noastre [Reenchantment of the World: An Ethics for Our Times]. Bucharest: Editura Institutul European, 2008.

Miu-Lerca, C. Considerații asupra artei țărănești din Banat. Cusături și țesături [Considerations on Folk Art from Banat. Sewings and Fabrics]. Timișoara: Biblioteca „Luceafărul”, 1936.

Nicolescu, C. Istoria costumului de curte în Țările Române. Secolele XIV–XVIII [History of the Court Costume in the Romanian Countries. 14th-17th Centuries]. Bucharest: Editura Ştiințifică, 1970.

Petrescu, P. Imaginea omului în arta populară românească [The Human Image in Romanian Folk Art]. Bucharest: Editura Meridiane, 1969.

Pripon, Liviu Răzvan. “Câteva proprietăți fundamentale ale muzeului, indispensabile în context contemporan” [Some Fundamental Properties of the Museum, Requisite to the Contemporary Context]. Revista Muzeelor, no. 1 (2022): 7-22.

Stahl, H. H. Eseuri critice despre cultura populară românească [Critical Essays on Romanian Folk Culture]. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1983.

Stoica, Georgeta. Interiorul locuinţei ţărăneşti [The Interior of the Peasant House]. Bucharest: Meridiane, 1973.

Stoica, Georgeta, and Paul Petrescu. Dicţionar de artă populară [Dictionary of Folk Art]. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1997.

Biblioteconomie

Științele limbii

La dimension métaphorique en langues de spécialité : traduire les métaphores anthropomorphiques dans le domaine de la plasturgie Français – Roumain

Autor: Valentina-Nicoleta VASIOIU & Marilena MILCU
Email: valentinanicoleta.vasioiu@ulbsibiu.ro

Metaphorical Perspective on Specialised Languages Translating Anthropomorphic Metaphors in French-Romanian Plastics Industry 

Abstract: Our article concentrates on the study of metaphors, particularly the translation of anthropomorphic metaphors used within the plastics industry. Through the intermediary of the analysis realised with the help of a technical corpus, which focuses on various texts and documents specific for the plastics industry, we have highlighted the use of anthropomorphic metaphors in the context of specialised languages, and we have identified the difficulties concerning their translation. Anthropomorphic metaphors can determine problems especially when the relationship between metaphorical expression and its referent is not visible at first sight or when they do not possess the status of lexicalized metaphors. Understanding the meaning of the anthropomorphic metaphors and finding the appropriate equivalent in Romanian can be achieved only by a systematic documentary research, which plays a crucial part particularly when the difficulty lies in the semasiological and onomasiological phases of the translation process.

Keywords: Metaphors, Translating Anthropomorphic Metaphors, Semasiological and Onomasiological Phase, Specialised Languages, Plastics Industry

 

Bibliography

Burcea, Raluca. “Métaphores anthropomorphiques de l’entreprise dans le discours français du marketing.ˮ [Anthropomorphic Metaphors for entreprise in the French Marketing Discourse] Construcții indentitare-lingvistică & didactică. Reverberații ale modelului cultural francez în context european și universal lingvistică & didactică, 250-274. Iași: Vasiliana’98, 2014.

Butiurcă, Doina. “Transparency and Translatability of the Terminological Metaphor in the Domain of Computer Science (A Contrastive Analysis)”. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, no.6(3) (2014): 381-389.

Cilianu-Lascu, Corina. “La traduction spécialisée – entre la perspective sémasiologique et la perspective onomasiologique” [Specialised translation – between semasiological perspective and onomasiological perspective]. Actele Colocviului Internaţional”Traducerea Specializată”. Bucureşti, (2005): 115-123.

Cristea, Teodora. Structures signifiantes et relations sémantiques en français contemporain [Significative structures and semantical relations in contemporary French]. București : Fundației Romania de mâine, 2001.

Coutier, Martine. “Tropes et termes: le vocabulaire de la dégustation du vinˮ [Tropes and terms: wine tasting vocabulary]. Meta, no. 39(4) (1994): 662-675.

Dămăcuș Gabriel. Cercetări privind optimizarea sistemelor de ambalare pentru alimente în cazul folosirii maselor plastice [Research regarding the optimization of food packaging systems in plastic manufacturing]. PhD Thesis, Universitatea Politehnică Timişoara, 2014. Accessed June 14, 2023

Enache, Ștefănuță. Dicționar tehnic ilustrat francez-român. [Technical illustrated French-Romanian Dictionnary]. București : Tehnică, 1999.

Gandin, Stefania. Chapter fifteen “Metaphors of Disability in Tourism Promotion: Linguistic and Translational Considerations.”  Metaphor and Translation. Edited by Trim, Richard and Śliwa, Dorota. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, (2019): 200-221.

Guilleux, Nicole. “Au fil des matrices métaphoriques: Réflexions générales et cas des activités textiles”

[The evolution of Metaphorical Matrices: General perspectives and textile activity study case]. De Lingua Latina, no.13 (2017): 1-25. Accessed July 05, 2023.

http://www.paris-sorbonne.fr/rubrique2315

Humbley, John. “La traduction des métaphores dans les langues de spécialité: le cas des virus informatiquesˮ [Translating the metaphors in specialised languages: study case computer virus]. Linx, no. 52 (2005). Accessed July 11, 2023.

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Ionescu, Alice. “Métaphores dans le langage d’internet. Domaine français roumain” [Metaphors in the Internet Language].  Analele Universităţii din Craiova. Seria Ştiinţe Filologice. Limbi şi literaturi romanice, no.1(2018): 66-79. Accessed August 18, 2023.

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Rossi, Micaela. Chapter nine “ Traduction et adaptation des métaphores terminologiques : un exemple dans le domaine du sport” [Traslation and adaption of terminological metaphors : example of sports domain].  Metaphor and Translation. Edited by Trim, Richard and Śliwa, Dorota. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, (2019): 111-127.

Rossi, Micaela. “Métaphores terminologiques: fonctions et statut dans les langues de spécialité” [Terminological metaphors: functions and status in specialised languages]. SHS Web of Conferences, no. 8 (2014): 713-724.

Rossi, Micaela. “Émergence et traitement des métaphores terminologiques dans les dictionnaires” [The emergence and treatment of terminological metaphors in dictionaries]. Neologica, no.8 (2014): 45-62.

Stepins, Katrin. Chapter seventeen “Metaphor in tourism discourse: cross-linguistic variation in Spanish.”  Metaphor and Translation. Edited by Trim, Richard and Śliwa, Dorota. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, (2019): 236-248.

Șereș, Ion. Matrițe de injectat [Injection Moulding]. Timișoara : Imprimeriei de Vest, 1999.

Tamine, Joëlle Gardes. “Les métaphores lexicalisées dans la langue et dans les langues de spécialité: un obstacle à la compréhension” [Lexicalised metaphors in general and specialised languages: difficulty regarding the comprehension]. Synergies Italie, no. 3 (2007): 13-19.

Trim, Richard and Śliwa, Dorota. (Ed.). Metaphor and translation. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019.

Touiaq, Mounia. “Terminologie et représentations métaphoriques : théories et applications” [Terminology and metaphorical representation : theories and applications]. La dimension métaphorique des langages de spécialité. Études sur les métaphores de l’automobile. Coordinated by Pop Mirela-Cristina and Touiaq Mounia. Timișoara: Politehnică & Universității de Vest, (2022): 87-112.

Vandaele, Sylvie. “Métaphores conceptuelles et traduction biomédicale” [Conceptual metaphors and biomedical translation]. In Colloque international” Traduction humaine, traduction automatique, interprétation”, (2000): 393-404.

O cercetare asupra fitonimelor românești create cu ajutorul termenului de origine latină „iarbă” III

Autor: Radu DRĂGULESCU
Email: radu.dragulescu@ulbsibiu.ro

A Research on Romanian Phytonims

Created with the Latin Originated Term „Iarbă” (Herb) III

 

Abstract: Our paper aims to reveal an inventory, an interpretation and a statistical analysis of Romanian names of plants which implicates the term „iarbă” (herb, grass), spread through the botanical terminology, a phenomenon which, as considered by E. Coşeriu is not enough highlighted (given that the individual speaker became creator of language / poetry whenever he named a flower. Botanical popular terminology has primarily a practical value, designating, distinguishing and categorizing elements of the plant kingdom within the given natural reign, but also has a high theoretical significance, especially for linguists, both by the ethimons to which they send back and by the metaphorical meanings the phytonims mostly have. Phytonys could be an important starting point in any kind of research, as they constitute a true linguistic and cultural heritage.

Keywords: Romanian phytonyms, ethnobothany, linguistic imaginary, herb, grass, iarbă

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS/CCCDI – UEFISCDI, project number PN-IV-P8-8.1-PRE-HE-ORG-2023-0035, within PNCDI IV

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Ciorănescu, Alexandru. Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române [The Etymological Dictionary of the Romanian Language]. Bucharest: Editura Saeculum I.O., 2002.

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Drăgulescu, Constantin, and Radu Drăgulescu. Contribuţii la cunoaşterea limbii geto-dacilor. Denumirile dacice de plante [Contributions to the Knowledge of the Geto-Dacians: Dacian Plant Names]. Sibiu: Editura ULBS, 2000.

Drăgulescu, Constantin. Dicționar de fitonime românești [Romanian Phytonyms Dictionary]. Sibiu: Editura ULBS, 2018.

Drăgulescu, Constantin. Dicționarul explicativ al fitonimelor românești [The Explanatory Dictionary of Romanian Phytonyms]. Sibiu: Editura ULBS, 2018.

Drăgulescu, Radu, “Analiza sensurilor connotative și denotative ale albinei în cadrul fitonimiei românești” [Analysis of the connotative and denotative meanings of the bee within the Romanian phytonymy]. Transilvania, no. 3 (2017): 79-85.

Drăgulescu, Radu. “Considerații lingvistice asupra fitonimelor formate cu ajutorul termenului de origine latină ‘ochi’” [Linguistic Observations on Romanian Phytonims Created with the Latin Term ‘Eye’ (Ochi)]. Transilvania, no. 8 (2019): 46-55.

Drăgulescu, Radu. “Expresia latinității în fitonimia românească din sud-estul Transilvaniei.”  [The expression of Latinity in the Romanian Phytonymy from the Southeast of Transylvania]. Transilvania, no. 9 (2019): 64-72.

Drăgulescu, Radu. “O cercetare asupra fitonimelor românești create cu ajutorul termenului de origine latină ,iarbă’.” [A Linguistic  Research on Romanian Phytonims Created with the Latin Originated Term Wind (I)]. Transilvania, no. 11-12 (2022): 143-152.

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Vieru, Roxana. Studiu lingvistic asupra Paliei de la Orăștie [Lingustic Study on “Palia” from Orăștie]. Iași: Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 2015.

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Științele economice

Antropologie. Studii filozofice

Teologie

Studii literare

Etica memoriei și literatura. Două studii de caz: Aleksander Wat și Bertolt Brecht

Autor: Radu VANCU
Email: radu.vancu@ulbsibiu.ro

The Ethics of Memory and Literature. Two Case Studies: Alexander Wat and Bertolt Brecht

Abstract: The current article applies memory ethics to literature, aiming to observe what happens to poets when their political ideology comes into radical conflict with the very instinct of freedom in which their ideology originates. It happened unfortunately too often that the ideology of the human park led in the 20th century towards genocide – or, with a post-Lemkian terminology, towards classicide, politicide, democide. What happens in these cases with the poet’s writing, what anamorphoses does this malformation of the instinct of freedom produce in his literature (but also in his non-fictional writing)? It is a general question – but its answer is always particular, illustrated by the fate of each of the poets who crossed this conflict of self-contradictory loyalties (loyalty to ideology conflicts with loyalty to “the park human”).The present article will focus on two particular cases illustrating this conflict of loyalties: the Polish poet Aleksander Wat, respectively the German poet Bertolt Brecht. The article docments how each of them reacted when they understood that the totalitarian ideology they had supported (in their case, communism) led to classicide (Michael Mann), class genocide (Stéphane Courtois), politicide (Barbara Harff and Rudolph J. Rummel).

Keywords: 20th century world literature, memory ethics and literature, Aleksander Wat, Bertolt Brecht

Bibliography

Andreescu, Gabriel. Globalizarea ipocriziei. Pentru o abordare umanistă a eticii memoriei. [The Globalization of Hypocrisy. For a Humanistic Approach of Memory Ethics]. Iași: Polirom, 2023.

Brecht, Bertolt. Gedichte [Poems]. Leipzig: Reclam, 1976.

Judt, Tony, and Timothy Snyder. Gânduri despre secolul XX [Thinking the Twentieth Century]. București: Litera, 2021.

Margalit, Avishai. The Ethics of Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Streller, Siegfried. “Nachwort” [Afterword]. In Bertolt Brecht. Gedichte [Poems]. Leipzig: Reclam, 1976.

Sharon, Yuval. “A Brecht for Our Time: On The Collected Poems of Bertolt Brecht.” Los Angeles Review of Books, March 26, 2019.

Shore, Marci. Caviar and Ashes: A Warsaw’s Generation Life and Death in Marxism, 1918-1968. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

Shore, Marci. The Taste of Ashes: The Afterlife of Totalitarianism in Eastern Europe. New York: Crown Publishing, 2013.

Sloterdijk, Peter. Mânie și timp. Eseu politico-psihologic [Rage and Time. A Psychopolitical Investigation]. Bucharest: Art, 2014.

Sloterdijk, Peter. Reguli pentru parcul uman [Rules for the Human Zoo]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2003.

Sloterdijk, Peter. “Rules for the Human Zoo: A Response to the ‘Letter on Humanism’.” Sage Journals, no. 1 (2009): 12-28. 

Vancu, Radu. “Aleksander Wat. Un portret” [Aleksander Watt. A Portrait]. Poesis internațional, no. 1 (2023): 9-14.

Vancu, Radu. “Brecht, poetul. Cele mai simple cuvinte ar trebui să fie de ajuns” [Brecht, the Poet. The Simplest Words Should Suffice]. Poesis internațional, no. 2 (2023): 17-21.

Wat, Aleksander. Secolul meu. Confesiunile unui intelectual european [My Century]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2014.

Watson, Peter. A Terrible Beauty: The People and Ideas That Shaped the Modern Mind. A History. London: Phoenix Press, 2001.

L’intermédialité au travail dans le roman « Le cœur ne cède pas » de Grégoire Bouiller

Autor: Dumitra BARON
Email: dumitra.baron@ulbsibiu.ro

Intermediality and the Work on the Novel Le cœur ne cède pas by Grégoire Bouiller

Abstract: The integration of media discourse in contemporary French literature is a significant phenomenon that demands further understanding. As the media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and the cultural landscape, it is important to investigate how this influence is reflected in literary works. This research aims to explore the extent to which contemporary French literature incorporates media discourse and its impact on the literary discourse. The case study will mainly focus on Grégoire Bouiller’s novel Le Coeur ne cède pas (2022). After a short presentation of the novel and its main axes and themes, we will identify and assess the different intermedia elements (artistic, media), to then mention their modes of presence and insertion in the literary text. The last part will be devoted to the study of their functions at the level of the literary text (aesthetic, semantic, ideological, social, or civic).

Keywords: intermédialité, intertextualité, Grégoire Bouiller, écriture médiale, poïétique, mise en abîme

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS/CCCDI – UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P3-3.6-H2020-2020-0160, contract no. 55/2021.

Bibliography

Bouiller, Grégoire. Le Cœur ne cède pas [Heart doesn’t Give Up]. Paris: Flammarion, 2022.

Debray, Régis. Introduction à la médiologie [Introduction to Mediology]. Paris: PUF, 2000.

Gefen, Alexandre. Réparer le monde. La Littérature française face au XXIe siècle [Repairing the World: French Literature Faces the Twenty-First Century]. Paris: Corti, 2017.

Gervais, Bertrand, ed. Soif de réalité. Plongées dans l’imaginaire contemporain [Thirst for Reality. Immersions in the Contemporary Imagination]. Montréal: Nota Bene, 2018.

Guibert, Gérôme, Franck Rebillard, and Fabrice Rochelandet. Médias, culture et numérique [Media, culture and digital]. Paris: Armand Colin, 2016.

Guiyoba, François, ed. Littérature médiagénique – Écriture, musique et arts visuels [Mediagenic literature – Writing, Music and Visual Arts]. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2015.

Hébert, Louis, Guillemette, Lucie (sous la dir. de). Intertextualité, interdiscursivité et intermédialité [Intertextuality, Interdiscursivity and Intermediality]. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval, 2009.

Higgins, Dick. Horizons. The Poetics and Theory of the Intermedia. Carbondale and
Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1984.

Jiatsa Jokeng, Albert, and François Guiyoba, ed. Intermédialité. Pratiques actuelles et perspectives théoriques [Intermediality. Current Practices and Theoretical Perspectives]. Lausanne: Lucie Éditions, « Essais et Littératures », 2020.

Mariniello, Silvestra. “L’intermédialité: un concept polymorphe.” In Intermedia: littérature, cinéma et intermédialité, edited by Célia Vieira and Rio Novo, 11-29. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010.

Mouakhar, Nizar, ed. L’art à l’épreuve de l’intermédialité, Pratiques artistiques et enjeux esthétiques [Art to the Test of Intermediality, Artistic Practices and Aesthetic Issues]. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2021.

Müller, Jurgen Ernst. “Vers l’intermédialité: histoires, positions et option d’un axe de pertinence.” Médiamorphoses 16 (2006): 99-110.

Müller, Jurgen Ernst. “L’intermédialité, une nouvelle approche interdisciplinaire: perspectives théoriques et pratiques à l’exemple de la vision de la television.” Cinémas: revue d’études cinématographiques/ Cinémas : journal of Film studies 10, no. 2-3 (2000): 105-134.

Rieffel, Rémy.  Que sont les médias ? – Pratiques, identités, influences [What are the Media – Practices, Identities, Influences]. Paris: Gallimard, 2005.

Samoyault, Tiphaine. L’Intertextualité, mémoire de la littérature [Intertextuality, Memory of Literature]. Paris: Nathan Université, 2001.

Steiner, George. Réelles présences. Les arts du sens [Real Présences. The Arts of Meaning], traduit de l’anglais par Michel R. de Pauw. Paris: Gallimard, 1991 [1989].

Posteritatea lui Dimitrie Cantemir: deturnări ideologice ale unei opere fără frontiere naționale

Autor: Bogdan CREȚU
Email: bogdancretu1978@gmail.com

Abstract: Always considered an exceptional case, D. Cantemir was often used as an “agent of influence” who, through the prestige of his work, could legitimize different ideological agendas or political programs. Almost never did Dmitri Cantemir receive a passive reception, a critical distance. This study examines how his works were used for various ideological interests. The Chronicle on the antiquity of the Romano-Moldo-Vlachs fuelled the political agenda of intellectuals in Transylvania because of Cantemir’s thesis that the Romanians were descendants of the Romans, not of the Dacians; Descriptio Moldaviae was used, according to interest, to legitimise unionist ideas in Moldova, but also separatist ones. In 1935, the repatriation of his remains was a pretext for resuming diplomatic relations with the USSR, but also a nationalist spectacle. In the 1980s, when the official policy of the communist regime was nationalism, Cantemir became a hero of protochronism, an ideological trend that supported the pioneering of Romanians in almost all fields of knowledge. Cantemir was a pre-Enlightenment scholar, a century and a half before Romanticism. His thought is alien to the Herderian nationalism from which he has often been analysed. Finally, the study proposes a transnational approach to the personality of D. Cantemir.

Keywords: nationalism, Enlightenment, romanticism, protochronism, cultural memory, transnationalism

Acknowledgement: This paper is written as a part of the project INTELLIV PN-III-P4-PCE-2021-030 Intelligent Digital Solutions for the Research and Dissemination of the Old and Premodern Romanian Literature; Institute of Literary History and Theory “G. Călinescu” of the Romanian Academy and UEFISCDI.

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Armbruster, Adolf. Romanitatea românilor. Istoria unei idei [Romanity of Romanians: The History of an Idea]. Bucharest: Editura enciclopedică, 2012.

Cantemir, D. Opere complete, I. Divanul [Works]. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1974.

Cantemir, D. Opere, vol. I. Divanul, Istoria ieroglifică, Hronicul vechimei a romano-moldo-vlahilor [Works]. București: Editura Academiei Române, Univers Enciclopedic, 2003.

Cantemir, Dimitrie. Istoria măririi și decăderii Curții Othmane  [History of the Rise and Fall of the Othmane Court]. Edited by Octavian Gordon, Florentina Nicoale, and Monica Vasileanu, transl. by Ioana Costa, foreword by Eugen Simion, afterword by Ștefan Lemny. Bucharest: Academia Română, Fundația Națională pentru Știință și Artă, 2015.

Casanova, Pascale. Republica mondială a literelor [The World Republic of Letters]. Translated by Cristina Bîzu. Bucharest: Art, 2016.

Virgil Cândea, “Les intelelctuels du Sud-est européen au XVIIe siècle” [Intelelctuals in South-East Europe in the 17th century]. Revue des études sud-est européennes, no. 2, (1970).

Chiriac, Alexandra. “Scrisoarea Moldovei. Prima traducere în limba română a lucrării lui Dimitrie Cantemir Descriptio Moldaviae” [Letter from Moldova. The first Romanian translation of Dimitrie Cantemir’s work Descriptio Moldaviae]. In Integrarea istoriei lumii în cultura românească. Traduceri de texte istorice din limba germană la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea [Integrating World History into Romanian Culture. Translations of Historical Texts from German in the Late 18th and early 19th Centuries], edited by Alexandra Chiriac. Iași: Editura UAIC, 2022.

Cornis-Pope, Marcel, and John Neubauer, eds. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries, vol. I. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V./Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée, 2004.

Feodorov, Ioana. “The Arabic Version of Dimitrie Cantemirʼs Divan. A Supplement to the Editorʼs Note.” Revue des études sud-est européennes XLVI, no. 1–4 (2008).

Ghenghea, Mircea-Cristian. “Din istoria separatismului moldovenesc: Teodor Boldur-Lăţescu şi gazeta Moldova (1866-1869)” [From the History of Moldovan Separatism: Teodor Boldur-Lățescu and Gazeta Moldova (1866-1869)]. Anuarul Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române IașI VIII (2015).

Iftimi, Sorin. “Aducerea osemintelor lu Dimitrie Cantemir de la Moscova la Iași (1935)” [Bringing the Bones of Dimitrie Cantemir from Moscow to Iasi (1935)]. In Dinastia Cantemireștilor. Secolele XVII-XVIII [The Cantemirean Dynasty. 17th-18th centuries], edited by Andrei Eșanu. Chișinău: Știința, 2008.

Leezenberg, Michiel. “The Oriental Origins of Orientalism. The Case of Dimitrie Cantemir.” In The Making of Humkanities, volume II: From Early Modern to Modern Disciplines, edited by Raens Bod, Jaap Mat and Thijs Westeijn. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2012.

Lemny, Stefan. Cantemireștii. Aventura europeană a unei familii princiare din secolul al XVIII-lea [The Cantemirs. The European Adventure of an 18th Century Princely Family]. Translated by Magda Jeanrenaud. Iași: Polirom, 2010.

Mihalache, Andi. Contribuții la istoria ideii de patrimoniu. Surse, evoluții, interpretări [Contributions to the History of the Idea of Heritage. Sources, Developments, Interpretations]. Iași: Editura UAIC, 2014.

Papu, Edgar. Din clasicii noștri. Contribuții la ideea unui protocronism românesc [From our Classics. Contributions to the Idea of a Romanian Protochronism]. Bucharest: Eminescu, 1977.

Papu, Edgar. Barocul ca tip de existență [Baroque as a Type of Existence] vol. II. Bucharest: Minerva, 1977.

Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia. Prince Dimitrie Cantemir: Theorist and Composer of Turkish Music. Istanbul: Pan Yayıncılık, 1999.

Tomiță, Alexandra. O istorie „glorioasă”. Dosarul protocronismului românesc [A “Glorious” History. The Romanian Protochronism File]. Bucharest: Cartea românească, 2007.

Tudurachi, Adrian. Fabrica de geniu. Nașterea unei mitologii a productivității literare în cultura română (1825-1875) [Genius Factory. The Birth of a Mythology of Literary Productivity in Romanian Culture]. Iași: Institutul European, 2016.

Ursu, N.A. Contribuții la istoria culturii românești. Studii și note filologice [Contributions to the History of Romanian Culture. Philological Studies and Notes].  Iași: Cronica, 2002.

Anne Bradstreet’s “Marriage” Poems and the Condition of the Puritan Woman in Seventeenth-century America

Autor: Ovidiu MATIU
Email: ovidiu.matiu@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: This paper analyzes some of Anne Bradstreet’s “marriage” poems, in an attempt to show that the shift in her poetic voice, namely the turn to a more secular approach to poetry, makes her relevant today as the first published poet in America and the first American writer who struggled to establish a new literary paradigm in the New World. The poems “Before the Birth of One of Her Children,” “To My Dear and Loving Husband,” “A Letter to Her Husband, Absent Upon Public Employment”, “Another” I and “Another” II represent a shift from the “nostalgia” of English literature and the establishment of a new, feminine poetic voice, preoccupied with the condition of the woman writer and the fate of poetry in the patriarchal seventeenth-century American society.

Keywords: Bradstreet, Puritanism, American literature, American poetry, “marriage” poems.

Bibliography

Bradstreet, Anne. The Works of Anne Bradstreet. Edited by Jeannine Hensley. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.

Ellis, John Harvard, ed. “Introduction.” In The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse, 3rd ed., xi–lxxi. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1962.

Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

Gray, Richard. A History of American Poetry. Malden, MA; Oxford; Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, 2015.

Margerum, Eileen. “Anne Bradstreet’s Public Poetry and the Tradition of Humility.” Early American Literature 17, no. 2 (1982): 152–60.

Ousby, Ian, ed. The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Rich, Adrienne. “Anne Bradstreet and Her Poetry.” In The Works of Anne Bradstreet, by Anne Bradstreet, ix–xxi. edited by Jeannine Hensley. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.

Rosenmeier, Rosamund R. “‘Divine Translation’: A Contribution to the Study of Anne Bradstreet’s Method in the Marriage Poems.” Early American Literature 12, no. 2 (Fall 1977): 121–35.

Westerkamp, Marilyn J. “Puritan Women, Spiritual Power, and the Question of Sexuality.” In The Religious History of American Women: Reimagining the Past, edited by Catherine A. Brekus, 51–72. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.

La percezione sensoria dell’anima (Tertulliano e Agostino) e le visiones animarum occidentali

Autor: Emanuel GROSU
Email: emagrosu@yahoo.com

The Sense Perception of the Soul (Tertullian And Augustine Of Hippo) And Western Visiones Animarum

Abstract: In each era, culture, and religion, descriptions of the afterworld always employ the same language used to represent the material, physical, and surrounding world, where sense perception is paramount. However, when the afterworld presented is exclusively spiritual, such an approach raises at least one question: is it literal or figurative language to assess and interpret as such? This is a natural question concerning the visiones animarum, too, where perception relying on the five senses is the foundation for describing immaterial realities such as places, souls, punishments, joys, etc. The present article draws a comparison between two theories – issued respectively by Tertullian and Augustine – which may have provided the authors of visions with an ideological ground for descriptions focusing (almost) exclusively on sense perception.
deneme bonusu
Keywords: senses of the soul, visiones animarum, journeys to the afterworld, Tertullian, Augustine of Hippo

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Ciccarese, Maria Pia (ed.). Visioni dell’aldilà in Occidente. Fonti, modelli, testi [Visions of the Afterlife in the West. Sources, Models, Texts]. Bologna: Edizioni Dehoniane, 2003.

Ciccarese, Maria Pia. “Le visioni dell’aldilà come genere letterario: fonti antiche e sviluppi medievali” [Visions of the Afterlife as a Literary Genre: Ancient Sources and Medieval Developments]. Schede medievali. Rassegna dell’Officina di Studi Medievali, no. 19 (1990): 266-277.

Culianu, Ioan Petru. Călătorii în lumea de dincolo [Journeys to the Otherworld]. Iași: Polirom, 2015.

Gardiner, Eileen, ed. Visions of Heaven & Hell before Dante. New York: Italica Press, 1989.

Gardiner, Eileen. “Visions of Heaven and Hell: A Monastic Literature”. The Downside Review, Vol. 139, no. 1 (2021): 24-43.

Gavrilyuk, L. Paul and Coakley, Sarah, eds. The Spiritual Senses. Perceiving God in Western Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Gregorio Magno. Storie di santi e di diavoli [Stories of Saints and Devils]. Vol. I-II, edited by Salvatore Pricoco and Manlio Simonetti. Milano: Mondadori, 2005-2006.

Le Goff, Jacques. La nascita del Purgatorio [The Birth of Purgatory]. Torino: Einaudi, 1982.

Montanari, Antonio, ed. I sensi spirituali. Tra corpo e Spirito [The Spiritual Senses. Between Body and Spirit]. Milano: Glossa, 2012.

Nancy, Jean-Luc. Noli me tangere. Saggio sul levarsi del corpo [Noli me tangere. Essay on the Rising of the Body]. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 2005.

Plutarco. Tutti i moralia [All Morals]. Edited by Emanuele Lelli and Giuliano Pisani. Milano: Bompiani, 2017.

Agostino. Opera omnia [Complete Work]. Vol. I-XLIV, Nuova Biblioteca Agostiniana. Roma: Città Nuova,1965-2010. https://www.augustinus.it/italiano/index.htm.

Segre, Cesare. Fuori del mondo. I modelli della follia nelle immagini nell’aldilà [Out of this World. The Models of Madness in Images in the Afterlife]. Torino: Einaudi, 1990.

Tardiola, Giuseppe (ed.). I viaggiatori del Paradiso. Mistici, visionari, sognatori alla ricerca dell’Aldilà prima di Dante [Travelers of Paradise. Mystics, Visionaries, Dreamers in Search of the Afterlife before Dante]. Firenze: Le Lettere, 1993.

Tertulliano. Opere dottrinali: L’anima, La resurrezione della carne, Contro Prassea [Doctrinal Works: The Soul, The Resurrection of the Flesh, Against Praxea]. Edited by C. Moreschini and P. Podolak. Roma: Città Nuova, 2010.

N. D. Popescu și romanele istorice de consum

Autor: Dragoș VARGA
Email: dragos.varga@ulbsibiu.ro

N. D. Popescu and the Historical Consumption Novels

Abstract: The article aims to identify some of the peculiarities of the 19th century outlaw novel in relation to the conventions and the stereotypes of the historical novel, focusing on N. D. Popescu’s novels. The author almost always proves rather undemanding about the accuracy of historical data, not necessarily for strictly literary reasons, but rather to better fit the adventures and actions of the characters in accordance with the moralizing intention of his writings, present in almost all his novels. It is not by chance that he always chooses the sources that best fit his stated intentions.

Keywords: genre theory, 19th century literature, Romanian literature, Romanian novel, novel subgenres, historical novel, N. D. Popescu.

Bibliography

Baghiu, Ștefan, Vlad Pojoga, Cosmin Borza, Andreea Coroian Goldiș, Daiana Gârdan, Emanuel Modoc, David Morariu, Teodora Susarenco, Radu Vancu, and Dragoș Varga. Muzeul Digital al Romanului Românesc: secolul al XIX-lea [The Digital Museum of the Romanian Novel: The 19th Century]. Sibiu: Complexul Național Muzeal ASTRA, 2019. https://new.revistatransilvania.ro/mdrr.

Călinescu, G. Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent [The History of Romanian Literature from Origins to the Present]. Onești: Editura Aristarc, 1998.

De Groot, Jerome. The Historical Novel. London/New York: Routledge, 2010.

Goldiș, Alex, Cosmin Borza, Daiana Gârdan, Emanuel Modoc, Dragoș Varga, and David Morariu. “Poli de producție ai romanului românesc (1901-1932)” [Production Centers of the Romanian Novel (1901-1932): Editorial Networks and Canonization Process]. Transilvania, no. 10 (2020): 45-52.

Hughes, Helen. The Historical Romance. London / New York: Routledge, 2005.

Manolescu, Nicolae. Istoria critică a literaturii române: 5 secole de literatură [The Critical History of Romanian Literature]. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2008.

Maxwell, Richard. The Historical Novel in Europe, 1650- 1950. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Pillat, Dinu. Mozaic istorico-literar. Secolul XX [An Historical-Literary Mosaic. The XXth

Terian, Andrei, Daiana Gârdan, Cosmin Borza, David Morariu, and Dragoș Varga. “Genurile romanului românesc în secolul al XIX-lea. O analiză cantitativă.” [The Genres of the 19th Century Romanian Novel. A Quantitative Analysis]. Transilvania, no. 10 (2019): 17-28.

Varga, Dragoș. “The Winning Formula. Convenții și stereotipuri ale romanului haiducesc în Mina haiduceasa. Fata codrilor de George Baronzi.” Transilvania, no. 11-12 (2021): 49-52.

Varga, Dragoș. Consumism și propagandă în romanul istoric românesc din perioada comunistă (I) [Consumerism and Propaganda in Romanian Historical Novel under Communism]. Transilvania, no. 11 (2016): 82 – 85.

Varga, Dragoș. Consumism și propagandă în romanul istoric românesc din perioada comunistă (II) [Consumerism and Propaganda in Romanian Historical Novel under Communism]. Transilvania, no. 12 (2016): 16 – 18.

Varga, Dragoș. În căutarea naratorului perfect [In Search of the Perfect Narrator]. Iași: Institutul European, 2011.

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Istorie si studii culturale

Istorie

The Visit of the Royal Family to Transylvania in the Context of the Year 1919 (I)

Autor: Victor Daniel CRETU & Radu RACOVITAN
Email: victor.cretu@ulbsibiu.ro

Abstract: The visits made in the interwar period by representatives of the royal family to the United Provinces with the Country in 1918 had a certain significance. The physical presence of the members of the Romanian dynasty was an act of affirmation of legitimacy and suzerainty over the territory acquired in 1918. The Romanian press in Transylvania and memorial oeuvres have extensively reflected and emphasized the importance of the visit of the Royal Family, following its route, which included numerous localities, from the outposts of the Romanian army at Békéscsaba (in Hungary) to Braşov. As far as Transylvania is concerned, this was all the more necessary given that, after World War I, a sudden campaign of unprecedented vehemence and magnitude was launched by Hungarian political circles, asking for the support of the international public opinion and of the governments of Western countries for the revision of the Treaty of Trianon, which had “mutilated” the borders of the Hungarian state, aiming at the restitution of Transylvania, unjustly “wrested” from Hungary’s body. The use of symbolic registers with grandiloquent connotations was a fairly common practice at such events at the time. The presence of the royal authority in Transylvania was stated by a symbolic gesture. The emblematic figure of Michael the Brave, who for the first time in history achieved the union of the Romanian territories and the reawakening of his qualities in the person of King Ferdinand I, or of his heir, Prince Carol, were the symbolic leitmotif of all trips.

Keywords: Romanian dynasty, World War I, Ferdinand I, Transylvania, royal family.

Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization through Program 1 – Development of the national research – development system. Subprogram 1.2 – Institutional performance – Projects for financing excellence in RDI, contract no. 28 PFE/30.12.2021.

Bibliography

Brătianu Gheorghe. Acţiunea politică şi militară a României în 1919. În lumina corespondenţei diplomatice a lui I. I. C. Brătianu [Romania’s Political and Military action in 1919. In light of the diplomatic correspondence of I.I.C. Brătianu]. Bucharest: Cartea Româneasca, 1939.

Romania’s National Library. Saint-Georges collection, [BNR, Saint-Georges collection], file no 497, memorandum by Take Ionescu regarding the establishment of the Small Entente.

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Dutu, Al., C-tin Botoran, and M. Retegan. Transilvania în evoluţia relaţiilor româno-ungare. O abordare mai puţin cunoscută [Transylvania in the evolution of Romanian – Hungarian relations. A less known approach]. Bucharest: Editura Militară, 1993.

Iancu Gheorghe. Contribuţia Consiliului Dirigent la consolidarea statului naţional unitar român (1918-1920) [The contribution of the Ruling Council to the consolidation of the unitary Romanian national state (1918-1920)]. Cluj-Napoca, Dacia Press, 1985.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris collection, [MAE, Paris collection], file 54.

Mary, Queen of Romania. Însemnări zilnice [Daily Notes]. Bucharest, Historia Press, 2006.

Suciu, Dumitru. Monarhia şi făurirea României Mari [The Monarchy and the creation of Greater Romania]. Bucharest: Albatros Press, 1997.

Tilea, V. V. Acţiunea diplomatică a României. Noiembrie 1919 – martie 1920 [Romania’s Diplomatic action. November 1919 – March 1920]. Sibiu: Tipografia Poporului, 1925.

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