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1 / 2021

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Științe socio-umane

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Filozofie și studii sociale

Antropologie și etnologie

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Istorie

De la Marea Adriatică în Dacia, aventura monedelor tezaurului de la Apoș (lotul III)

Autor: Silviu I. PURECE
Email: silviu.purece@ulbsibiu.ro

In the collection of Valea Hârtibaciului Museum of Agnita is kept a group of coins issued by Dyrrhachium and discovered at Apoș. This lot contains 10 coins which can be part of the Apoș hoard, from which two lots, preserved in the Brukenthal National Museum’s numismatic collection, were published. Taking in account all those groups, we can establish that, at least until now, we know 54 coins of this hoard. Like many others monetary deposits with Dyrrhachian coins found in Dacia, this one it is dominated by the coins of group V. It is very possible to have a hiding horizon in the southern Transylvania dated no long after the middle of the 1st century BC, probably created by the harsh political and military environment generated by the fall of Burebista’s power.

Insights Regarding an Early Medieval Grave Discovered at Dudeștii Vechi, Timiș County, Romania

Autor: Bogdan Alin CRAIOVAN
Email: bogdan.craiovan@yahoo.com

The present paper aims to bring forward new insights regarding the early medieval age in the Banat region of Romania. The main subject of our paper revolves around a grave discovered during the 2016 archaeological research of the “Cociohatu Mic” site located near the village of Dudeștii Vechi, Timiș County, Romania. The grave, as well as the grave goods were poorly preserved, still a few competent conclusions could still be drawn after analyzing the funerary inventory.

Teritorii deținute de ordinele militaro-religioase în părțile răsăritene ale regatului arpadian în secolul al XIII-lea

Autor: Alexandru-Florin CIOLTEI
Email: florin.cioltei@ulbsibiu.ro

At the beginning of the 13th century the Hungarian kingdom was defining its eastern and south-eastern borders. In that period the regions of Transylvania and Banat where frequent subjected to raids undertaken by the Cumans. The Hungarian kings understood the importance of those two border regions and invited, at first, the Teutonic Order to settle in the Burzenland and then the Order of the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Severin to protect these key regions. This paper tries to present, if it is the case, the evolution and the relationship of these two orders within the medieval Hungarian administrative system.

Partes Transilvane intrabunt et te de tota terra tua disperdent: Maximilian I de Habsburg către Ştefan cel Mare după Codrii Cosminului (I)

Autor: Ioan-Aurel POP, Alexandru SIMON
Email: iapop@acad.ro

An astonishing and furthermore anonymous report was preserved in the archives of the “Slovak branch” of the Erdődi family. Written in all likelihood in spring 1498, and – additionally – with direct focus on the policies of future cardinal Thomas Bakócz of Erdőd (Ardud), the extensive Latin document covered the recent talks and arrangements between Maximilian I of Habsburg, King of the Romans, and Stephen the Great, voivode of Moldavia. The document was eloquently entitled Modus conspirationis Romanorum regis Maximiliani cum Stephano, waywoda Moldavo, contra statum serenissimi principis domini Wladislai, Dei gratia regis Hungarie, Bohemie etc. et similiter contra statum serenissimi principis domini Alberti, Polonorum regis, primus initam cum prefata maiestate regis Hungarie et strictissimo iuramento firmatam perpetuam pacem et concordiam. The report provides a thorough overview of Maximilian’s (and Stephen’s) complex network of Hungarian supporters, as well as an insight into the most delicate matter of Habsburg-Ottoman agreements. The document substantiates Maximilian’s pompous claim of February 1498 (made in front of the Spanish ambassador at his court) that the Wallachian (Stephen of Moldavia) controlled half of Hungary, while the other half of the realm reverted to the King of the Romans, therefore prompting the profound reformation of Europe, much desired by the Habsburg monarch.

Perspective istoriografice privind spațiul sacru al Sibiului în evul mediu

Autor: Maria CRÎNGACI ȚIPLIC
Email: mariatiplic@icsusib.ro

This paper presents an overview of the historiography that describes and investigates the components which compose the sacred spaces of Sibiu in the Middle Ages. It is well known that Sibiu had a preeminent position in the urban hierarchy of medieval Transylvania and of the south-eastern Europe. The city was attested for the first time in 1191 as an ecclesiastical center of the Transylvanian Saxons and was home to numerous places of worship and sacred sites (churches, monasteries, chapels, cemeteries, hospitals etc.). However, with the advent of the Reformation in the 16th century and the noticeable changes that occurred during the industrial age and the communist dictatorship (the 19th and 20th centuries), the medieval sacred building and their neighborhoods have been deeply transformed and medieval ecclesiastical topography became unrecognizable in modern day Sibiu. The recreation of the ecclesiastical topography and even more of the sacred spaces could be recreated through analyses and research of different type of sources from charters and town chronicles of the 16th-18th centuries to the most recent archaeological studies or papers on medieval art, architecture, or historical urban evolution. With this in mind, the study aims to provide references on the topic and establishes the main periods of the historiography and their relevant ideological and theoretical changes during over 400 hundred years of debates or research.

Ecclesiastical Monuments of Brașov/Kronstadt/Brassó and the (Imagined) Topography of a Transylvanian City in Late Medieval and Early Modern Times

Autor: Liviu CÎMPEANU
Email: liviucimpeanu@yahoo.com

By definition, a monument has extraordinary features that mark landscape and human minds alike. Without any doubt, the Medieval and Early Modern World of Europe was marked by ecclesiastical monuments, from great cathedrals and abbeys to simple chapels and altars at crossroads. A very interesting case study offers Braşov/ Kronstadt/Brassó, in the south-eastern corner of Transylvania, where historical sources attest several ecclesiastic monuments, in and around the city. Late medieval and early modern documents and chronicles reveal not only interesting data on the monasteries, churches and chapels of Braşov/Kronstadt/Brassó, but also on the way in which citizens and outsiders imagined those monuments in their mental topography of the city. The inhabitants of Braşov/ Kronstadt/Brassó and foreign visitors saw the monasteries, churches and chapels of the city, kept them in mind and referred to them in their (written) accounts, when they wanted to locate certain facts or events. The present paper aims in offering an overview of the late medieval and early modern sources regarding the ecclesiastical monuments of Braşov/Kronstadt/Brassó, as well as an insight into the imagined topography of a Transylvanian city.

Documentary sources:

Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen, vol. I-VIII. Sibiu-Bucureşti: Druck von W. Krafft – Krafft&Drotleff – Editura Academiei Române, 1892-1991 (available on-line: http://siebenbuergenurkundenbuch.uni-trier.de/).

Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Kronstadt, vol. IX Zunfturkunden 1420-1580. Edited by Gernot Nussbächer, Elisabeta Marin. Braşov-Heidelberg: Editura Aldus – Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde e. V., 1999.

Narrative sources:

Breve Chronicon Daciae. In Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Kronstadt/Brassó, vol. IV, (Kronstadt: Druck von A. Gust, 1903), 1-10.

Griengrass, Lucas. Scheda memorialis, anno 1528 scripta cippoque sive pinnaculo turris in foro Coronensi imposita. In QuellenzurGeschichte der Stadt Kronstadt/Brassó, vol. IV, 523-528. Kronstadt: Druck von A. Gust, 1903.

Nösner, Simon. Res actae quaedam in partibus Hungariae et Transsilvaniae. In Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Kronstadt/Brassó, vol. IV, 154-174. Kronstadt: Druck von A. Gust, 1903.

Ostermayer, Hieronymus. Historien. In Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Kronstadt/Brassó, vol. IV, 496-522. Kronstadt: Druck von A. Gust, 1903.

Reichesdorffer, Georg. Chorographia Transylvaniae. In Călători străini privind Ţările Române [Foreign Travellers on the Romanian Principalities], ed. Maria Holban, 207-226. Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică, 1968.

“The German Stories about Vlad III Dracula”. In Kurt W. Treptow, Vlad III Dracula. The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula, 216-223. Iaşi-Oxford-Portland: The Center for Romanian Studies, 2000.

Further reading:

Das Burzenland, vol. III, part I. Kronstadt. Kronstadt: Verlag des Burzenländer Sächsisches Museum, 1928.

Cîmpeanu, Liviu. “Cele mai vechi cronici săseşti din Transilvania. Cronicarii saşi din Braşov şi scrierile lor în secolul al XVI-lea.” [“The Oldest Saxon Chronicles of Transylvania. The Saxon Chroniclers of Braşov and Their Writings in the 16th Century”]. Studii şi Materiale de Istorie Medie, nr. XXIX (2011): 215-230.

Cîmpeanu, Liviu. “Organizarea militară a Braşovului până la sfârşitul secolului al XV-lea.” [“The Military Organisation of Braşov Until the End of the 15th century”]. In Studii de istorie a oraşelor. In honorem Paul Niedermaier, ed. Vasile Ciobanu, Dan Dumitru Iacob, (Bucureşti-Brăila: 2017), 336-359.

Herrmann, George Michael Gottlieb von. Das alte Kronstadt. Eine siebenbürgische Stadt- und Landesgeschichte bis 1800. Edited by Berhard Heigl and Thomas Şindilariu. Köln-Weimar-Viena: Böhlau Verlag, 2010.

Kronstadt. Eine siebenbürgische Stadtgeschichte. Edited by Harald Roth. München: Universitas Verlag, 1999.

Nussbächer, Gernot. Caietele Corona [The Corona Books], vol. I-V. Braşov: Editura Aldus, 2002-2006.

Roth, Harald. Kronstadt in Siebenbürgen. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte. Köln-Weimar-Viena: Böhlau Verlag, 2010.

Seraphin, Friedrich Wilhelm. “Kronstadt zur Zeit des Honterus.” In Aus der Zeit der Reformation. Vorträge gehalten im Auditorium des ev. Gymnasiums A. B. in Kronstadt in den Jahren 1897 und 1898. Festschrift zur Honterusfeier. Kronstadt: Buchdruckerei Schlandt, 1898, 295-377.

Mendicant Orders in Sibiu/ Hermannstadt in the First Half of the 16th Century

Autor: Corina CIOLTEI-HOPÂRTEAN
Email: corinahopartean@yahoo.com

The 16th century life of a medieval Hungarian town differs from its previous history, being conditioned by circumstances unthought of before: the defeat of the Hungarians by the Ottomans in 1526, the death of the Hungarian king during the battle, the conflicts between his “rightful” successors and the rise of the Lutheran Reformation. Transylvania, namely Sibiu, as part of the Hungarian kingdom did not meet any different conditions during this century. Our analysis strives to emphasize the fate of the mendicant orders – Dominican and Franciscan – in Sibiu in these particular times by first showing what it meant for them to develop cloisters here, where they were located in relation to the fortified town and the events of the 16th century that eventually led to their dissolution and the banishment of the friars.

Achim, Viorel. “Ordinul franciscan în țările române în secolele XIV-XV. Aspecte teritoriale” [“The Franciscan Order in the Romanian countries in the 14th – 15th centuries. Territorial Outlook”]. Revista istorică, tome VII, no. 5-6 (1996): 391-410.

Crîngaci Țiplic, Maria, and Țiplic, Ioan Marian. “Hermannstadt und die Stadtarchäologie” [“Sibiu and the archaeology of towns”]. In Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, no.70 (2019): 351–396.

Crîngaci Țiplic, Maria, and Țiplic, Ioan Marian. “Sibiul și arheologia urbană” [“Sibiu and the urban archaeology”]. In Studii de istorie a orașelor. In honorem Paul Niedermaier¸ edited by Vasile Ciobanu, Dan Dumitru Iacob, 542 – 593. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2017.

Crîngaci Țiplic, Maria. “Oaspeții germani” în sudul Transilvaniei. Istorie, arheologie și arhitectură (secolele XII-XIII) [“German guests” in southern Transylvania. History, archaeology and architecture (12th – 13th centuries)]. Bucharest: Academia Română, 2011.

Documente privind Istoria României. Veacul XIV. C. Transilvania (DIR C), vol. 1 (1301-1320) (1953): no. 28, 21-22;

Duzinchevici, Gheorghe, Buta, Evdochia, and Gündisch, Herta eds., Inventarul Protocoalelor Primăriei Sibiu 1521-1700 [The list of the protocols of the townhall in Sibiu]. București: Direcția Generală a Arhivelor Statului, 1958.

Fabritius, Karl. “Zwei Funde in der ehemaligen Dominikanerkirche zu Schäßburg” [“Two findings in the former church of the Dominican Order in Sighișoara”]. In Archiv des Vereins für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, NF, no. 5, (1861): 1-40.

Géza, Entz. Erdély épitésyete a 14.-16. században [The architecture in Transylvania between the 14th and 16th centuries]. Cluj-Napoca: “Gróf Mikó Imre” and “Pro Professione” foundations, 1996.

Gross, Lidia. Confreriile medievale în Transilvania (secolele XIV-XVI) [Medieval confraternities in Transylvania (14th – 16th centuries)]. Cluj-Napoca: Argonaut, 2009.

Harsányi, András, A domonkosrend magyarországon a reformácio előtt [The Dominican order in Hungary before the Reformation]. Debrecen: Nagy Károly Grafikai, 1938.

Hientz, Käthe, Heigl, Bernhard, and Șindilariu, Thomas eds. Hermannstadt und Siebenbürgen. Die Protokolle des Hermannstädter Rates und der sächsischen Nationsuniversität 1391-1705 [Sibiu and Transylvania. The protocols of the townhall in Sibiu and of the Saxon University 1391-1705]. Hermannstadt: Honterus, 2007.

Hopârtean, Corina, Ordine mendicante în Transilvania. Ordinul paulin și peisajul religios, sec. XIII-XV [Mendicant orders in Transylvania. The Pauline order and the religious landscape, 14th – 15th centuries]. PhD diss., ULBS (2019): 201.

Karácsony, János. Szt. Ferencz rendjének története magyarországon 1711-ig [The Order of St. Francis in the Hungarian Kingdom until 1711], vol. I. Budapest: a Magyar Tud. Akadémia Kiadása, 1923.

Kubinyi, András, “König Sigismund und das ungarische Städtewesen” [“King Sigismund and the Hungarian township”]. In Das Zeitalter König Sigismunds in Ungarn und im Deutschen Reich, edited by Tilmann Schmidt, Péter Gunst, 109-119. Debrecen: Debrecen University Press, 2000.

Pakucs-Willcocks, Mária. Sibiul veacului al XVI-lea. Rânduirea unui oraș transilvan [Sibiu in the 16th century: the administration of a Transylvanian town]. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2018.

Petrovics, István. “The cities and towns of medieval Hungary as economic and cultural centres and places of coexistence. The case of Pécs”, Colloquia, no. XVIII (2011): 5-26.

Romhányi, Beatrix F., Kolostorok és társaskáptalanok a középkori Magyarországon. Katalógus [Monasteries and chapels in medieval Hungary]. Budapest: Pytheas, 2000.

Rusu, Adrian Andrei eds. Dicționarul mănăstirilor din Transilvania, Banat, Crișana și Maramureș [The dictionary of monasteries in Transylvania, Banate, Crișana and Maramureș]. Cluj-Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2000.

Rüsz-Fogarasi, Enikő. “Matthias Corvinus and the Development of the Transylvanian Towns and Cities in the second half of the 15th century”. In Mélanges d’Histoire Générale. Nouvelle Série, no. I (2007): 189-196.

Salontai, Sanda, “Biserici medievale ale ordinelor cerșetoare din Transilvania” [“Medieval churches of the beggar orders in Transylvania”]. In Artă românească. Artă europeană. Centenar Virgil Vătășianu, edited by Marius Porumb, 51 – 58. Oradea: Muzeul Țării Crișurilor, 2002.

Salontai, Sanda, Mănăstiri dominicane din Transilvania [Dominican monasteries in Transylvania]. Cluj-Napoca: Neremia Napocae, 2002.

Salontai, Sanda. “Așezăminte monastice ale ordinelor cerșetoare din Cluj și Sibiu la sfârșitul Evului Mediu” [“Monastic establishments of the beggar orders in Cluj and Sibiu by the late Middle Ages”]. In Cluj – Kolozsvár – Klausenburg 700: várostörténeti tanulmányok = studii de istorie urbană, edited by Mária Lupescu Makó, 279-286. Cluj-Napoca: Erdélyi Múzeum- Egysület, 2018.

Sigerus, Emil, Chronik der Stadt Hermannstadt 1100-1929 [Chronicle of Sibiu]. Hermannstadt: Honterus Buchdruckerei, 1930.

Szegedi, Edit. Identități premoderne în Transilvania [Pre-modern identities in Transylvania]. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Fundației pentru Studii Europene, 2002.

Szende, Katalin. “Continuity and change in the urban network of Hungary in the early angevin period”, Banatica, no. 26-II (2016): 53-76.

Tătar, Octavian. “Pacea de la Oradea (februarie 1938) între Ferdinand de Habsburg și Ioan Zápolya și implicațiile ei în disputa pentru coroana Ungariei” [“The Peace of Oradea (February 1938) between Ferdinand of Habsburg and Ioan Zápolya and its implications”]. Angustia, no. 4 (1999): 159-163.

Teutsch, Friedrich. Geschichte der Siebenbürger Sachsen für das sächsische Volk [History of the Transylvanian Saxons for the Saxon People], vol. I. Sibiu: Druck und Verlag von W. Krafft, 1899.

Zieglauer, Ferdinand von, Zur Geschichte der Kreuz-Kapelle in der Elisabeth-Vorstadt von Hermannstadt [About the history of the Cross-Chape in the Elisabeth suburb in Sibiu]. Hermannstadt: W. Krafft, 1875.

Bisericile din Brașov ilustrate pe planurile orașului întocmite înainte de 1800

Autor: Andrei NACU
Email: nacu@icsusib.ro

In the later Middle Ages Brașov was one of the leading urban centers in the Kingdom of Hungary and boasted over a dozen churches and chapels, the most impressive one being the Black Church. Most of the medieval worship sites were still standing in the 18th century, after the Habsburg takeover of Transylvania, but some were subsequently renovated or rebuilt. Additionally, two new churches were erected in 1783 in the northern suburbs. This article has recorded all the worship places depicted by the city plans of Brașov published in 1699, 1702, 1736, 1747 and 1796. The five cartographic documents illustrate nine churches (five Lutheran, two Roman-Catholic and two Orthodox). Besides the churches, three Roman-Catholic chapels are represented by the 1796 city plan and by two local survey plans of the Cetățuie (“Fortress”) area from ca. 1750.

Anghel, Gheorghe. “Construcții de apărare executate de Giovanni Morando Visconti în cetatea medievală de la Alba Iulia la sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea și începutul celui de-al XVIII-lea” [“Defensive constructions executed by Giovanni Morando Visconti in the medieval fortress of Alba Iulia at the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century”]. Apulum 50 (2013): 167–180.

Bálint, Ágnes. “Biserica și parohia evanghelică C.A. Sf. Bartolomeu, Brașov” [“The St. Bartholomew Church and Evangelical Parish”, Brașov], 2010. http://enciclopedie.referinte.transindex.ro/monument.php?id=220.

Băldescu, Irina. Transilvania medievală. Topografie și norme juridice ale cetăților Sibiu, Bistrița, Brașov și Cluj [Medieval Transylvania. Topography and judicial norms of the cities of Sibiu, Bistrița, Brașov and Cluj]. Bucharest: Simetria, 2012.

Borbély, Andor. “Erdélyi városok képeskönyve 1736-ból” [“Album of Transylvanian cities from 1736”]. Erdélyi Múzeum 48, nr. 2 (1943): 197–215.

Crîngaci Țiplic, Maria. „Oaspeţii germani” în sudul Transilvaniei. Istorie, arheologie şi arhitectură (secolele XII-XIII). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2011. Drotloff, Hansotto and Schuster, Günther E. eds. Mediasch. Ein historischer Streifzug durch die siebenbürgisch-sächsische Stadt an der Kokel [Mediaș. A historical tour through the Transylvanian Saxon city on the Târnava River]. Sibiu–Bonn: Schiller, 2009.

Fabini, Hermann. Atlas der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Kirchenburgen und Dorfkirchen [Atlas of Transylvanian Saxon church fortresses and village churches]. Heidelberg: Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 1998.

Fabini, Hermann. Sakrale Baukunst in siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Städten [Sacred architecture in the Transylvanian Saxon cities]. Sibiu–Heidelberg: Monumenta; Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 2013.

Kennedy, Heather, ed. Dictionary of GIS Terminology. Redlands: ESRI Press, 2000.

Kovács, Zsolt. “Biserica Franciscană Sf. Ioan Botezătorul, Brașov” [“The St. John the Baptist Franciscan Church, Brașov”], 2011. https://referinte.transindex.ro/enciclopedie/monument.php?id=242

Marcu-Istrate, Daniela. “Arheologia urbană a Brașovului” [“The urban archeology of Brașov”]. Transilvania Nostra 10, nr. 38 (2016): 2–12.

Marcu-Istrate, Daniela. “The Archaeology of the Medieval Churches in Brașov: St Martin’s Church”. In ArhIn 2016 – Medieval Changing Landscape. Settlements, Monasteries and Fortifications, edited by Ioan-Marian Țiplic and Maria Crîngaci-Țiplic, 113–130. Sibiu: Astra Museum, 2016.

Mușlea, Candid C. Biserica Sf. Nicolae din Șcheii Brașovului, vol. 2 (1743–1837) [The St. Nicholas Church from the Șchei of Brașov, vol. 2 (1743–1837)]. Brașov: Astra, 1946.

Nacu, Andrei. Scaunele săsești în documente cartografice din secolele XVI–XVIII [The Saxon seats in cartographic documents from the 16-18th centuries]. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2020.

Nicolescu, Corina. Biserica Sf. Nicolae din Șcheii Brașovului [The St. Nicholas Church from the Șchei of Brașov]. Bucharest: Meridiane, 1967.

Nistor, Minerva. Brașovul în izvoare cartografice și iconografice [Brașov in cartographic and iconographic documents]. Brașov: Brașov County Museum, 1976.

Nussbächer, Gernot. Aus Urkunden und Chroniken. Band 13: Kronstadt. Erster Teil [From documents and chronicles. Vol. 13: Brașov. First part]. Brașov: Aldus, 2013.

Nussbächer, Gernot. Aus Urkunden und Chroniken. Band 14: Kronstadt. Zweiter Teil [From Documents and Chronicles. Vol. 14: Brașov. Second part]. Brașov: Aldus, 2014.

Nussbächer, Gernot. Biserica Neagră din Brașov [The Black Church from Brașov]. Brașov: Aldus, 2007.

Nussbächer, Gernot. Caietele Corona. Contribuții la istoria Brașovului [The Corona Booklets. Contributions to the history of Brașov]. 5 Booklets. Brașov: Aldus, 2002–2006.

Nussbächer, Gernot. “Hărți și planuri preluate de la Biserica Neagră Brașov” [“Maps and plans taken over from the Black Church of Brașov”]. Cumidava 22–24 (1998–2000): 237–251.

Oltean, Vasile. Configurația istorică și bisericească a Brașovului [The historical and ecclesiastical structure of Brașov]. Sibiu: Andreiană, 2010.

Paldus, Josef. “Johann Christoph Müller. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte vaterländischer Kartographie” [“Johann Christoph Müller. A contribution to the history of cartography of the fatherland”]. Mitteilungen ds K. und K. Kriegsarchivs, third issue, vol. 5 (1907): 1–121.

Philippi, Friedrich. Aus Kronstadts Vergangenheit und Gegenwart [From the past and present of Brașov]. Brașov: Gött, 1874.

Philippi, Maja. Kronstadt. Historische Betrachtungen über eine Stadt in Siebenbürgen [Historical considerations regarding a city in Transylvania]. Bucharest–Heidelberg: Kriterion; Arbeitskreis für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, 1996.

Plihál, Katalin. “G. M. Visconti Erdély térképe 1699-böl” [The G. M. Visconti map of Transylvania from 1699]. Cartographica Hungarica 7 (2000): 1–24.

Pop, Ioan-Aurel. “Transilvania în secolul al XIV-lea și în prima jumătate a secolului al XV-lea” [“Transylvania in the 14th century and in the first half of the 15th century”]. In Istoria Transilvaniei, vol. 1 (până la 1541) [History of Transylvania, vol. 1 (until 1541)], edited by Ioan-Aurel Pop and Thomas Nägler, 233–282. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Academy; Center for Transylvanian Studies, 2009.

Rădvan, Laurențiu. Orașele din Țările Române în Evul Mediu (sfârșitul sec. al XIII-lea–începutul sec. al XVI-lea) [The Towns in the Romanian Principalities in the Middle Ages (the end of the 13th century – the beginning of the 16th century)]. Iași: “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University Press, 2011.

Roth, Harald. Kronstadt in Siebenbürgen: eine kleine Stadtgeschichte [Brașov in Transylvania: A short history of the city]. Cologne– Weimar–Vienna: Böhlau, 2010.

Roth, Harald, ed. Kronstadt. Eine siebenbürgische Stadtgeschichte [Brașov. A Transylvanian city history]. Munich: Universitas, 1999.

Rusu, Adrian Andrei, coord. Dicționarul mănăstirilor din Transilvania, Banat, Crișana și Maramureș [Dictionary of medieval monasteries from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș]. Cluj-Napoca: Cluj University Press, 2000.

Salontai, Mihaela Sanda. “Repere dispărute din topografia ecleziastică a Brașovului” [“Vanished landmarks from the ecclesiastical topography of Brașov”]. Historia Urbana 25 (2017): 119–132.

Seraphim, Friedrich Wilhelm. “Kronstadt zur Zeit des Honterus” [“Brașov during the age of Honterus”]. In Aus der Zeit der Reformation. Festschrift zur Honterusfeier [From the time of the Reformation. Commemorative publication for the Honterus celebration], 295–379. Brașov: Schlandt, 1898.

Trausch, Josef. Schriftsteller-Lexikon oder biographisch-literarische Denk-Blätter der Siebenbürger Deutschen, vol. 3 [Lexicon of scholars or biographical-literary memorial sheets of the Transylvanian Germans, vol. 3]. Brașov: Johann Gött & Son Heinrich, 1871.

Țiplic, Ioan Marian. Organizarea defensivă a Transilvaniei în evul mediu (secolele X-XIV). Bucharest: Editura Militară, 2006.

Țiplic, Ioan Marian, and Maria Crîngaci Țiplic, eds. ArhIn 2016 – Medieval Changing Landscape. Settlements, Monasteries and Fortifications. Sibiu: Astra Museum, 2016.

Spațiul sacru în biserica creștină de tradiție bizantină. Trei perspective

Autor: Ancuța-Maria ILIE
Email: ancuta.ilie@ulbsibiu.ro

The creation of sacred spaces has played a central role during the evolution of christian faith and culture. The main source of inspiration has been the word of the Bible which describes the design of the Holy Place as told by God to the chosen ones at various times. The divine models have been filled with symbolic meanings by Holy Fathers and Byzantine theologians. Thus, the understanding of their writings and the Holy Bible come first when analysing the sacred spaces of the Eastern Church. This article presents the main concepts regarding the Church, it’s architecture and spiritual meaning, of three Byzantine thinkers – Dionysius the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor and Symeon of Thessalonike.

Allen, Pauline and Neil Bronwen, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Maximus the Confessor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Armstrong, A. H., ed. The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Biblia sau Sfânta Scriptură a Vechiului și Noului Testament [The Bible]. Translated by Dumitru Cornilescu. București: Societatea Biblică, 1924, revizuită 2016.

Bogdanović, Jelena. ”Rethinking the Dionysian Legacy in Medieval Architecture: East and West.” In Dionysius the Areopagite between Orthodoxy and Heresy, edited by Filip Ivanović, 109-135. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.

Constas, Maximos. ”Maximus the Confessor, Dionysius the Areopagite, and the Transformation of Christian Neoplatonism” Constas, Maximos. ”St. Maximus the Confessor: A Bridge Between the Churches.” Presented at Notre Dame Seminary, New Orleans, 20.02.2019.

Areopagitul, Sfântul Dionisie. Opere complete [Complete works]. Translated by Pr. Dumitru Stăniloae. București: Paideia, 1996.

Constas, Nicholas P. ”Symeon of Thessalonike and the Theology of the Icon Screen.” In Thresholds of the Sacred: Architectural, Art Historical, Liturgical, and Theological Perspectives on Religious Screens, East and West, edited by Sharon Gerstel, 163-183. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.

Louth, Andrew. ”Reception of Dionysius in the Byzantine World: Maximus to Palamas.” In Re-thinking Dionysius the Areopagite, edited by Sarah Coackley and Charles M. Stang, 119-148. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

Mainoldi, Ernesto Sergio. ”Introduction.” In Pseudo-Dionysius and Christian Visual Culture, c.500–900, edited by Francesca Dell’Acqua and Ernesto Sergio Mainoldi, series „New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture”, v-xiii. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.

Mainoldi, Ernesto Sergio. ”Why Dionysius the Areopagite? The Invention of the First Father.” Studia Patristica 96, (2017): 425-440.

Mărturisitorul, Sfântul Maxim. Mistagogia [Mystagogy]. Translated by Pr. Prof. Dr. Dumitru Stăniloae. Bucureşti: Editura Institutului Biblic şi de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, 2017.

Tesalonicului, Sfântul Simeon Arhiepiscopul. Tratat asupra tuturor dogmelor credinței noastre ortodoxe, două principii puse de Domnul nostru Iisus Hristos și urmașii săi [Treatise on all the dogmas of our Orthodox faith, two principles set by our Lord Jesus Christ and his followers], edited by Protosinghel Grighentie Natu, collection „Frumusețile viețuirii creștine” [”The beauties of the Christian life”], vol. I. Ed. Arhiepiscopiei Sucevei și Rădăuților, 2002.

Tesalonicului, Sfântul Simeon Arhiepiscopul. Tratat asupra tuturor dogmelor credinței noastre ortodoxe, două principii puse de Domnul nostru Iisus Hristos și urmașii săi [Treatise on all the dogmas of our Orthodox faith, two principles set by our Lord Jesus Christ and his followers], edited by Protosinghel Grighentie Natu, collection „Frumusețile viețuirii creștine” [”The beauties of the Christian life”], vol. II. Ed. Arhiepiscopiei Sucevei și Rădăuților, 2003.

Două tehnici, un singur iconar: Savu Moga

Autor: Alexandra BALAN
Email: alexandra.balan@ulbsibiu.ro

This article brings to attention the work of Savu Moga, a famous icon painter who lived and worked in the 19th century in Transylvania. His artistic talent was native and his greatest skills were revealed by his icons painted on glass, but he also painted icons on wood, a less known fact. Brâncoveanu Monastery from Sâmbăta de Sus, Brașov county, owns 10 icons painted on wood, which are in the process of restoration and research. The technique of painting on wood brings to Moga certain difficulties, which he tried to solve. Although the supports and techniques are different and the order of the stages is reversed, the style of work is very much alike. The colours, the way he writes, the vegetal and architectural elements and the faces of the characters are the same. Also the pigments and the binder used are the same for both types of painting. Regarding the conservation and restoration aspects, the icons that have been properly preserved are generally in good condition, which means he achieved his purpose. Those icons that were used in the church for a long period of time are much more degraded. Every single piece is carefully investigated and treated as a patient. After completing the restoration process of these icons we will have an overview on Savu Moga’s work on wood, compared to his work on glass. Untill then, we are sure of the value of his entire artwork.

Constante, Lena. “Iconarul Savu Moga” [”The icon painter Savu Moga”]. Revista Boabe de grâu, no. 11 (1932): 586-588.

Dancu, Juliana, and Dumitru Dancu. Pictura țărănească pe sticlă [Peasant painting on glass], Bucharest: Meridiane, 1975.

Dancu, Juliana, and Dumitru Dancu. “Doi mari pictori din Țara Oltului” [“Two great painters from Olt Country”]. Revista Steaua, no. 4 (1967): 101-108.

Dumitran, Ana, Fűlöp Károly Szöcs, and Elena Băjenaru. Icoane pe sticlă din Transilvania – Colecția Szöcs [Glass icons from Transylvania – Szöcs Collection]. Alba Iulia: Altip, 2012.

Guttman, Marta Julia. “Contribuții la studiul materialelor organice din suprafețe pictate” [“Contributions to the study of organic materials from painted surfaces”]. PhD diss., Babeș Bolyai University, 2012.

Lăzărescu, Liviu. Pictura în ulei [Oil painting], Deva: Sigma Plus, 1996.

Mușlea, Ion. “Icoanele pe sticlă și xilogravurile țăranilor români din Transilvania” [“Icons on glass and woodcuts of Romanian peasants from Transylvania”]. Revista Steaua, no. 11 (1968): 70-74.

Proca, Mihaela. Savu Moga – un iconar [Savu Moga – an icon painter]. Bucharest: Editura Tehnică, 1994.

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